Pub Date : 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2026.3650783
Siyu Bai;Yibin Li;Zehua Xu;Qian Li;H. Y. Fu
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a distribution-adaptive quantization scheme, termed the fuzzy-minimized mapping (FMM) quantizer, for high-speed ACO-OFDM VLC transmitters employing low-resolution DACs. The FMM quantizer combines fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering with minimum mean-square error (MMSE) refinement to adaptively optimize quantization under non-Gaussian signal distributions. Experimental results over a 1 m free-space VLC link using a red VCSEL transmitter show that FMM outperforms conventional Lloyd–Max and round-off (RO) quantizers, achieving a BER of ($2.3times {10}^{-3}$ ) for 16-QAM at 0.75 GBaud with 2-bit resolution and supporting 64-QAM at 0.625 GBaud (3-bit) with a BER of ($2.8times {10}^{-3}$ ). Constellation diagrams further illustrate these gains, confirming the FMM quantizer’s practical effectiveness for Gbps-level VLC with low-resolution transmitter hardware.
{"title":"Distribution-Adaptive Quantization for Ultra-Low-Resolution Transmitter in IM/DD VLC Links","authors":"Siyu Bai;Yibin Li;Zehua Xu;Qian Li;H. Y. Fu","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2026.3650783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2026.3650783","url":null,"abstract":"We propose and experimentally demonstrate a distribution-adaptive quantization scheme, termed the fuzzy-minimized mapping (FMM) quantizer, for high-speed ACO-OFDM VLC transmitters employing low-resolution DACs. The FMM quantizer combines fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering with minimum mean-square error (MMSE) refinement to adaptively optimize quantization under non-Gaussian signal distributions. Experimental results over a 1 m free-space VLC link using a red VCSEL transmitter show that FMM outperforms conventional Lloyd–Max and round-off (RO) quantizers, achieving a BER of (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.3times {10}^{-3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) for 16-QAM at 0.75 GBaud with 2-bit resolution and supporting 64-QAM at 0.625 GBaud (3-bit) with a BER of (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.8times {10}^{-3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). Constellation diagrams further illustrate these gains, confirming the FMM quantizer’s practical effectiveness for Gbps-level VLC with low-resolution transmitter hardware.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 9","pages":"563-566"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146139117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-30DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3649406
Jingrui Gong;Zelin Zhang;Yu Qin;Fei Chen;Jie Zhu;Lin Li;Limin Xiao;Kebin Shi
We fabricated an optimized double nested anti-resonant nodeless fiber (DNANF) for the visualization of poled domain in periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN). Through optimized structural and fabrication processes, the optimized DNANF achieved a low transmission loss below $3times 10 ^{boldsymbol {-3}}$ dB/m at 920-1040 nm. The femtosecond laser with a central wavelength of 1034 nm and a repetition rate of 34 MHz was coupled with the optimized DNANF in second-harmonic generation (SHG) imaging system. It can be used to achieve a high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging of poled domains in PPLN, with a field of view (FOV) of $102.4~mu $ m $times 102.4~mu $ m and a lateral resolution of $0.815~mu $ m. In future, this DNANF will provide a stable, high-efficiency, and simple method of femtosecond laser propagation for the 3D precision characterization of poled domains in materials such as ferroelectric crystals and liquid crystals, as well as two-photon neuroimaging.
{"title":"Fabrication of an Optimized Low-Loss DNANF Used for Visualization of Poled Domain in PPLN","authors":"Jingrui Gong;Zelin Zhang;Yu Qin;Fei Chen;Jie Zhu;Lin Li;Limin Xiao;Kebin Shi","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3649406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3649406","url":null,"abstract":"We fabricated an optimized double nested anti-resonant nodeless fiber (DNANF) for the visualization of poled domain in periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN). Through optimized structural and fabrication processes, the optimized DNANF achieved a low transmission loss below <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3times 10 ^{boldsymbol {-3}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB/m at 920-1040 nm. The femtosecond laser with a central wavelength of 1034 nm and a repetition rate of 34 MHz was coupled with the optimized DNANF in second-harmonic generation (SHG) imaging system. It can be used to achieve a high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging of poled domains in PPLN, with a field of view (FOV) of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$102.4~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m <inline-formula> <tex-math>$times 102.4~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m and a lateral resolution of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.815~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m. In future, this DNANF will provide a stable, high-efficiency, and simple method of femtosecond laser propagation for the 3D precision characterization of poled domains in materials such as ferroelectric crystals and liquid crystals, as well as two-photon neuroimaging.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 7","pages":"471-474"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3649060
Lai Gao;Yuan Jin;Yao Bai;Can Yang;Jing Yang;Ping Li;Jinhui Shi;Chunying Guan
A relative humidity (RH) and temperature dual parameter sensor based on a long-period fiber grating (LPFG) in a hole-assisted dual-core fiber (HADCF) is demonstrated. LPFG in the center core is written by a high-frequency-CO2-laser and is used to measure the humidity. To improve the humidity sensitivity, LPFG is coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) film. While the temperature is measured by the coupling between the center core and the suspension core, and the air hole is filled with refractive index matching liquid to increase the temperature sensitivity. LPFG and coupler are integrated in parallel in HADCF with the length of 3.3 cm. The humidity and the temperature sensitivities are 0.674 nm/%RH of 0.841 nm/°C for the LPFG and the coupler, respectively. The simultaneous measurement of temperature and humidity is achieved by establishing a two-parameter matrix. The sensor has the advantages of compact size and high sensitivity, suitable for environmental monitoring and industrial control fields.
{"title":"Humidity and Temperature Sensor Based on LPFG and Coupler in Hole-Assisted Dual-Core Fiber","authors":"Lai Gao;Yuan Jin;Yao Bai;Can Yang;Jing Yang;Ping Li;Jinhui Shi;Chunying Guan","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3649060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3649060","url":null,"abstract":"A relative humidity (RH) and temperature dual parameter sensor based on a long-period fiber grating (LPFG) in a hole-assisted dual-core fiber (HADCF) is demonstrated. LPFG in the center core is written by a high-frequency-CO2-laser and is used to measure the humidity. To improve the humidity sensitivity, LPFG is coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) film. While the temperature is measured by the coupling between the center core and the suspension core, and the air hole is filled with refractive index matching liquid to increase the temperature sensitivity. LPFG and coupler are integrated in parallel in HADCF with the length of 3.3 cm. The humidity and the temperature sensitivities are 0.674 nm/%RH of 0.841 nm/°C for the LPFG and the coupler, respectively. The simultaneous measurement of temperature and humidity is achieved by establishing a two-parameter matrix. The sensor has the advantages of compact size and high sensitivity, suitable for environmental monitoring and industrial control fields.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 7","pages":"463-466"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3648915
Ao Chen;Ting Fu;Jing Liu;Aiyi Qi;Xuyan Zhou;Wanhua Zheng
Edge-emitting broad-area semiconductor laser with a laddered electrode is proposed to attain low spatial coherence while keeping high continuous output power. Key parameters of the laddered electrode were optimized by numerical simulation, and the laser was fabricated in experiment. The laser attained continuous output power of 3.6 W at 945 nm, with a divergence angle of 19.2°, and a maximum power-conversion efficiency of 44.2%. The number of incoherent spatial modes were nearly doubled by introducing the laddered electrode, and the objective speckle contrast was reduced from 26.5% to 18.3%. The laddered-electrode laser has great potential in speckle suppression of laser active imaging systems.
{"title":"Broad-Area Semiconductor Lasers With Low Spatial Coherence and High Continuous Output Power","authors":"Ao Chen;Ting Fu;Jing Liu;Aiyi Qi;Xuyan Zhou;Wanhua Zheng","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3648915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3648915","url":null,"abstract":"Edge-emitting broad-area semiconductor laser with a laddered electrode is proposed to attain low spatial coherence while keeping high continuous output power. Key parameters of the laddered electrode were optimized by numerical simulation, and the laser was fabricated in experiment. The laser attained continuous output power of 3.6 W at 945 nm, with a divergence angle of 19.2°, and a maximum power-conversion efficiency of 44.2%. The number of incoherent spatial modes were nearly doubled by introducing the laddered electrode, and the objective speckle contrast was reduced from 26.5% to 18.3%. The laddered-electrode laser has great potential in speckle suppression of laser active imaging systems.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 8","pages":"531-534"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3648347
Yang Lan;Choloong Hahn;Zhiping Jiang
The detection of silent failures in optical networks is inherently difficult, and their presence may jeopardize network reliability and operational efficiency, particularly as these networks scale to meet increasing bandwidth demands. Among the most elusive silent failure types are forwarding errors in wavelength selective switches (WSSs), which may misroute optical signals without triggering alarms, leading to prolonged service interruptions. In this work, we propose a novel failure detection and localization framework that leverages the distributed chromatic dispersion (CD) profile of the signal path using longitudinal power profile estimation (PPE) technique. PPE enables span-by-span reconstruction of the lightpath’s optical characteristics with resolution of a few tens of ps/nm for typical coherent signals, allowing for precise estimation of CD accumulation at each segment. By comparing the measured distributed CD profile against a topology-aware digital twin of the network, discrepancies caused by forwarding errors at specific WSS nodes are unambiguously identified and localized. Our method bypasses the limitation of total CD estimation and enhances fault localization resolution as validated by the experiment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of silent failure identification and localization in optical networks based on PPE.
{"title":"PPE-Assisted Silent Failure Awareness in Optical Transport Networks","authors":"Yang Lan;Choloong Hahn;Zhiping Jiang","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3648347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3648347","url":null,"abstract":"The detection of silent failures in optical networks is inherently difficult, and their presence may jeopardize network reliability and operational efficiency, particularly as these networks scale to meet increasing bandwidth demands. Among the most elusive silent failure types are forwarding errors in wavelength selective switches (WSSs), which may misroute optical signals without triggering alarms, leading to prolonged service interruptions. In this work, we propose a novel failure detection and localization framework that leverages the distributed chromatic dispersion (CD) profile of the signal path using longitudinal power profile estimation (PPE) technique. PPE enables span-by-span reconstruction of the lightpath’s optical characteristics with resolution of a few tens of ps/nm for typical coherent signals, allowing for precise estimation of CD accumulation at each segment. By comparing the measured distributed CD profile against a topology-aware digital twin of the network, discrepancies caused by forwarding errors at specific WSS nodes are unambiguously identified and localized. Our method bypasses the limitation of total CD estimation and enhances fault localization resolution as validated by the experiment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of silent failure identification and localization in optical networks based on PPE.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 7","pages":"459-462"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145859869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3648758
Chao Zhang;Anzi Xu;Lian-Kuan Chen
Exploiting oceanic resources necessitates sophisticated real-time, multi-dimensional surveillance technologies integrated with high-bandwidth, low-latency wireless communication systems. These are essential not only to ensure successful underwater operations but also to identify and address potential ecosystem issues promptly. Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) emerges as the most suitable solution to fulfill the aforementioned communication requirements. However, diverse human exploitation activities can generate bubbles, turbulence, and plumes, which significantly degrade the channel conditions of UWOC systems. Among these external interferences, plumes, primarily generated by the sediment resuspension during the deep-sea mining process, can dramatically scatter and absorb light, leading to UWOC link disruption. This letter proposes and demonstrates a 1-Gbps underwater wireless Ethernet passive optical communication network (EPON) to efficiently meet the demands of multi-node access, dynamic bandwidth allocation, and seamless network reconfiguration to accommodate new users. Commercial EPON chips are employed in system development. The proposed system incorporates a protection path mechanism, which enables reconnection when the primary wireless channel degrades due to plume interference.
{"title":"Demonstration of an Underwater Wireless EPON With Plume Mitigation for Deep-Sea Mining Surveillance","authors":"Chao Zhang;Anzi Xu;Lian-Kuan Chen","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3648758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3648758","url":null,"abstract":"Exploiting oceanic resources necessitates sophisticated real-time, multi-dimensional surveillance technologies integrated with high-bandwidth, low-latency wireless communication systems. These are essential not only to ensure successful underwater operations but also to identify and address potential ecosystem issues promptly. Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) emerges as the most suitable solution to fulfill the aforementioned communication requirements. However, diverse human exploitation activities can generate bubbles, turbulence, and plumes, which significantly degrade the channel conditions of UWOC systems. Among these external interferences, plumes, primarily generated by the sediment resuspension during the deep-sea mining process, can dramatically scatter and absorb light, leading to UWOC link disruption. This letter proposes and demonstrates a 1-Gbps underwater wireless Ethernet passive optical communication network (EPON) to efficiently meet the demands of multi-node access, dynamic bandwidth allocation, and seamless network reconfiguration to accommodate new users. Commercial EPON chips are employed in system development. The proposed system incorporates a protection path mechanism, which enables reconnection when the primary wireless channel degrades due to plume interference.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 7","pages":"495-498"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a newly developed semi-analytic model of the slot waveguide characteristics for the time-efficient optimization of the total electro-optic bandwidth in silicon-organic hybrid Mach-Zehnder modulators. This model consists of an accurate calculation of the bandwidth-limiting conductivity and capacitance of the slot waveguide with root mean square error as low as 1.32% compared to numerical field simulations by applying a transfer matrix algorithm. Our approach improves the computational efficiency remarkably enabling the time-efficient design of silicon-organic hybrid Mach-Zehnder modulators by varying a large variety of parameters.
{"title":"Semi-Analytic Model of the Slot Waveguide for the Optimization of Silicon-Organic Hybrid Modulators","authors":"Raik Elster;Wolfgang Vogel;Manfred Berroth;Georg Rademacher","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3648574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3648574","url":null,"abstract":"We present a newly developed semi-analytic model of the slot waveguide characteristics for the time-efficient optimization of the total electro-optic bandwidth in silicon-organic hybrid Mach-Zehnder modulators. This model consists of an accurate calculation of the bandwidth-limiting conductivity and capacitance of the slot waveguide with root mean square error as low as 1.32% compared to numerical field simulations by applying a transfer matrix algorithm. Our approach improves the computational efficiency remarkably enabling the time-efficient design of silicon-organic hybrid Mach-Zehnder modulators by varying a large variety of parameters.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 7","pages":"487-490"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3648451
Junming Hu;Zexu Liu;Weiqi Lu;William Shieh
In this letter, we introduce a GUDR-Net for multimode-fiber (MMF) -based wavemeters, which is an integrated pipeline combining two image enhancement processes – $G$ amma correction and $U$ nsharp masking – with a parameter-efficient convolutional neural network (CNN) built around $D$ ouble $R$ esidual blocks. GUDR-Net, consisting of only a 19-layer CNN, represents the shallowest architecture ever reported for MMF wavemeters. It achieves 98.38% prediction accuracy at a spectral resolution of 1 pm. Compared to the previous work achieving the same resolution, the network depth is reduced by a factor of approximately 9.32. Applying the model, we validate the effectiveness of the fiber wavemeters across the entire C-band, achieving a resolution of 0.02nm in a 35 nm operation bandwidth, which is the first demonstration of its kind.
{"title":"GUDR-Net-Based MMF Wavemeters for High-Resolution Wavelength Prediction Across the Full C-Band","authors":"Junming Hu;Zexu Liu;Weiqi Lu;William Shieh","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3648451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3648451","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we introduce a GUDR-Net for multimode-fiber (MMF) -based wavemeters, which is an integrated pipeline combining two image enhancement processes – <inline-formula> <tex-math>$G$ </tex-math></inline-formula>amma correction and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$U$ </tex-math></inline-formula>nsharp masking – with a parameter-efficient convolutional neural network (CNN) built around <inline-formula> <tex-math>$D$ </tex-math></inline-formula>ouble <inline-formula> <tex-math>$R$ </tex-math></inline-formula>esidual blocks. GUDR-Net, consisting of only a 19-layer CNN, represents the shallowest architecture ever reported for MMF wavemeters. It achieves 98.38% prediction accuracy at a spectral resolution of 1 pm. Compared to the previous work achieving the same resolution, the network depth is reduced by a factor of approximately 9.32. Applying the model, we validate the effectiveness of the fiber wavemeters across the entire C-band, achieving a resolution of 0.02nm in a 35 nm operation bandwidth, which is the first demonstration of its kind.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 7","pages":"479-482"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3648566
Horacio I. Cantú;Antonio Samarelli;Iain Eddie
The reliability of a ridge waveguide AlInGaAs strained O-band InP laser design is characterized by means of 10 khrs of accelerated life test. Multiple stress conditions are used to estimate the device wear-out activation energy and bias current exponential factor using the Eyring equation. Time to failure for each stressed device is obtained from the parametric accelerated life test data. The laser operation bias current degradation is used to extract failure distributions. These distributions agree well with lognormal fits and are used to calculate the wear-out activation energy and bias current exponential factor. An activation energy and an exponential factor above 1.5 eV and 3, respectively, are obtained from operation bias current degradation analysis. Based on five stress conditions calculated acceleration factors, single digit failures in time are expected after 10 years of continuous operation.
{"title":"Reliability Study of AlInGaAs Strained Multi-Quantum Well O-Band Laser Source","authors":"Horacio I. Cantú;Antonio Samarelli;Iain Eddie","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3648566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3648566","url":null,"abstract":"The reliability of a ridge waveguide AlInGaAs strained O-band InP laser design is characterized by means of 10 khrs of accelerated life test. Multiple stress conditions are used to estimate the device wear-out activation energy and bias current exponential factor using the Eyring equation. Time to failure for each stressed device is obtained from the parametric accelerated life test data. The laser operation bias current degradation is used to extract failure distributions. These distributions agree well with lognormal fits and are used to calculate the wear-out activation energy and bias current exponential factor. An activation energy and an exponential factor above 1.5 eV and 3, respectively, are obtained from operation bias current degradation analysis. Based on five stress conditions calculated acceleration factors, single digit failures in time are expected after 10 years of continuous operation.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 7","pages":"467-470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3648305
Elena A. Anashkina;Arseny A. Sorokin;Alexey V. Andrianov
We experimentally demonstrate tunable cascade Raman lasing in a 34-$mu $ m microsphere fabricated from tungsten-tellurite glass, which possesses high and ultrabroadband Raman gain. Lasing was observed in the first cascade from 1665 nm to 1895 nm and in the second cascade from 1952 nm to 2189 nm when the pump wavelength was tuned from 1488 nm to 1612 nm. To the best of our knowledge, the 2189 nm wavelength is the longest wavelength ever achieved via Raman generation or other nonlinear optical processes in tellurite glass microresonators. We also constructed and analyzed a theoretical model incorporating four nonlinearly interacting Raman modes. The model accounts for two modes in the first cascade and two in the second. Each of these modes is associated with a different peak of the Raman gain function. The results of numerical simulations support and explain the experimental findings.
{"title":"Wavelength-Tunable Cascade Raman Lasing beyond 2 Micrometer in a Tellurite Microresonator","authors":"Elena A. Anashkina;Arseny A. Sorokin;Alexey V. Andrianov","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3648305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3648305","url":null,"abstract":"We experimentally demonstrate tunable cascade Raman lasing in a 34-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m microsphere fabricated from tungsten-tellurite glass, which possesses high and ultrabroadband Raman gain. Lasing was observed in the first cascade from 1665 nm to 1895 nm and in the second cascade from 1952 nm to 2189 nm when the pump wavelength was tuned from 1488 nm to 1612 nm. To the best of our knowledge, the 2189 nm wavelength is the longest wavelength ever achieved via Raman generation or other nonlinear optical processes in tellurite glass microresonators. We also constructed and analyzed a theoretical model incorporating four nonlinearly interacting Raman modes. The model accounts for two modes in the first cascade and two in the second. Each of these modes is associated with a different peak of the Raman gain function. The results of numerical simulations support and explain the experimental findings.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 7","pages":"451-454"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145860193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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