Pub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3600154
Vincent W. S. Chan
This paper addresses the architecture of free space optical communications and networks (of which satellites are an important modality) from the Physical to the Transport and Application Layers. Optical wireless networks have the potential to serve space-space, space-terrestrial/aircraft, aircraft-aircraft, data centers and metropolitan area networks. Though the technologies in these applications are similar in nature, the architecture constructs and protocol tuning can be very different. Free space optical networks have two attributes that are not encountered in fiber networks and they are: its ability to connect without pre-deployment of infrastructures and to reconfigure its connection topology by beam steering in time scales of ms-s to adapt to traffic loads (as high as 100 Tbps per connection), satellite and mobile platform movements, switching node states and atmospheric conditions. This paper provides a historical perspective on the key development of free space optical communications and presents the research forefront of a multi-layer approach to optical wireless networks and how the network architecture can be tuned to specific applications, concluding with identifying possible novel applications.
{"title":"Free Space Optical Communication and Network Architecture - Fundamentals, History and Looking Forward","authors":"Vincent W. S. Chan","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3600154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3600154","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the architecture of free space optical communications and networks (of which satellites are an important modality) from the Physical to the Transport and Application Layers. Optical wireless networks have the potential to serve space-space, space-terrestrial/aircraft, aircraft-aircraft, data centers and metropolitan area networks. Though the technologies in these applications are similar in nature, the architecture constructs and protocol tuning can be very different. Free space optical networks have two attributes that are not encountered in fiber networks and they are: its ability to connect without pre-deployment of infrastructures and to reconfigure its connection topology by beam steering in time scales of <italic>ms-s</i> to adapt to traffic loads (as high as 100 Tbps per connection), satellite and mobile platform movements, switching node states and atmospheric conditions. This paper provides a historical perspective on the key development of free space optical communications and presents the research forefront of a multi-layer approach to optical wireless networks and how the network architecture can be tuned to specific applications, concluding with identifying possible novel applications.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 1: Advances in Free Space Laser Communications","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145089974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3592438
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3592438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3592438","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"31 4: Adv. in Neurophoton. for Non-Inv. Brain Mon.","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11130536","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144868172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3592440
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics Topic Codes and Topics","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3592440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3592440","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"31 4: Adv. in Neurophoton. for Non-Inv. Brain Mon.","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11130533","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144868170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-15DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3589155
Michele Lacerenza;Mauro Buttafava
{"title":"Editorial Interview: Shaping the Neurophotonics Frontier: Industrial Insights into the Future of Non-Invasive Brain Monitoring","authors":"Michele Lacerenza;Mauro Buttafava","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3589155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3589155","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"31 4: Adv. in Neurophoton. for Non-Inv. Brain Mon.","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11126921","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3588545
Kayvan Forouhesh Tehrani;Jaena Park;Eric J. Chaney;Haohua Tu;John S. Condeelis;Maja Oktay;Xianjun Ye;David Entenberg;Stephen A. Boppart
This addresses errors in [1]. Authorship and disclosures:
这将解决[1]中的错误。作者和披露：
{"title":"Corrections to “Nonlinear Imaging Histopathology: A Pipeline to Correlate Gold-Standard Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining With Modern Nonlinear Microscopy”","authors":"Kayvan Forouhesh Tehrani;Jaena Park;Eric J. Chaney;Haohua Tu;John S. Condeelis;Maja Oktay;Xianjun Ye;David Entenberg;Stephen A. Boppart","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3588545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3588545","url":null,"abstract":"This addresses errors in [1]. Authorship and disclosures:","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"31 4: Adv. in Neurophoton. for Non-Inv. Brain Mon.","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11125531","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3598995
Athanasios Kyriazis;Koen Vanmol;Simone Sorgato;Salah Guessoum;Martin Virte;Geert Van Steenberge;Jürgen Van Erps
We present a monolithic, diffractive beam splitter fabricated directly on a single-mode fiber facet using two-photon polymerization-based direct laser writing. The device acts as a proof of concept for coupling between single-mode and multi-core fibers using beam shaping and free-space projection over 40 μm. Using a waveguide-based mode expansion up-taper and diffractive optical elements, the input beam is split into seven beams over a full angular spread of 72$^circ$, and the outputs are collimated over a total structure length of 355 μm and a footprint of 115 μm diameter. The concept enables miniaturization of single-mode to multi-core fiber interfacing, for communication and lab-on-fiber applications.
{"title":"Monolithic Fiber-Integrated Diffractive Beam Splitter for Compact Single-Core to Multi-Core Coupling","authors":"Athanasios Kyriazis;Koen Vanmol;Simone Sorgato;Salah Guessoum;Martin Virte;Geert Van Steenberge;Jürgen Van Erps","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3598995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3598995","url":null,"abstract":"We present a monolithic, diffractive beam splitter fabricated directly on a single-mode fiber facet using two-photon polymerization-based direct laser writing. The device acts as a proof of concept for coupling between single-mode and multi-core fibers using beam shaping and free-space projection over 40 μm. Using a waveguide-based mode expansion up-taper and diffractive optical elements, the input beam is split into seven beams over a full angular spread of 72<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula>, and the outputs are collimated over a total structure length of 355 μm and a footprint of 115 μm diameter. The concept enables miniaturization of single-mode to multi-core fiber interfacing, for communication and lab-on-fiber applications.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 2: 3-D Horizons in Photonics: Integrated Circuits","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11125911","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144909115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-13DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3589118
Nisan Ozana;Turgut Durduran;Laura Di Sieno;Yumie Ono;Ikbal Şencan-Eğilmez;Xiaojun Cheng
{"title":"Editorial: Advances in Neurophotonics for Non-Invasive Brain Monitoring","authors":"Nisan Ozana;Turgut Durduran;Laura Di Sieno;Yumie Ono;Ikbal Şencan-Eğilmez;Xiaojun Cheng","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3589118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3589118","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"31 4: Adv. in Neurophoton. for Non-Inv. Brain Mon.","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11124393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-07DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3597073
Artur Czerwinski;Mikołaj Lasota;Marcin Jarzyna;Mateusz Kucharczyk;Michał Jachura;Konrad Banaszek
In this study, we analyze the secret key capacity of intensity modulation/direct detection optical key distribution (IM/DD OKD) for a free-space optical (FSO) link between a low-Earth orbit satellite and an optical ground station. Focusing on downlink communication, we account for atmospheric turbulence, which causes random variations in the transmittance of the FSO channel. We implement an atmospheric channel model that accounts for absorption and scattering, geometric losses, pointing errors, and intensity fluctuations. The secret key capacity is quantified under different noise scenarios and reconciliation code efficiencies, assuming a hard decoding scheme. The performance of the IM/DD OKD protocol is compared under direct and reverse reconciliation regimes. Additionally, we examine the impact of weak and strong wind on the strength of atmospheric turbulence, leading to different results of the secret key capacity. Furthermore, we analyze the characteristics of error distributions that arise from protocol optimization. Our results provide insights into optimizing IM/DD OKD protocols for varying atmospheric conditions.
{"title":"Modeling Optical Key Distribution Over a Satellite-to-Ground Link Under Weak Atmospheric Turbulence","authors":"Artur Czerwinski;Mikołaj Lasota;Marcin Jarzyna;Mateusz Kucharczyk;Michał Jachura;Konrad Banaszek","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3597073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3597073","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we analyze the secret key capacity of intensity modulation/direct detection optical key distribution (IM/DD OKD) for a free-space optical (FSO) link between a low-Earth orbit satellite and an optical ground station. Focusing on downlink communication, we account for atmospheric turbulence, which causes random variations in the transmittance of the FSO channel. We implement an atmospheric channel model that accounts for absorption and scattering, geometric losses, pointing errors, and intensity fluctuations. The secret key capacity is quantified under different noise scenarios and reconciliation code efficiencies, assuming a hard decoding scheme. The performance of the IM/DD OKD protocol is compared under direct and reverse reconciliation regimes. Additionally, we examine the impact of weak and strong wind on the strength of atmospheric turbulence, leading to different results of the secret key capacity. Furthermore, we analyze the characteristics of error distributions that arise from protocol optimization. Our results provide insights into optimizing IM/DD OKD protocols for varying atmospheric conditions.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 1: Advances in Free Space Laser Communications","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11119824","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-07DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3596830
Kuang Chen Yen;Yen Heng Huang;Ching Lin Li;Chi Wu Ke;Wei Lai;Zhi Ting Ye
The detection of p-Cresol is crucial for both environmental monitoring and medical diagnosis, especially as a key biomarker for evaluating the condition of patients with uremia. However, traditional liquid chromatography techniques are expensive, time-consuming, and require bulky equipment. Meanwhile, in order to overcome the limitations brought by the inner filter effect, we proposed a method to use a flip-chip (FC) UVC LED combined with a CsPbBr3 quantum dot (QD) film as an excitation source. In this method, different concentrations of p-Cresol absorb UVC light and then emit UVB light at different intensities. Both the emitted UVB light and the directly transmitted UVC light, after interacting with p-Cresol, pass through the CsPbBr3 QD film, which converts the UV wavelength into visible green light. The experimental results showed that the detection limit was as low as 0.639 mg/L, the linear detection range was 0.5–10 mg/L, and the correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.98715. Each detection cycle takes only 1.2 seconds to complete, greatly reducing labor intensity and enabling rapid on-site analysis.
{"title":"Fluorescence Detection of p-Cresol Using a UVC LED Coupled With a CsPbBr3 Quantum Dot Film","authors":"Kuang Chen Yen;Yen Heng Huang;Ching Lin Li;Chi Wu Ke;Wei Lai;Zhi Ting Ye","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3596830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3596830","url":null,"abstract":"The detection of p-Cresol is crucial for both environmental monitoring and medical diagnosis, especially as a key biomarker for evaluating the condition of patients with uremia. However, traditional liquid chromatography techniques are expensive, time-consuming, and require bulky equipment. Meanwhile, in order to overcome the limitations brought by the inner filter effect, we proposed a method to use a flip-chip (FC) UVC LED combined with a CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> quantum dot (QD) film as an excitation source. In this method, different concentrations of p-Cresol absorb UVC light and then emit UVB light at different intensities. Both the emitted UVB light and the directly transmitted UVC light, after interacting with p-Cresol, pass through the CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> QD film, which converts the UV wavelength into visible green light. The experimental results showed that the detection limit was as low as 0.639 mg/L, the linear detection range was 0.5–10 mg/L, and the correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) was 0.98715. Each detection cycle takes only 1.2 seconds to complete, greatly reducing labor intensity and enabling rapid on-site analysis.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"31 5: Quantum Materials and Quantum Devices","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144868328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3596090
Chandra Sekhar Mishra
This current research paper investigates the temperature-dependent nonlinear optical behavior of germanium (Ge)-based semiconductor structures, focusing on their application in infrared sensing. The study explores the reflection losses and intensity changes of germanium across a broad wavelength range (1.9 μm to 18 μm) at temperatures between 100 K and 550 K. The nonlinear relationship between temperature and optical intensity is characterized, revealing an increase in intensity and sensitivity up to an optimal temperature before both quantities start to decline. The results indicate that the germanium-based sensor exhibits a peak sensitivity of 159.29 mW/°C. A significant enhancement is compared to previous studies on similar semiconductor materials. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for the development of more accurate temperature sensors and the potential for germanium to be used in a wide range of infrared sensing applications. Comparative analysis with published literature is provided to highlight the performance improvements achieved through careful optimization of the sensor’s temperature response.
{"title":"Temperature-Dependent Nonlinear Optical Behavior of Germanium Semiconductor Structures for Infrared Sensing Applications","authors":"Chandra Sekhar Mishra","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3596090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3596090","url":null,"abstract":"This current research paper investigates the temperature-dependent nonlinear optical behavior of germanium (Ge)-based semiconductor structures, focusing on their application in infrared sensing. The study explores the reflection losses and intensity changes of germanium across a broad wavelength range (1.9 μm to 18 μm) at temperatures between 100 K and 550 K. The nonlinear relationship between temperature and optical intensity is characterized, revealing an increase in intensity and sensitivity up to an optimal temperature before both quantities start to decline. The results indicate that the germanium-based sensor exhibits a peak sensitivity of 159.29 mW/°C. A significant enhancement is compared to previous studies on similar semiconductor materials. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for the development of more accurate temperature sensors and the potential for germanium to be used in a wide range of infrared sensing applications. Comparative analysis with published literature is provided to highlight the performance improvements achieved through careful optimization of the sensor’s temperature response.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"31 6: Photon. for Climate Chng. Mitigation and Adapt.","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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