Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3641790
Yasha Yi;Bowen Yu
Co-packaged optics (CPO) and three-dimensional (3D) optoelectronics represent a new frontier in high-speed data communication, targeting the rising demands for bandwidth, energy efficiency, and low latency in data centers, artificial intelligence (AI), and high-performance computing (HPC). This review examines the progression from pluggable optics to integrated photonic solutions, highlighting breakthroughs in silicon photonics, heterogeneous integration, and advanced packaging methods such as 2.5D interposers, Embedded Multi-die Inter- connect Bridge (EMIB), and 3D stacking. These innovations promise significant reductions in power consumption and notable gains in bandwidth density, yet thermal management, manufacturing yields, and alignment precision remain key challenges. Applications span hyperscale data centers, quantum networks, automotive lidar, and aerospace communications, illustrating the wide-reaching impact of these emerging technologies. The paper concludes by emphasizing future research directions and collaborative efforts needed to address remaining barriers and fully harness the transformative potential of integrated photonic- electronic systems.
{"title":"3D Optoelectronics and Co-Packaged Optics: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Trends","authors":"Yasha Yi;Bowen Yu","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3641790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3641790","url":null,"abstract":"Co-packaged optics (CPO) and three-dimensional (3D) optoelectronics represent a new frontier in high-speed data communication, targeting the rising demands for bandwidth, energy efficiency, and low latency in data centers, artificial intelligence (AI), and high-performance computing (HPC). This review examines the progression from pluggable optics to integrated photonic solutions, highlighting breakthroughs in silicon photonics, heterogeneous integration, and advanced packaging methods such as 2.5D interposers, Embedded Multi-die Inter- connect Bridge (EMIB), and 3D stacking. These innovations promise significant reductions in power consumption and notable gains in bandwidth density, yet thermal management, manufacturing yields, and alignment precision remain key challenges. Applications span hyperscale data centers, quantum networks, automotive lidar, and aerospace communications, illustrating the wide-reaching impact of these emerging technologies. The paper concludes by emphasizing future research directions and collaborative efforts needed to address remaining barriers and fully harness the transformative potential of integrated photonic- electronic systems.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 2: 3-D Horizons in Photonics: Integrated Circuits","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147299694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3640959
Ana R. Guerra;Luís R. Oliveira;Gonçalo O. Rodrigues;Maria R. Pinheiro;Maria I. Carvalho;Valery V. Tuchin;Luís M. Oliveira
Evaluating diffusion properties of novel optical clearing (OC) agents is critical for advancing medical imaging. Tartrazine (TTZ), a strong absorbing dye, has shown promise in enhancing tissue transparency, yet its diffusion properties remain uncharacterized. In this work, OC treatments with TTZ-water solutions with varying osmolarities were performed, and the diffusion times (τ) that characterize the tissue dehydration and the RI matching mechanisms were estimated. From kinetic Tc measurements during treatment, τ values of water and TTZ were estimated in muscles as 60.0 s and 416.0 s, respectively. Corresponding diffusion coefficients (D) were derived from sample thickness data measured during treatments where the unique fluxes of TTZ and water occur. The respective D values were then calculated as 1.9 × 10−6 cm2/s for water and 3.6 × 10−7 cm2/s for TTZ. These findings provide key insights into TTZ diffusion in skeletal muscle and support its potential as an effective OC agent.
{"title":"Assessment of Tartrazine Diffusion Properties in Skeletal Muscle","authors":"Ana R. Guerra;Luís R. Oliveira;Gonçalo O. Rodrigues;Maria R. Pinheiro;Maria I. Carvalho;Valery V. Tuchin;Luís M. Oliveira","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3640959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3640959","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluating diffusion properties of novel optical clearing (OC) agents is critical for advancing medical imaging. Tartrazine (TTZ), a strong absorbing dye, has shown promise in enhancing tissue transparency, yet its diffusion properties remain uncharacterized. In this work, OC treatments with TTZ-water solutions with varying osmolarities were performed, and the diffusion times (<italic>τ</i>) that characterize the tissue dehydration and the RI matching mechanisms were estimated. From kinetic <italic>T</i><sub>c</sub> measurements during treatment, <italic>τ</i> values of water and TTZ were estimated in muscles as 60.0 s and 416.0 s, respectively. Corresponding diffusion coefficients (<italic>D</i>) were derived from sample thickness data measured during treatments where the unique fluxes of TTZ and water occur. The respective <italic>D</i> values were then calculated as 1.9 × 10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>/s for water and 3.6 × 10<sup>−7</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>/s for TTZ. These findings provide key insights into TTZ diffusion in skeletal muscle and support its potential as an effective OC agent.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 4: Adv. Biophoton. in Emerg. Biomed. Tech. and Dev","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3640645
Keisuke Kawahara;Tai Tsuchizawa;Noritsugu Yamamoto;Yuriko Maegami;Koji Yamada;Shinsuke Hara;Toshihiko Baba
Increasing datacenter demands require power-efficient optical interconnects. However, a conventional standard transmitter using a silicon rib-waveguide Mach-Zehnder modulator and voltage-mode driver has low efficiency and consumes watt-class high power and occupies a several-square-millimeter footprint, which limits large-scale integration for parallel transmission. This paper presents a transmitter consisting of a compact photonic crystal waveguide (PCW) modulator and a current-mode open-collector driver. The PCW modulator is designed to have high impedance in addition to the slow-light effect. The driver connected to the modulator without termination resistors is optimized based on electronics-photonics co-simulations using a standard electronic circuit simulator with an in-house photonic model library. Co-packaging these dramatically reduces the power consumption to 50 mW and a bit energy to 0.78 pJ/bit at 64-Gbaud, and the footprint to 0.66 mm2. This result represents a significant advancement toward the integration of a large number of transmission channels with no temperature control.
{"title":"High-Efficiency Compact Optical Transmitter With a Total Bit Energy of 0.78 pJ/Bit Including Silicon Slow-Light Modulator and Open-Collector Current-Mode Driver","authors":"Keisuke Kawahara;Tai Tsuchizawa;Noritsugu Yamamoto;Yuriko Maegami;Koji Yamada;Shinsuke Hara;Toshihiko Baba","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3640645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3640645","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing datacenter demands require power-efficient optical interconnects. However, a conventional standard transmitter using a silicon rib-waveguide Mach-Zehnder modulator and voltage-mode driver has low efficiency and consumes watt-class high power and occupies a several-square-millimeter footprint, which limits large-scale integration for parallel transmission. This paper presents a transmitter consisting of a compact photonic crystal waveguide (PCW) modulator and a current-mode open-collector driver. The PCW modulator is designed to have high impedance in addition to the slow-light effect. The driver connected to the modulator without termination resistors is optimized based on electronics-photonics co-simulations using a standard electronic circuit simulator with an in-house photonic model library. Co-packaging these dramatically reduces the power consumption to 50 mW and a bit energy to 0.78 pJ/bit at 64-Gbaud, and the footprint to 0.66 mm<sup>2</sup>. This result represents a significant advancement toward the integration of a large number of transmission channels with no temperature control.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 2: 3-D Horizons in Photonics: Integrated Circuits","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11278607","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Efficient chip-scale interconnects are critical for modern microelectronic–photonic systems, enabling high-bandwidth utilisation and ultra-low-latency processing. Conventional wired links suffer from high resistivity and latency, while radio-frequency and millimetre-wave wireless solutions face limitations such as bandwidth congestion, interference and power inefficiency. Terahertz (THz) plasmonic communication, utilising surface-plasmon polaritons (SPPs), is shown to provide broad bandwidth and high data rates for wireless network-on-chip (WiNoC) links, while remaining compatible with nanophotonic architectures. A novel Binary Field-Driven Meta-Routing Method is proposed, supported by a semi-analytical framework that models the interaction between graphene’s tunable electromagnetic properties and THz plasmonic phenomena. Graphene impedance modulation is exploited to dynamically couple localized surface-plasmon resonances (LSPRs) and guide them across a meta-network, enabling controlled beam steering within chip-scale architectures. Analytical conductivity models are combined with coupled-mode theory and algorithmic control to predict and configure LSPR-based beam steering in graphene metasurfaces. Four reconfigurable graphene meta-pixel antenna configurations — Y-MetaRouter, MetaSwitcher, Penta-MetaEmitter and CP-MetaCore — are designed and analysed; they enable unidirectional radiation, bi-directional meta-steering, frequency-driven multidirectional transitions and circular polarization, respectively. Real-time beam steering is enabled via chemical-potential modulation, thereby forming configurable LSPR pathways and creating virtual SPP channels. A theoretical formulation of the Coupled-Mode Theory of Field-Driven LSPR Meta-Networks is developed to model the current distribution of virtual SPPs and path-dependent LSPR coupling for prediction of far-field characteristics. Theoretical results show excellent agreement with full-wave numerical simulations. A point-to-point meta-wireless link is analysed by both theoretical and numerical methods, thereby demonstrating scalability for low-latency, high-performance THz communication in WiNoC and nanophotonic platforms. System-level metrics — such as link-budget, data-rate and reconfiguration energy — are estimated to validate feasibility for applications including chiplet communication, intra-core data transfer, heterogeneous computing, and compact transceivers in space-constrained environments.
{"title":"Terahertz Chip-Scale Meta-Networks With LSPR Routing: A Theoretical Framework","authors":"Maryam Khodadadi;Hamidreza Taghvaee;Pei Xiao;Gabriele Gradoni;Mohsen Khalily","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3639965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3639965","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient chip-scale interconnects are critical for modern microelectronic–photonic systems, enabling high-bandwidth utilisation and ultra-low-latency processing. Conventional wired links suffer from high resistivity and latency, while radio-frequency and millimetre-wave wireless solutions face limitations such as bandwidth congestion, interference and power inefficiency. Terahertz (THz) plasmonic communication, utilising surface-plasmon polaritons (SPPs), is shown to provide broad bandwidth and high data rates for wireless network-on-chip (WiNoC) links, while remaining compatible with nanophotonic architectures. A novel <italic>Binary Field-Driven Meta-Routing Method</i> is proposed, supported by a semi-analytical framework that models the interaction between graphene’s tunable electromagnetic properties and THz plasmonic phenomena. Graphene impedance modulation is exploited to dynamically couple localized surface-plasmon resonances (LSPRs) and guide them across a meta-network, enabling controlled beam steering within chip-scale architectures. Analytical conductivity models are combined with coupled-mode theory and algorithmic control to predict and configure LSPR-based beam steering in graphene metasurfaces. Four reconfigurable graphene meta-pixel antenna configurations — <italic>Y-MetaRouter</i>, <italic>MetaSwitcher</i>, <italic>Penta-MetaEmitter</i> and <italic>CP-MetaCore</i> — are designed and analysed; they enable unidirectional radiation, bi-directional meta-steering, frequency-driven multidirectional transitions and circular polarization, respectively. Real-time beam steering is enabled via chemical-potential modulation, thereby forming configurable LSPR pathways and creating virtual SPP channels. A theoretical formulation of the <italic>Coupled-Mode Theory of Field-Driven LSPR Meta-Networks</i> is developed to model the current distribution of virtual SPPs and path-dependent LSPR coupling for prediction of far-field characteristics. Theoretical results show excellent agreement with full-wave numerical simulations. A point-to-point meta-wireless link is analysed by both theoretical and numerical methods, thereby demonstrating scalability for low-latency, high-performance THz communication in WiNoC and nanophotonic platforms. System-level metrics — such as link-budget, data-rate and reconfiguration energy — are estimated to validate feasibility for applications including chiplet communication, intra-core data transfer, heterogeneous computing, and compact transceivers in space-constrained environments.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 3: Nanophotonics, Metamaterials and Plasmonics","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3639774
Nityananda Acharyya;Atul C. Khot;Shreeya H. Rane;Mangababu Akkanaboina;Soumyajyoti Mallick;Yogitha S N;Priyanka A;J.J. Heremans;Dhanvir Singh Rana;Tae Geun Kim;Dibakar Roy Chowdhury
Resonance phenomena play a crucial role in realizing intense light-matter interactions. However, in most resonance driven interactions radiative losses play a spoiling role. In this regard, toroidal resonance offers great promise to realize non-radiating charge current distributions leading to intense electromagnetic field confinements, ultimately negating the radiative losses. However, for real time photonic devices, electronically tunable toroidal modes are fundamental necessity. Hence, we demonstrate electrically tunable dual Schottky embedded toroidal metasurfaces operating in the terahertz (THz) regime. Platinum and aluminium metals on IGZO film simultaneously form the metal resonators for plasmonic metasurface as well as dual asymmetric Schottky contacts in a compact configuration. Such dual Schottky design allows electronically tunable metasurfaces operating in forward and reverse biases which is not feasible with a typical single Schottky contact. Further, our experiments demonstrate relative changes in toroidal mode, ∼19% for 18 V bias which is validated by an analytically derived multipole analysis. Moreover, the experimentally observed resonance modifications are qualitatively explained using voltage controlled Schottky depletion widths established underneath the metasurface resonators. Hence, this work showcases the potential of dual Schottky junctions in realizing electronically controlled compact metasurfaces that can be helpful in implementing miniaturized on-chip THz devices.
{"title":"Dual Schottky Embedded Electronically Reconfigurable Toroidal Resonance","authors":"Nityananda Acharyya;Atul C. Khot;Shreeya H. Rane;Mangababu Akkanaboina;Soumyajyoti Mallick;Yogitha S N;Priyanka A;J.J. Heremans;Dhanvir Singh Rana;Tae Geun Kim;Dibakar Roy Chowdhury","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3639774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3639774","url":null,"abstract":"Resonance phenomena play a crucial role in realizing intense light-matter interactions. However, in most resonance driven interactions radiative losses play a spoiling role. In this regard, toroidal resonance offers great promise to realize non-radiating charge current distributions leading to intense electromagnetic field confinements, ultimately negating the radiative losses. However, for real time photonic devices, electronically tunable toroidal modes are fundamental necessity. Hence, we demonstrate electrically tunable dual Schottky embedded toroidal metasurfaces operating in the terahertz (THz) regime. Platinum and aluminium metals on IGZO film simultaneously form the metal resonators for plasmonic metasurface as well as dual asymmetric Schottky contacts in a compact configuration. Such dual Schottky design allows electronically tunable metasurfaces operating in forward and reverse biases which is not feasible with a typical single Schottky contact. Further, our experiments demonstrate relative changes in toroidal mode, ∼19% for 18 V bias which is validated by an analytically derived multipole analysis. Moreover, the experimentally observed resonance modifications are qualitatively explained using voltage controlled Schottky depletion widths established underneath the metasurface resonators. Hence, this work showcases the potential of dual Schottky junctions in realizing electronically controlled compact metasurfaces that can be helpful in implementing miniaturized on-chip THz devices.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 3: Nanophotonics, Metamaterials and Plasmonics","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peritumoral microvessels at the boundary of invasive cancer tissues were obtained from 602 patients using multiphoton microscopy (MPM) according to their relative spatial distribution between microvessels, tumor nests and collagen fibers. Microvessel density score (MVD-score) for each patient was obtained based on MPM images, and the prognostic value of peritumoral MVD was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression, receiver operating characteristic analysis, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The results showed that MVD-score was an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival and overall survival of patients with invasive breast cancer. By analyzing the clinical model (combined clinical independent factors), MVD model and nomogram model (combined MVD-score with clinical independent factors), we found that MVD model could achieve better prognostic predictive effects than each individual clinical independent prognostic factor, and achieve a prognostic value similar to that of the clinical model. In addition, the nomogram model improved the prognostic value of the clinical model after adding MVD-score.
{"title":"Prognostic Value of Microvessel Density at the Boundary of Invasive Breast Cancer Patients Based on Multiphoton Microscopy","authors":"Liqin Zheng;Jianping Huang;Deyong Kang;Xi Chen;Zhen Lu;Jiajia He;Gangqin Xi;Zhijun Li;Xiahui Han;Lianhuang Li;Jianhua Chen;Chuan Wang;Zhonghua Han;Jianxin Chen;Wenhui Guo;Na Fang","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3639064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3639064","url":null,"abstract":"Peritumoral microvessels at the boundary of invasive cancer tissues were obtained from 602 patients using multiphoton microscopy (MPM) according to their relative spatial distribution between microvessels, tumor nests and collagen fibers. Microvessel density score (MVD-score) for each patient was obtained based on MPM images, and the prognostic value of peritumoral MVD was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression, receiver operating characteristic analysis, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The results showed that MVD-score was an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival and overall survival of patients with invasive breast cancer. By analyzing the clinical model (combined clinical independent factors), MVD model and nomogram model (combined MVD-score with clinical independent factors), we found that MVD model could achieve better prognostic predictive effects than each individual clinical independent prognostic factor, and achieve a prognostic value similar to that of the clinical model. In addition, the nomogram model improved the prognostic value of the clinical model after adding MVD-score.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 4: Adv. Biophoton. in Emerg. Biomed. Tech. and Dev","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3638815
Hee Jun Shin;Hee-Jin Yang;Joo-Hiuk Son
Terahertz (THz) radiation has garnered attention in medical imaging owing to its non-ionizing characteristics. THz cancer imaging utilizes amplitude and/or phase changes resulting from variations in the cell structure and water content of cancerous tissues. To identify cancer-specific signals using THz radiation, DNA from various cancer cells was observed to exhibit a resonance feature at approximately 1.6 THz, which was attributed to DNA hypermethylation. DNA methylation is an epigenetic alteration that precedes genetic mutations during cancer development. Although pharmaceutical demethylation agents effectively reduce DNA methylation, they cause numerous side effects. We demonstrated that 1.6-THz radiation can effectively reduce the level of DNA methylation in cancer cells and tissues, as well as in extracted DNA. This review provides comprehensive details regarding the THz-mediated demethylation of cancerous DNA that may contribute to the development of cancer treatments using THz radiation.
{"title":"Terahertz Demethylation for Cancer Therapy","authors":"Hee Jun Shin;Hee-Jin Yang;Joo-Hiuk Son","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3638815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3638815","url":null,"abstract":"Terahertz (THz) radiation has garnered attention in medical imaging owing to its non-ionizing characteristics. THz cancer imaging utilizes amplitude and/or phase changes resulting from variations in the cell structure and water content of cancerous tissues. To identify cancer-specific signals using THz radiation, DNA from various cancer cells was observed to exhibit a resonance feature at approximately 1.6 THz, which was attributed to DNA hypermethylation. DNA methylation is an epigenetic alteration that precedes genetic mutations during cancer development. Although pharmaceutical demethylation agents effectively reduce DNA methylation, they cause numerous side effects. We demonstrated that 1.6-THz radiation can effectively reduce the level of DNA methylation in cancer cells and tissues, as well as in extracted DNA. This review provides comprehensive details regarding the THz-mediated demethylation of cancerous DNA that may contribute to the development of cancer treatments using THz radiation.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 4: Adv. Biophoton. in Emerg. Biomed. Tech. and Dev","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3638463
Zhaoyu Ma;Qianqian Hao;Huanli Wang;Yuwen He;Linjun Li
We report a passively Q-switched Ho:CaYAlO4 (Ho:CYA) laser for the first time. Under an absorbed pump power of 10.42 W, an average output power of 1.23 W at 2079 nm and a pulse width of 35.1 ns at 18.22 kHz were obtained by using Cr:ZnSe saturable absorber (SA). The single pulse energy, peak power, and slope efficiency were calculated to be 67.5 μJ, 1922.2 W, and 13.2%, respectively. The Ho:CYA laser exhibits good beam quality and power stability at maximum average output power, with a beam quality factor M2 of less than 1.2 and a root mean square stability of about 2.30%. Also, a tunable continuous wave Ho:CYA laser was obtained by inserting a birefringent filter in the resonant cavity. At an absorbed pump power of 6 W, the tunable ranges of wavelength were 2076–2174 nm. To our knowledge, this is the first report of direct generation of Ho:CYA pulsed laser by using a passive modulation device.
{"title":"Passively Q-Switched and Tunable Continuous Wave Ho:CaYAlO4 Laser","authors":"Zhaoyu Ma;Qianqian Hao;Huanli Wang;Yuwen He;Linjun Li","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3638463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3638463","url":null,"abstract":"We report a passively Q-switched Ho:CaYAlO<sub>4</sub> (Ho:CYA) laser for the first time. Under an absorbed pump power of 10.42 W, an average output power of 1.23 W at 2079 nm and a pulse width of 35.1 ns at 18.22 kHz were obtained by using Cr:ZnSe saturable absorber (SA). The single pulse energy, peak power, and slope efficiency were calculated to be 67.5 μJ, 1922.2 W, and 13.2%, respectively. The Ho:CYA laser exhibits good beam quality and power stability at maximum average output power, with a beam quality factor <italic>M</i><sup>2</sup> of less than 1.2 and a root mean square stability of about 2.30%. Also, a tunable continuous wave Ho:CYA laser was obtained by inserting a birefringent filter in the resonant cavity. At an absorbed pump power of 6 W, the tunable ranges of wavelength were 2076–2174 nm. To our knowledge, this is the first report of direct generation of Ho:CYA pulsed laser by using a passive modulation device.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 5: Self-Injection Locked Lasers and Assoc. Sys.","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3636926
Amit Kumar;Pankaj Verma;Himanshu Sharma;Amrindra Pal;Debasish Pal
In this article, a machine learning (ML) regression approach is proposed for detecting the core loss (CL) and effective refractive index (ERI) of the core mode of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based biosensor. First, a PCF structure with hexagonal air hole pattern is considered as a waveguide for optical transmission in the near infrared region. The dataset for core mode analysis is generated through finite element method with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) principle. The highest wavelength sensitivity of 11000 nm/RIU has been observed. The ML regression algorithms like K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Support Vector Regression (SVR) and a hybrid 1D-convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) & XGBoost is implemented for predicting the CL and ERI of the core modes. The proposed algorithms showed very high accuracy with Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.10432 for the hybrid regression model. A hybrid regression model showed almost the same wavelength sensitivity when comparing with simulated values. The proposed model helps to reduce the sources and time to find out the core mode analysis of PCF-SPR sensors. This ML regression model can be used for different types of PCF structures and also be used to optimize the design parameters suitable for biomedical applications.
{"title":"Implementation of Hybrid Machine Learning on Photonic Crystal Fiber Based Biosensor","authors":"Amit Kumar;Pankaj Verma;Himanshu Sharma;Amrindra Pal;Debasish Pal","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3636926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3636926","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a machine learning (ML) regression approach is proposed for detecting the core loss (CL) and effective refractive index (ERI) of the core mode of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based biosensor. First, a PCF structure with hexagonal air hole pattern is considered as a waveguide for optical transmission in the near infrared region. The dataset for core mode analysis is generated through finite element method with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) principle. The highest wavelength sensitivity of 11000 nm/RIU has been observed. The ML regression algorithms like K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Support Vector Regression (SVR) and a hybrid 1D-convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) & XGBoost is implemented for predicting the CL and ERI of the core modes. The proposed algorithms showed very high accuracy with Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.10432 for the hybrid regression model. A hybrid regression model showed almost the same wavelength sensitivity when comparing with simulated values. The proposed model helps to reduce the sources and time to find out the core mode analysis of PCF-SPR sensors. This ML regression model can be used for different types of PCF structures and also be used to optimize the design parameters suitable for biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 3: Nanophotonics, Metamaterials and Plasmonics","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3637165
Melissa M. Wu;Lucas Kreiss;Michael A. Wayne;Mitchell B. Robinson;Claudio Bruschini;Edoardo Charbon;Roarke Horstmeyer
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is an emerging optical technique for non-invasive cerebral blood flow monitoring. Extraction of the DCS blood flow index typically involves calculating the temporal autocorrelation of the measured light intensity and then fitting its decay to a solution of the correlation diffusion equation. It is well-known that the experimental autocorrelation is a biased estimator of the true autocorrelation. This work explores this phenomenon as it relates to DCS, in particular implementations with single photon avalanche diode arrays (SPAD arrays). After deriving a first-order expression for the bias in DCS, we then quantify its impact as a function of sampling time in both simulation and experiment using SPAD array detection. We then present and explore two bias correction strategies to correct for its impact at fast sampling times (20-200 Hz) and in low-photon regimes.
{"title":"Autocorrelation Bias in Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy Observable via SPAD Arrays","authors":"Melissa M. Wu;Lucas Kreiss;Michael A. Wayne;Mitchell B. Robinson;Claudio Bruschini;Edoardo Charbon;Roarke Horstmeyer","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3637165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3637165","url":null,"abstract":"Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is an emerging optical technique for non-invasive cerebral blood flow monitoring. Extraction of the DCS blood flow index typically involves calculating the temporal autocorrelation of the measured light intensity and then fitting its decay to a solution of the correlation diffusion equation. It is well-known that the experimental autocorrelation is a biased estimator of the true autocorrelation. This work explores this phenomenon as it relates to DCS, in particular implementations with single photon avalanche diode arrays (SPAD arrays). After deriving a first-order expression for the bias in DCS, we then quantify its impact as a function of sampling time in both simulation and experiment using SPAD array detection. We then present and explore two bias correction strategies to correct for its impact at fast sampling times (20-200 Hz) and in low-photon regimes.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 4: Adv. Biophoton. in Emerg. Biomed. Tech. and Dev","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11268285","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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