Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3641631
Lin Cheng;Yu Chen;Yujie Cai;Xiaoying Wang;Yihan Jia;Kun Huang;E Wu
As a key intermediate in energy metabolism, pyruvate concentration can reflect cellular metabolic status. Conventional methods such as enzymatic colorimetric assays offer high sensitivity, but rely on fresh reagents and can modify or deplete the target analyte. Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy simplifies the measurement. However, conventional MIR detection is constrained by limited MIR detector sensitivity and high background noise. Here we present an induced-coherence MIR quantum spectroscopy system that requires neither MIR sources nor detectors. Using a nonlinear Michelson interferometer with an AgGaSe2 crystal (type-I nondegenerate SPDC), we achieve the MIR spectral characterization of pyruvate at 8.5 μm (≈1176 cm−1), corresponding to the C–C vibrational band, while only the near-infrared signal photons are detected. A 10-μm-path liquid cell containing 5 μL of pyruvate solution in ultrapure water and simulated body fluid (SBF) is inserted in the MIR interferometer arm. The absorbance spectra retrieved from quantum interferograms via fast Fourier transform agree with those obtained by conventional MIR spectroscopy using the same sample. Using only near-infrared detection, we perform rapid scans near the zero-path-difference position, enabling nondestructive, label-free quantitative analysis of microliter-scale samples and establishing a linear response to pyruvate concentration. These results highlight the potential of quantum spectroscopy for biomedical sensing and provide a foundation for high-sensitivity MIR spectral analysis in complex physiological environments.
{"title":"Pyruvate in Aqueous Media Probed by Mid-Infrared Quantum Spectroscopy Based on Induced Coherence","authors":"Lin Cheng;Yu Chen;Yujie Cai;Xiaoying Wang;Yihan Jia;Kun Huang;E Wu","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3641631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3641631","url":null,"abstract":"As a key intermediate in energy metabolism, pyruvate concentration can reflect cellular metabolic status. Conventional methods such as enzymatic colorimetric assays offer high sensitivity, but rely on fresh reagents and can modify or deplete the target analyte. Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy simplifies the measurement. However, conventional MIR detection is constrained by limited MIR detector sensitivity and high background noise. Here we present an induced-coherence MIR quantum spectroscopy system that requires neither MIR sources nor detectors. Using a nonlinear Michelson interferometer with an AgGaSe<sub>2</sub> crystal (type-I nondegenerate SPDC), we achieve the MIR spectral characterization of pyruvate at 8.5 μm (≈1176 cm<sup>−1</sup>), corresponding to the C–C vibrational band, while only the near-infrared signal photons are detected. A 10-μm-path liquid cell containing 5 μL of pyruvate solution in ultrapure water and simulated body fluid (SBF) is inserted in the MIR interferometer arm. The absorbance spectra retrieved from quantum interferograms via fast Fourier transform agree with those obtained by conventional MIR spectroscopy using the same sample. Using only near-infrared detection, we perform rapid scans near the zero-path-difference position, enabling nondestructive, label-free quantitative analysis of microliter-scale samples and establishing a linear response to pyruvate concentration. These results highlight the potential of quantum spectroscopy for biomedical sensing and provide a foundation for high-sensitivity MIR spectral analysis in complex physiological environments.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 4: Adv. Biophoton. in Emerg. Biomed. Tech. and Dev","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3633926
Qiaoqiang Gan;Aaswath Raman
{"title":"Guest Editorial: When Photonics Meets Climate Mitigation: The Evolution of Knowledge Through Scientific Discourse","authors":"Qiaoqiang Gan;Aaswath Raman","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3633926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3633926","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"31 6: Photon. for Climate Chng. Mitigation and Adapt.","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11285570","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3633465
Shanhui Fan
{"title":"Editorial Interview: The Cool Power of Light","authors":"Shanhui Fan","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3633465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3633465","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"31 6: Photon. for Climate Chng. Mitigation and Adapt.","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11285497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3638176
Aaswath Raman
{"title":"Editorial: Photonics for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation","authors":"Aaswath Raman","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3638176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3638176","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"31 6: Photon. for Climate Chng. Mitigation and Adapt.","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11285571","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Micro-transfer printing (µ-TP) enables high-density integration of pre-structure-defined device coupons, facilitating multiple photonic functions on a single chip after the CMOS back-end-of-line process. This study demonstrates µ-TP of a pre-structured thin-film lithium-niobate (TFLN) coupon with two parallel etched TFLN waveguides onto a silicon photonics (SiPh) platform, achieving a 3σ alignment accuracy of approximately 0.5 μm. It incorporates low-loss design-optimized inter-layer couplers with a minimum transition loss of less than 0.1 dB and traveling-wave coplanar electrodes. The Si/TFLN hybrid Mach–Zehnder modulator achieves an on-chip device loss of 1.0 dB and a 3-dB EO bandwidth exceeding 67 GHz. This represents the first µ-TP integration of pre-structured TFLN waveguides with low-loss inter-layer coupling on a SiPh platform, marking a significant advancement in scalable, high-performance photonic integration.
{"title":"Micro-Transfer-Printed Heterogeneous Thin-Film Lithium Niobate Mach–Zehnder Modulator on Silicon With Low-Loss Inter-Layer Coupler","authors":"Toshiya Murai;Rai Kou;Guangwei Cong;Yohei Yamashita;Masahiko Imai;Kazumasa Takabayashi;Koji Yamada","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3641391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3641391","url":null,"abstract":"Micro-transfer printing (µ-TP) enables high-density integration of pre-structure-defined device coupons, facilitating multiple photonic functions on a single chip after the CMOS back-end-of-line process. This study demonstrates µ-TP of a pre-structured thin-film lithium-niobate (TFLN) coupon with two parallel etched TFLN waveguides onto a silicon photonics (SiPh) platform, achieving a 3<italic>σ</i> alignment accuracy of approximately 0.5 μm. It incorporates low-loss design-optimized inter-layer couplers with a minimum transition loss of less than 0.1 dB and traveling-wave coplanar electrodes. The Si/TFLN hybrid Mach–Zehnder modulator achieves an on-chip device loss of 1.0 dB and a 3-dB EO bandwidth exceeding 67 GHz. This represents the first µ-TP integration of pre-structured TFLN waveguides with low-loss inter-layer coupling on a SiPh platform, marking a significant advancement in scalable, high-performance photonic integration.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 2: 3-D Horizons in Photonics: Integrated Circuits","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11282484","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3641312
David Coenen;Minkyu Kim;Herman Oprins;Xinyue Chang;Filippo Ferraro;Yoojin Ban;Joris Van Campenhout
Recent developments in system-on-wafer high-performance compute systems have delivered promising results for alleviating the memory wall encountered in AI/ML training workloads. This is achieved by integrating multiple XPUs on the same interposer substrate. It is expected that performance can scale further by replacing the electrical interface with an optical variant. In this paper, we study the thermal challenges this concept brings for Si photonic disk modulators, a key component of the optical transceiver. Because of the highly integrated nature of the system, thermal crosstalk is especially a concern, as well as heater efficiency for thermal tuning. Detailed, experimentally calibrated simulations reveal a loss of heater efficiency between 42–62% after hybrid bonding of the electrical IC (EIC) on the photonic IC (PIC). This loss can partially be offset by introducing a new thermal isolation feature called TOPCUT, which blocks vertical heat conduction and increases efficiency by 25%. Alternatively, co-design of the EIC back-end-of-line layers and the PIC layout to ensure low metal density directly above the device can be done to gain 12% heater efficiency. Thermal simulations of a fully populated interposer wafer reveal extremely low thermal crosstalk between tiles, but significant crosstalk inside a single tile. Studies predict a spatial gradient of 12 K/mm and temporal gradient of 1.78 K/ms in the PIC due to XPU power map.
{"title":"Thermal Challenges for Resonant Si Photonic Modulators in System-on-Wafer Applications","authors":"David Coenen;Minkyu Kim;Herman Oprins;Xinyue Chang;Filippo Ferraro;Yoojin Ban;Joris Van Campenhout","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3641312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3641312","url":null,"abstract":"Recent developments in system-on-wafer high-performance compute systems have delivered promising results for alleviating the memory wall encountered in AI/ML training workloads. This is achieved by integrating multiple XPUs on the same interposer substrate. It is expected that performance can scale further by replacing the electrical interface with an optical variant. In this paper, we study the thermal challenges this concept brings for Si photonic disk modulators, a key component of the optical transceiver. Because of the highly integrated nature of the system, thermal crosstalk is especially a concern, as well as heater efficiency for thermal tuning. Detailed, experimentally calibrated simulations reveal a loss of heater efficiency between 42–62% after hybrid bonding of the electrical IC (EIC) on the photonic IC (PIC). This loss can partially be offset by introducing a new thermal isolation feature called TOPCUT, which blocks vertical heat conduction and increases efficiency by 25%. Alternatively, co-design of the EIC back-end-of-line layers and the PIC layout to ensure low metal density directly above the device can be done to gain 12% heater efficiency. Thermal simulations of a fully populated interposer wafer reveal extremely low thermal crosstalk between tiles, but significant crosstalk inside a single tile. Studies predict a spatial gradient of 12 K/mm and temporal gradient of 1.78 K/ms in the PIC due to XPU power map.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 2: 3-D Horizons in Photonics: Integrated Circuits","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3640959
Ana R. Guerra;Luís R. Oliveira;Gonçalo O. Rodrigues;Maria R. Pinheiro;Maria I. Carvalho;Valery V. Tuchin;Luís M. Oliveira
Evaluating diffusion properties of novel optical clearing (OC) agents is critical for advancing medical imaging. Tartrazine (TTZ), a strong absorbing dye, has shown promise in enhancing tissue transparency, yet its diffusion properties remain uncharacterized. In this work, OC treatments with TTZ-water solutions with varying osmolarities were performed, and the diffusion times (τ) that characterize the tissue dehydration and the RI matching mechanisms were estimated. From kinetic Tc measurements during treatment, τ values of water and TTZ were estimated in muscles as 60.0 s and 416.0 s, respectively. Corresponding diffusion coefficients (D) were derived from sample thickness data measured during treatments where the unique fluxes of TTZ and water occur. The respective D values were then calculated as 1.9 × 10−6 cm2/s for water and 3.6 × 10−7 cm2/s for TTZ. These findings provide key insights into TTZ diffusion in skeletal muscle and support its potential as an effective OC agent.
{"title":"Assessment of Tartrazine Diffusion Properties in Skeletal Muscle","authors":"Ana R. Guerra;Luís R. Oliveira;Gonçalo O. Rodrigues;Maria R. Pinheiro;Maria I. Carvalho;Valery V. Tuchin;Luís M. Oliveira","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3640959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3640959","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluating diffusion properties of novel optical clearing (OC) agents is critical for advancing medical imaging. Tartrazine (TTZ), a strong absorbing dye, has shown promise in enhancing tissue transparency, yet its diffusion properties remain uncharacterized. In this work, OC treatments with TTZ-water solutions with varying osmolarities were performed, and the diffusion times (<italic>τ</i>) that characterize the tissue dehydration and the RI matching mechanisms were estimated. From kinetic <italic>T</i><sub>c</sub> measurements during treatment, <italic>τ</i> values of water and TTZ were estimated in muscles as 60.0 s and 416.0 s, respectively. Corresponding diffusion coefficients (<italic>D</i>) were derived from sample thickness data measured during treatments where the unique fluxes of TTZ and water occur. The respective <italic>D</i> values were then calculated as 1.9 × 10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>/s for water and 3.6 × 10<sup>−7</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>/s for TTZ. These findings provide key insights into TTZ diffusion in skeletal muscle and support its potential as an effective OC agent.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 4: Adv. Biophoton. in Emerg. Biomed. Tech. and Dev","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3640645
Keisuke Kawahara;Tai Tsuchizawa;Noritsugu Yamamoto;Yuriko Maegami;Koji Yamada;Shinsuke Hara;Toshihiko Baba
Increasing datacenter demands require power-efficient optical interconnects. However, a conventional standard transmitter using a silicon rib-waveguide Mach-Zehnder modulator and voltage-mode driver has low efficiency and consumes watt-class high power and occupies a several-square-millimeter footprint, which limits large-scale integration for parallel transmission. This paper presents a transmitter consisting of a compact photonic crystal waveguide (PCW) modulator and a current-mode open-collector driver. The PCW modulator is designed to have high impedance in addition to the slow-light effect. The driver connected to the modulator without termination resistors is optimized based on electronics-photonics co-simulations using a standard electronic circuit simulator with an in-house photonic model library. Co-packaging these dramatically reduces the power consumption to 50 mW and a bit energy to 0.78 pJ/bit at 64-Gbaud, and the footprint to 0.66 mm2. This result represents a significant advancement toward the integration of a large number of transmission channels with no temperature control.
{"title":"High-Efficiency Compact Optical Transmitter With a Total Bit Energy of 0.78 pJ/Bit Including Silicon Slow-Light Modulator and Open-Collector Current-Mode Driver","authors":"Keisuke Kawahara;Tai Tsuchizawa;Noritsugu Yamamoto;Yuriko Maegami;Koji Yamada;Shinsuke Hara;Toshihiko Baba","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3640645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3640645","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing datacenter demands require power-efficient optical interconnects. However, a conventional standard transmitter using a silicon rib-waveguide Mach-Zehnder modulator and voltage-mode driver has low efficiency and consumes watt-class high power and occupies a several-square-millimeter footprint, which limits large-scale integration for parallel transmission. This paper presents a transmitter consisting of a compact photonic crystal waveguide (PCW) modulator and a current-mode open-collector driver. The PCW modulator is designed to have high impedance in addition to the slow-light effect. The driver connected to the modulator without termination resistors is optimized based on electronics-photonics co-simulations using a standard electronic circuit simulator with an in-house photonic model library. Co-packaging these dramatically reduces the power consumption to 50 mW and a bit energy to 0.78 pJ/bit at 64-Gbaud, and the footprint to 0.66 mm<sup>2</sup>. This result represents a significant advancement toward the integration of a large number of transmission channels with no temperature control.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 2: 3-D Horizons in Photonics: Integrated Circuits","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11278607","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Efficient chip-scale interconnects are critical for modern microelectronic–photonic systems, enabling high-bandwidth utilisation and ultra-low-latency processing. Conventional wired links suffer from high resistivity and latency, while radio-frequency and millimetre-wave wireless solutions face limitations such as bandwidth congestion, interference and power inefficiency. Terahertz (THz) plasmonic communication, utilising surface-plasmon polaritons (SPPs), is shown to provide broad bandwidth and high data rates for wireless network-on-chip (WiNoC) links, while remaining compatible with nanophotonic architectures. A novel Binary Field-Driven Meta-Routing Method is proposed, supported by a semi-analytical framework that models the interaction between graphene’s tunable electromagnetic properties and THz plasmonic phenomena. Graphene impedance modulation is exploited to dynamically couple localized surface-plasmon resonances (LSPRs) and guide them across a meta-network, enabling controlled beam steering within chip-scale architectures. Analytical conductivity models are combined with coupled-mode theory and algorithmic control to predict and configure LSPR-based beam steering in graphene metasurfaces. Four reconfigurable graphene meta-pixel antenna configurations — Y-MetaRouter, MetaSwitcher, Penta-MetaEmitter and CP-MetaCore — are designed and analysed; they enable unidirectional radiation, bi-directional meta-steering, frequency-driven multidirectional transitions and circular polarization, respectively. Real-time beam steering is enabled via chemical-potential modulation, thereby forming configurable LSPR pathways and creating virtual SPP channels. A theoretical formulation of the Coupled-Mode Theory of Field-Driven LSPR Meta-Networks is developed to model the current distribution of virtual SPPs and path-dependent LSPR coupling for prediction of far-field characteristics. Theoretical results show excellent agreement with full-wave numerical simulations. A point-to-point meta-wireless link is analysed by both theoretical and numerical methods, thereby demonstrating scalability for low-latency, high-performance THz communication in WiNoC and nanophotonic platforms. System-level metrics — such as link-budget, data-rate and reconfiguration energy — are estimated to validate feasibility for applications including chiplet communication, intra-core data transfer, heterogeneous computing, and compact transceivers in space-constrained environments.
{"title":"Terahertz Chip-Scale Meta-Networks With LSPR Routing: A Theoretical Framework","authors":"Maryam Khodadadi;Hamidreza Taghvaee;Pei Xiao;Gabriele Gradoni;Mohsen Khalily","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3639965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3639965","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient chip-scale interconnects are critical for modern microelectronic–photonic systems, enabling high-bandwidth utilisation and ultra-low-latency processing. Conventional wired links suffer from high resistivity and latency, while radio-frequency and millimetre-wave wireless solutions face limitations such as bandwidth congestion, interference and power inefficiency. Terahertz (THz) plasmonic communication, utilising surface-plasmon polaritons (SPPs), is shown to provide broad bandwidth and high data rates for wireless network-on-chip (WiNoC) links, while remaining compatible with nanophotonic architectures. A novel <italic>Binary Field-Driven Meta-Routing Method</i> is proposed, supported by a semi-analytical framework that models the interaction between graphene’s tunable electromagnetic properties and THz plasmonic phenomena. Graphene impedance modulation is exploited to dynamically couple localized surface-plasmon resonances (LSPRs) and guide them across a meta-network, enabling controlled beam steering within chip-scale architectures. Analytical conductivity models are combined with coupled-mode theory and algorithmic control to predict and configure LSPR-based beam steering in graphene metasurfaces. Four reconfigurable graphene meta-pixel antenna configurations — <italic>Y-MetaRouter</i>, <italic>MetaSwitcher</i>, <italic>Penta-MetaEmitter</i> and <italic>CP-MetaCore</i> — are designed and analysed; they enable unidirectional radiation, bi-directional meta-steering, frequency-driven multidirectional transitions and circular polarization, respectively. Real-time beam steering is enabled via chemical-potential modulation, thereby forming configurable LSPR pathways and creating virtual SPP channels. A theoretical formulation of the <italic>Coupled-Mode Theory of Field-Driven LSPR Meta-Networks</i> is developed to model the current distribution of virtual SPPs and path-dependent LSPR coupling for prediction of far-field characteristics. Theoretical results show excellent agreement with full-wave numerical simulations. A point-to-point meta-wireless link is analysed by both theoretical and numerical methods, thereby demonstrating scalability for low-latency, high-performance THz communication in WiNoC and nanophotonic platforms. System-level metrics — such as link-budget, data-rate and reconfiguration energy — are estimated to validate feasibility for applications including chiplet communication, intra-core data transfer, heterogeneous computing, and compact transceivers in space-constrained environments.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 3: Nanophotonics, Metamaterials and Plasmonics","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3639774
Nityananda Acharyya;Atul C. Khot;Shreeya H. Rane;Mangababu Akkanaboina;Soumyajyoti Mallick;Yogitha S N;Priyanka A;J.J. Heremans;Dhanvir Singh Rana;Tae Geun Kim;Dibakar Roy Chowdhury
Resonance phenomena play a crucial role in realizing intense light-matter interactions. However, in most resonance driven interactions radiative losses play a spoiling role. In this regard, toroidal resonance offers great promise to realize non-radiating charge current distributions leading to intense electromagnetic field confinements, ultimately negating the radiative losses. However, for real time photonic devices, electronically tunable toroidal modes are fundamental necessity. Hence, we demonstrate electrically tunable dual Schottky embedded toroidal metasurfaces operating in the terahertz (THz) regime. Platinum and aluminium metals on IGZO film simultaneously form the metal resonators for plasmonic metasurface as well as dual asymmetric Schottky contacts in a compact configuration. Such dual Schottky design allows electronically tunable metasurfaces operating in forward and reverse biases which is not feasible with a typical single Schottky contact. Further, our experiments demonstrate relative changes in toroidal mode, ∼19% for 18 V bias which is validated by an analytically derived multipole analysis. Moreover, the experimentally observed resonance modifications are qualitatively explained using voltage controlled Schottky depletion widths established underneath the metasurface resonators. Hence, this work showcases the potential of dual Schottky junctions in realizing electronically controlled compact metasurfaces that can be helpful in implementing miniaturized on-chip THz devices.
{"title":"Dual Schottky Embedded Electronically Reconfigurable Toroidal Resonance","authors":"Nityananda Acharyya;Atul C. Khot;Shreeya H. Rane;Mangababu Akkanaboina;Soumyajyoti Mallick;Yogitha S N;Priyanka A;J.J. Heremans;Dhanvir Singh Rana;Tae Geun Kim;Dibakar Roy Chowdhury","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3639774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3639774","url":null,"abstract":"Resonance phenomena play a crucial role in realizing intense light-matter interactions. However, in most resonance driven interactions radiative losses play a spoiling role. In this regard, toroidal resonance offers great promise to realize non-radiating charge current distributions leading to intense electromagnetic field confinements, ultimately negating the radiative losses. However, for real time photonic devices, electronically tunable toroidal modes are fundamental necessity. Hence, we demonstrate electrically tunable dual Schottky embedded toroidal metasurfaces operating in the terahertz (THz) regime. Platinum and aluminium metals on IGZO film simultaneously form the metal resonators for plasmonic metasurface as well as dual asymmetric Schottky contacts in a compact configuration. Such dual Schottky design allows electronically tunable metasurfaces operating in forward and reverse biases which is not feasible with a typical single Schottky contact. Further, our experiments demonstrate relative changes in toroidal mode, ∼19% for 18 V bias which is validated by an analytically derived multipole analysis. Moreover, the experimentally observed resonance modifications are qualitatively explained using voltage controlled Schottky depletion widths established underneath the metasurface resonators. Hence, this work showcases the potential of dual Schottky junctions in realizing electronically controlled compact metasurfaces that can be helpful in implementing miniaturized on-chip THz devices.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 3: Nanophotonics, Metamaterials and Plasmonics","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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