Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3484655
Shreya Das;Shovan Bhaumik
To enhance the estimation accuracy, in this letter, we proposed a range-parameterized, constrained state estimation technique for a bearings-only underwater tracking problem. After executing the range-parameterized filtering method by running a number of traditional filters in parallel, each having a different initial estimate of range, the weighted average estimate of the filters is calculated. On the weighted averaged outcome, the range and the velocity constrained optimization problem are solved using the Lagrange multiplier. The constraints are determined using the range and the velocity limits known to the observer. The method is implemented in two underwater tracking scenarios, and the results are compared in terms of root mean square error, percentage of track loss, and relative execution time. The proposed method has been observed to perform better than the respective range-parameterized and traditional filters.
{"title":"Range-Parameterized Range and Velocity Constrained State Estimation","authors":"Shreya Das;Shovan Bhaumik","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3484655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3484655","url":null,"abstract":"To enhance the estimation accuracy, in this letter, we proposed a range-parameterized, constrained state estimation technique for a bearings-only underwater tracking problem. After executing the range-parameterized filtering method by running a number of traditional filters in parallel, each having a different initial estimate of range, the weighted average estimate of the filters is calculated. On the weighted averaged outcome, the range and the velocity constrained optimization problem are solved using the Lagrange multiplier. The constraints are determined using the range and the velocity limits known to the observer. The method is implemented in two underwater tracking scenarios, and the results are compared in terms of root mean square error, percentage of track loss, and relative execution time. The proposed method has been observed to perform better than the respective range-parameterized and traditional filters.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"8 12","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3484989
Puneet Pandey;Sandeep Joshi
In this letter, we propose a novel secure transmission protocol for rolling shutter visible light communication (RS-VLC) that leverages unique cryptographic key generation through linear feedback shift registers and bad pixel (BP) mapping. This method ensures data integrity and confidentiality by dynamically encoding data based on device-specific BP maps. Our results demonstrate a substantial improvement in bit error rate performance while reducing the complexity of key generation, encryption, and decryption to the order of $N$ , where $N$ is the number of bits in the key. The lower computational complexity of the proposed protocol makes it suitable for low-power internet-of-things devices and mobile applications. We also provide a comparative analysis with existing cryptographic schemes, demonstrating the enhanced security and lightweight nature of the proposed approach.
在这封信中，我们为滚动快门可见光通信（RS-VLC）提出了一种新型安全传输协议，它通过线性反馈移位寄存器和坏像素（BP）映射，利用独特的加密密钥生成技术。这种方法根据设备特定的 BP 映射对数据进行动态编码，从而确保数据的完整性和保密性。我们的研究结果表明，在大幅提高误码率性能的同时，还将密钥生成、加密和解密的复杂度降低到了 $N$ 的数量级，其中 $N$ 是密钥的位数。所提协议的计算复杂度较低，因此适用于低功耗物联网设备和移动应用。我们还提供了与现有加密方案的对比分析，展示了所提方法的更高安全性和轻量级特性。
{"title":"Unique Key-Based Secured Transmission Protocol for Rolling Shutter Visible Light Communications","authors":"Puneet Pandey;Sandeep Joshi","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3484989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3484989","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we propose a novel secure transmission protocol for rolling shutter visible light communication (RS-VLC) that leverages unique cryptographic key generation through linear feedback shift registers and bad pixel (BP) mapping. This method ensures data integrity and confidentiality by dynamically encoding data based on device-specific BP maps. Our results demonstrate a substantial improvement in bit error rate performance while reducing the complexity of key generation, encryption, and decryption to the order of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$N$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, where \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$N$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 is the number of bits in the key. The lower computational complexity of the proposed protocol makes it suitable for low-power internet-of-things devices and mobile applications. We also provide a comparative analysis with existing cryptographic schemes, demonstrating the enhanced security and lightweight nature of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"8 12","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3484649
Rohit Kumar Singh;Subrata Kumar;Shovan Bhaumik
Passive target motion analysis (TMA) of an underwater or surface object relies on bearing only measurements captured by hydrophone sensor-array, which is being towed by an own-ship. These measurements are processed by an onboard state estimation algorithm to derive target kinematics, a process known as bearing-only tracking (BOT). It is well known that the own-ship must perform a maneuvre to make the tracking system observable, due to which the towed sensor-array destabilizes, leading to uncertain positions and unreliable estimations. Calculating an accurate sensor-array positioning is crucial for reliable target state estimation. To address this, we model the dynamics of the towed cable sensor-array using a lumped mass approach, enabling precise determination of the array's position during maneuvres. This derived position is then used in state estimation algorithms for reliable tracking. We compare the performance of various estimators that consider towed sensor-array dynamics against existing methods in terms of evaluating metrics, such as root mean square error (RMSE), percentage track loss, average RMSE, and relative execution time. Our findings demonstrate that incorporating dynamic modeling significantly enhances the accuracy and reliability of BOT.
{"title":"Bearing-Only Tracking Considering Dynamics of a Towed Sensor-Array","authors":"Rohit Kumar Singh;Subrata Kumar;Shovan Bhaumik","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3484649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3484649","url":null,"abstract":"Passive target motion analysis (TMA) of an underwater or surface object relies on bearing only measurements captured by hydrophone sensor-array, which is being towed by an own-ship. These measurements are processed by an onboard state estimation algorithm to derive target kinematics, a process known as bearing-only tracking (BOT). It is well known that the own-ship must perform a maneuvre to make the tracking system observable, due to which the towed sensor-array destabilizes, leading to uncertain positions and unreliable estimations. Calculating an accurate sensor-array positioning is crucial for reliable target state estimation. To address this, we model the dynamics of the towed cable sensor-array using a lumped mass approach, enabling precise determination of the array's position during maneuvres. This derived position is then used in state estimation algorithms for reliable tracking. We compare the performance of various estimators that consider towed sensor-array dynamics against existing methods in terms of evaluating metrics, such as root mean square error (RMSE), percentage track loss, average RMSE, and relative execution time. Our findings demonstrate that incorporating dynamic modeling significantly enhances the accuracy and reliability of BOT.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"8 12","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Compliant mechanisms have been effectively utilized in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometers to enhance the sensitivity of open-loop accelerometers. Traditionally, these mechanisms have been employed for displacement amplification. However, in this letter, a compliant mechanism is used to amplify the control force within the MEMS accelerometer. The structure incorporates a pair of compound lever-type mechanisms to amplify control forces acting in both forward and backward directions along the sensing axis. Closed-loop control is crucial for maintaining the linear characteristics of the MEMS accelerometer across a wide measurement range. Electrostatic force feedback is applied by providing dc voltage to the respective comb fingers for closed-loop implementation. As the input acceleration increases, the control voltage also rises. However, microlevel circuits have limitations on the maximum voltage that can be applied. The proposed force amplification strategy reduces the voltage required for position control. Consequently, the linear behavior of the MEMS accelerometer, the displacement of the proof mass, and the change in capacitance are maintained without the need for high voltage in electrostatic control.
{"title":"Force-Amplifying Compliant Mechanism for Closed-Loop MEMS Accelerometer","authors":"Nikul Jani;Sai Kishore Jujjuvarapu;P. Krishna Menon;Ashok Kumar Pandey","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3484527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3484527","url":null,"abstract":"Compliant mechanisms have been effectively utilized in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometers to enhance the sensitivity of open-loop accelerometers. Traditionally, these mechanisms have been employed for displacement amplification. However, in this letter, a compliant mechanism is used to amplify the control force within the MEMS accelerometer. The structure incorporates a pair of compound lever-type mechanisms to amplify control forces acting in both forward and backward directions along the sensing axis. Closed-loop control is crucial for maintaining the linear characteristics of the MEMS accelerometer across a wide measurement range. Electrostatic force feedback is applied by providing dc voltage to the respective comb fingers for closed-loop implementation. As the input acceleration increases, the control voltage also rises. However, microlevel circuits have limitations on the maximum voltage that can be applied. The proposed force amplification strategy reduces the voltage required for position control. Consequently, the linear behavior of the MEMS accelerometer, the displacement of the proof mass, and the change in capacitance are maintained without the need for high voltage in electrostatic control.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"8 12","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3483990
Nibedita Kalita;Samir Kumar Borgohain
Glaucoma, an incurable eye disease, is a significant global health concern recognized by the World Health Organization. It progresses by increasing eye pressure, damaging the optic nerve, and leading to blindness. Regular eye exams are crucial for early detection and preventing vision loss, as early stages are often asymptomatic. Advanced feature engineering and machine learning are key to uncovering new glaucoma biomarkers, aiding early diagnosis and improving automated systems for ophthalmologists. The glaucoma biomarkers in the realm of machine learning are the features that act as a metaphor of biological biomarkers. Most research has concentrated on either structural or nonstructural feature selection strategies, with limited analysis on combined feature sets. In this letter, a new reduced feature set is investigated by combining both handcrafted structural and nonstructural features that act as a novel glaucoma biomarker for efficient and robust glaucoma diagnosis system. The proposed biomarker is a combination of structural and nonstructural (statistical, spectral, and geometric) features, which has been rigorously evaluated on the publicly available, large, and diverse standardized multi-channel dataset (SMDG)-19 glaucoma dataset. The classification accuracy achieved from Extra Tree Classifier is 85.42 % using tenfold cross-validation approach. In light of this, the suggested method's outcome set it apart from other State-of-the-Art models in biomarker determination and makes it a unique choice for ophthalmologists seeking a glaucoma biomarker for diagnosis systems.
{"title":"An Ocular Feature-Based Novel Biomarker Determination for Glaucoma Diagnosis Using Supervised Machine Learning and Fundus Imaging","authors":"Nibedita Kalita;Samir Kumar Borgohain","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3483990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3483990","url":null,"abstract":"Glaucoma, an incurable eye disease, is a significant global health concern recognized by the World Health Organization. It progresses by increasing eye pressure, damaging the optic nerve, and leading to blindness. Regular eye exams are crucial for early detection and preventing vision loss, as early stages are often asymptomatic. Advanced feature engineering and machine learning are key to uncovering new glaucoma biomarkers, aiding early diagnosis and improving automated systems for ophthalmologists. The glaucoma biomarkers in the realm of machine learning are the features that act as a metaphor of biological biomarkers. Most research has concentrated on either structural or nonstructural feature selection strategies, with limited analysis on combined feature sets. In this letter, a new reduced feature set is investigated by combining both handcrafted structural and nonstructural features that act as a novel glaucoma biomarker for efficient and robust glaucoma diagnosis system. The proposed biomarker is a combination of structural and nonstructural (statistical, spectral, and geometric) features, which has been rigorously evaluated on the publicly available, large, and diverse standardized multi-channel dataset (SMDG)-19 glaucoma dataset. The classification accuracy achieved from Extra Tree Classifier is 85.42 % using tenfold cross-validation approach. In light of this, the suggested method's outcome set it apart from other State-of-the-Art models in biomarker determination and makes it a unique choice for ophthalmologists seeking a glaucoma biomarker for diagnosis systems.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"8 11","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142565506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The selection of the sensor array represents a pivotal aspect of the system design for the electronic nose (E-nose). In practical applications, achieving an optimal balance between array size and system performance is often challenging. Therefore, realizing a high-performance E-nose with a minimum number of sensors is necessary, particularly for portable E-noses with limited size and power. This letter proposes a cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) as an array optimization criterion to address these issues. The CER is defined for quantifying costs and benefits as a basis for array optimization. Applying the designed array optimization criterion to the portable E-nose system, which comprises eight MEMS sensors, achieves an 80% prediction accuracy while reducing the number of sensors by nearly 40%. In addition, the concept of extreme sensor number is proposed to illustrate the existence of limit values for the number of sensors in the process of array optimization. This study offers a foundation for quantitative metrics for sensor array optimization, which serves as a crucial reference for the design of size- and power-sensitive portable E-nose systems.
{"title":"A Quantitative Array Optimization Method for the Electronic Nose System Based on Edge Computing and MEMS Sensors","authors":"Lechen Chen;Tao Wang;Wangze Ni;Jiaqing Zhu;Weiwei Cheng;Haixia Mei;Bowei Zhang;Fuzhen Xuan;Jianhua Yang;Min Zeng;Nantao Hu;Zhi Yang","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3483576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3483576","url":null,"abstract":"The selection of the sensor array represents a pivotal aspect of the system design for the electronic nose (E-nose). In practical applications, achieving an optimal balance between array size and system performance is often challenging. Therefore, realizing a high-performance E-nose with a minimum number of sensors is necessary, particularly for portable E-noses with limited size and power. This letter proposes a cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) as an array optimization criterion to address these issues. The CER is defined for quantifying costs and benefits as a basis for array optimization. Applying the designed array optimization criterion to the portable E-nose system, which comprises eight MEMS sensors, achieves an 80% prediction accuracy while reducing the number of sensors by nearly 40%. In addition, the concept of extreme sensor number is proposed to illustrate the existence of limit values for the number of sensors in the process of array optimization. This study offers a foundation for quantitative metrics for sensor array optimization, which serves as a crucial reference for the design of size- and power-sensitive portable E-nose systems.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"8 11","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142565499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This letter introduces an efficient linearizing digital interface designed for remote thermistors. The proposed approach utilizes an enhanced relaxation-oscillator topology to render a direct-digital output that is directly proportional to the sensed temperature. Furthermore, the system compensates for cable resistance and maintains constant-current excitation for the sensor. The digitizer design is both simple and innovative, avoiding the need for matched references and minimizing the impact of various circuit nonidealities. The working principle of the interfacing system is established in this letter, followed by simulation studies. A thorough hardware evaluation of the developed digitizer reveals promising results, including low nonlinearity (0.41%), a high signal-to-noise ratio ( $>$ 67 dB), and a measurement span of 120 $^{circ }$ C, all while remaining unaffected by cable resistance. This system is well-suited for aerospace applications and other scenarios, requiring accurate thermistor-based temperature measurements.
{"title":"Efficient Electronic Digitizer for Linearizing Remotely Located Thermistors","authors":"Sajeev Ramachandran;Anoop Chandrika Sreekantan;Roy Thankachan","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3482367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3482367","url":null,"abstract":"This letter introduces an efficient linearizing digital interface designed for remote thermistors. The proposed approach utilizes an enhanced relaxation-oscillator topology to render a direct-digital output that is directly proportional to the sensed temperature. Furthermore, the system compensates for cable resistance and maintains constant-current excitation for the sensor. The digitizer design is both simple and innovative, avoiding the need for matched references and minimizing the impact of various circuit nonidealities. The working principle of the interfacing system is established in this letter, followed by simulation studies. A thorough hardware evaluation of the developed digitizer reveals promising results, including low nonlinearity (0.41%), a high signal-to-noise ratio (\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$>$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u000067 dB), and a measurement span of 120 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C, all while remaining unaffected by cable resistance. This system is well-suited for aerospace applications and other scenarios, requiring accurate thermistor-based temperature measurements.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"8 11","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142565556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-17DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3482990
Debabrata Paul;Sunil K. Khijwania
Etched fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based temperature-insensitive, simple, all-optical tilt sensor design, employing effective refractive index (RI) induced intensity modulation (instead of traditional strain modulation), is proposed and theoretically demonstrated. The etched FBG splits into two distinct gratings when partially immersed in a liquid. Applied tilt modulates the length of etched FBG immersed into a liquid, which, in turn, modulates the characteristic reflection spectrum of both the sections (exposed to liquid and to the air). The theoretical maximum sensitivity of the proposed sensor comes out to be 1.20 dB/°. Further, the sensor exhibits the ability to quantify both the magnitude and direction of inclination relative to the horizontal plane across the designated dynamic range of ±10°.
{"title":"Etched Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Novel Tilt Sensor Employing Effective Refractive Index Induced Intensity Modulation Mechanism","authors":"Debabrata Paul;Sunil K. Khijwania","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3482990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3482990","url":null,"abstract":"Etched fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based temperature-insensitive, simple, all-optical tilt sensor design, employing effective refractive index (RI) induced intensity modulation (instead of traditional strain modulation), is proposed and theoretically demonstrated. The etched FBG splits into two distinct gratings when partially immersed in a liquid. Applied tilt modulates the length of etched FBG immersed into a liquid, which, in turn, modulates the characteristic reflection spectrum of both the sections (exposed to liquid and to the air). The theoretical maximum sensitivity of the proposed sensor comes out to be 1.20 dB/°. Further, the sensor exhibits the ability to quantify both the magnitude and direction of inclination relative to the horizontal plane across the designated dynamic range of ±10°.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"8 11","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142565507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The proliferation of voice-activated devices, such as virtual assistants and voice-controlled systems, has changed how people interact with technology and the environment. These devices collect data that can be sent to servers to process sound, returning responses or suggestions to the user. However, the widespread use of these devices has led to intensive data collection, exposing sensitive information, such as conversations and intimate audio. In this context, we developed PRISM-guardian, a technique for sharing and tracking sound data without revealing its origin, thus preserving privacy. Transparently, audio generators, such as residential users, can track who accessed their information and why. We collected 1000 audio samples, each lasting 10 s, to recognize short-duration cough and sneeze sounds. We achieved average sound recognition processing times of 3.78 s, 6.78 ms to encapsulate the data in the API, and an average of 48 ms to save the data on the blockchain. Besides, we present a mathematical formalization of PRISM and conduct tests to identify the origin of the sound. The results showed that the identity of the sound source is preserved while this source can view and track the data.
{"title":"PRISM-Guardian: Enhancing Data Privacy in Devices With Sound Collection, Recognition, and Sharing Through Blockchain Technology","authors":"Edilson Filho;Matheus Ferreira;Gabriel Palitot;César Marcon;Laurent Vercouter;Jarbas Silveira","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3482177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3482177","url":null,"abstract":"The proliferation of voice-activated devices, such as virtual assistants and voice-controlled systems, has changed how people interact with technology and the environment. These devices collect data that can be sent to servers to process sound, returning responses or suggestions to the user. However, the widespread use of these devices has led to intensive data collection, exposing sensitive information, such as conversations and intimate audio. In this context, we developed PRISM-guardian, a technique for sharing and tracking sound data without revealing its origin, thus preserving privacy. Transparently, audio generators, such as residential users, can track who accessed their information and why. We collected 1000 audio samples, each lasting 10 s, to recognize short-duration cough and sneeze sounds. We achieved average sound recognition processing times of 3.78 s, 6.78 ms to encapsulate the data in the API, and an average of 48 ms to save the data on the blockchain. Besides, we present a mathematical formalization of PRISM and conduct tests to identify the origin of the sound. The results showed that the identity of the sound source is preserved while this source can view and track the data.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"8 11","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-16DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3482120
Pedro D. R. Araujo;Rita Macedo;Marta Pereira;Tiago P. Fernandes;Susana Cardoso
Tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) sensors with enhanced thermal resilience are being pursued for harsh environment applications. In this letter, we explore MnNi as a possible candidate for exchange bias in TMR sensor multilayers. We use ion beam assisted deposition for MnNi layer growth. A significant emergence of exchange bias field of $mu _{0}H_{text{ex}} =$ 110 mT was obtained in MnNi/CoFe bilayers against the ion beam deposited counterpart. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time in literature the compatibility with state-of-the-art sensor multilayers comprising synthetic antiferromagnets and MgO tunnel barriers. The optimized device shows a tunneling magnetoresistance ratio of 130 $%$ at RT and a 30 $%$ at 300 $^circ$ C corresponding to sensitivities of 17.0 and 9.5 $%$ /mT with well-defined parallel/antiparallel plateaus in the full-temperature operation window.
{"title":"Combining High Thermal Stability of MnNi Antiferromagnets With High-Performance MgO-TMR Sensors Through Texture Engineering With Ion Beam Assisted Deposition","authors":"Pedro D. R. Araujo;Rita Macedo;Marta Pereira;Tiago P. Fernandes;Susana Cardoso","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3482120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3482120","url":null,"abstract":"Tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) sensors with enhanced thermal resilience are being pursued for harsh environment applications. In this letter, we explore MnNi as a possible candidate for exchange bias in TMR sensor multilayers. We use ion beam assisted deposition for MnNi layer growth. A significant emergence of exchange bias field of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$mu _{0}H_{text{ex}} =$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 110 mT was obtained in MnNi/CoFe bilayers against the ion beam deposited counterpart. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time in literature the compatibility with state-of-the-art sensor multilayers comprising synthetic antiferromagnets and MgO tunnel barriers. The optimized device shows a tunneling magnetoresistance ratio of 130\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at RT and a 30\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at 300 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C corresponding to sensitivities of 17.0 and 9.5\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000/mT with well-defined parallel/antiparallel plateaus in the full-temperature operation window.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"8 11","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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