Pub Date : 2025-10-08DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3619201
Ghada Dushaq;Solomon Serunjogi;Srinivasa R. Tamalampudi;Mahmoud Rasras
Polarization control is a critical function in integrated photonic circuits, directly impacting performance, stability, and signal integrity. In this work, we demonstrate the integration of multiferroic two-dimensional (2D) material CuCrP2S6 (CCPS) with silicon nitride (SiN) photonic devices to achieve polarization-selective filtering and rotation. Our experimental results show that microring resonators incorporating CCPS exhibit transverse magnetic (TM)-pass filtering with a polarization extinction ratio exceeding 25 dB and a low insertion loss of ∼ 0.2–0.4 dB at 1500 −1600 nm. Additionally, under TM-mode input, straight waveguides loaded with CCPS can achieve a significant polarization rotation, with azimuth angle shifts reaching up to 92.9°. Simulations and experimental validation indicate that the primary mechanism behind these effects is the polarization-dependent optical mode overlap. This overlap is governed by the refractive index profile of the CCPS/SiN hybrid system and the waveguide’s geometrical dimensions. The anisotropic properties of CCPS provide further enhancement but play a secondary role. These results highlight the potential of CCPS-integrated devices for compact, high-performance polarization control in on-chip photonic platforms.
{"title":"Polarization Control and TM-Pass Filtering in SiN Photonics Integrated With 2D Multiferroic Materials","authors":"Ghada Dushaq;Solomon Serunjogi;Srinivasa R. Tamalampudi;Mahmoud Rasras","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3619201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3619201","url":null,"abstract":"Polarization control is a critical function in integrated photonic circuits, directly impacting performance, stability, and signal integrity. In this work, we demonstrate the integration of multiferroic two-dimensional (2D) material CuCrP<sub>2</sub>S<sub>6</sub> (CCPS) with silicon nitride (SiN) photonic devices to achieve polarization-selective filtering and rotation. Our experimental results show that microring resonators incorporating CCPS exhibit transverse magnetic (TM)-pass filtering with a polarization extinction ratio exceeding 25 dB and a low insertion loss of ∼ 0.2–0.4 dB at 1500 −1600 nm. Additionally, under TM-mode input, straight waveguides loaded with CCPS can achieve a significant polarization rotation, with azimuth angle shifts reaching up to 92.9°. Simulations and experimental validation indicate that the primary mechanism behind these effects is the polarization-dependent optical mode overlap. This overlap is governed by the refractive index profile of the CCPS/SiN hybrid system and the waveguide’s geometrical dimensions. The anisotropic properties of CCPS provide further enhancement but play a secondary role. These results highlight the potential of CCPS-integrated devices for compact, high-performance polarization control in on-chip photonic platforms.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 3: Nanophotonics, Metamaterials and Plasmonics","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3617509
Pei-Syuan Lin;Kai-Ping Wang;Chao-Chuan Kuo;Hong-Sung Liao;You-Chia Chang;Jin-Wei Shi
Enlarging the active window size of the photodetector (PD) while sustaining its high-speed and high-responsivity performances is the key to achieving a high-performance photo-receiver with a large field-of-view (FoV) angle for application in a free space laser communication system. However, in the traditional PD structure, a large active area always leads to a pronounced degradation in the RC-bandwidth. Using a tandem layout for high-speed p-i-n PD arrays solves the problem, but it reduces the responsivity for high-speed and large FoV performance, as current balancing between the different p-n junctions is needed. Here, for the first time, novel tandem APD arrays are demonstrated which relax the fundamental trade-offs among window size, responsivity, and speed. Our flip-chip packaged 3 $ times $ 3 arrays with a window size of 0.12 mm can simultaneously achieve a, high-responsivity (1.2 A/W), wide-bandwidth (6 GHz), and large GBP (150 GHz).
扩大光电探测器（PD）的有效窗口尺寸，同时保持其高速和高响应性能是实现大视场角高性能光接收机应用于自由空间激光通信系统的关键。然而，在传统的PD结构中，较大的有源面积总是导致rc带宽的明显下降。使用串联布局的高速p-i-n PD阵列解决了这个问题，但它降低了高速和大视场性能的响应性，因为需要在不同的p-n结之间进行电流平衡。本文首次展示了新型串联APD阵列，该阵列放松了窗口大小、响应性和速度之间的基本权衡。我们的倒装芯片封装3 $ times $ 3阵列，窗口尺寸为0.12 mm，可以同时实现高响应（1.2 a /W）、宽带（6 GHz）和大GBP （150 GHz）。
{"title":"Planar Tandem APD Array for Free Space Laser Communications Applications","authors":"Pei-Syuan Lin;Kai-Ping Wang;Chao-Chuan Kuo;Hong-Sung Liao;You-Chia Chang;Jin-Wei Shi","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3617509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3617509","url":null,"abstract":"Enlarging the active window size of the photodetector (PD) while sustaining its high-speed and high-responsivity performances is the key to achieving a high-performance photo-receiver with a large field-of-view (FoV) angle for application in a free space laser communication system. However, in the traditional PD structure, a large active area always leads to a pronounced degradation in the RC-bandwidth. Using a tandem layout for high-speed p-i-n PD arrays solves the problem, but it reduces the responsivity for high-speed and large FoV performance, as current balancing between the different p-n junctions is needed. Here, for the first time, novel tandem APD arrays are demonstrated which relax the fundamental trade-offs among window size, responsivity, and speed. Our flip-chip packaged 3 <inline-formula><tex-math>$ times $</tex-math></inline-formula> 3 arrays with a window size of 0.12 mm can simultaneously achieve a, high-responsivity (1.2 A/W), wide-bandwidth (6 GHz), and large GBP (150 GHz).","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 1: Advances in Free Space Laser Communications","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3616785
Keith G. Petrillo;Justin Cook;Doruk Engin;Alex Sincore;Andrew M. Schober
Optical fiber amplifiers are crucial components for medium to long range space-based optical telecommunications networks. Current systems leverage technologies from the mature terrestrial optical fiber communications industry to enable rapid development and deployment of optical links and networks. However, link dynamics, performance metrics, and environmental conditions deviate significantly from terrestrial fiber telecommunications conditions and can vary depending on the orbit. This work reviews some of the major differences between optical fiber telecommunications and satellite free-space optical communications in the context of amplifier design and presents several examples of optical amplifiers developed to support space-based networks in both on-orbit and ground station applications. We discuss differences in the waveforms, link dynamics, and environmental conditions relevant to different space-based implementations. We also describe differences between multiple amplifier types, such as ground-based booster amplifiers and low noise optical receivers as well as amplifiers designed for various space orbital altitudes. Results and demonstrations show tremendous scalability and tailorability, exemplified in amplifiers from both CubeSat compatible compact and low-power models to larger long-range amplifiers with electrical to optical efficiencies up to 20% in the 1550 nm band.
{"title":"Optical Fiber Amplifiers for Satellite Communications","authors":"Keith G. Petrillo;Justin Cook;Doruk Engin;Alex Sincore;Andrew M. Schober","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3616785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3616785","url":null,"abstract":"Optical fiber amplifiers are crucial components for medium to long range space-based optical telecommunications networks. Current systems leverage technologies from the mature terrestrial optical fiber communications industry to enable rapid development and deployment of optical links and networks. However, link dynamics, performance metrics, and environmental conditions deviate significantly from terrestrial fiber telecommunications conditions and can vary depending on the orbit. This work reviews some of the major differences between optical fiber telecommunications and satellite free-space optical communications in the context of amplifier design and presents several examples of optical amplifiers developed to support space-based networks in both on-orbit and ground station applications. We discuss differences in the waveforms, link dynamics, and environmental conditions relevant to different space-based implementations. We also describe differences between multiple amplifier types, such as ground-based booster amplifiers and low noise optical receivers as well as amplifiers designed for various space orbital altitudes. Results and demonstrations show tremendous scalability and tailorability, exemplified in amplifiers from both CubeSat compatible compact and low-power models to larger long-range amplifiers with electrical to optical efficiencies up to 20% in the 1550 nm band.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 1: Advances in Free Space Laser Communications","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145352066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3616654
Christian H. Allen;Ahmed M. Othman;Justin R. Gagnon;Teresa Buragina;Hussein Kotb;Sangeeta Murugkar
Spectral focusing is a rapid, reliable, and simple method for acquiring hyperspectral coherent Raman images using chirped femtosecond lasers. Previous work has demonstrated the use of a parabolic fiber amplifier for Stokes pulse amplification, which increases the bandwidth of Stokes pulses in stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy with spectral focusing, thereby expanding the spectral range. However, determining the optimal parameters of the fiber amplifier design — such as fiber lengths, input pump power, and peak power of the input Stokes pulse being amplified — has not been explored in depth for this application. In this study, we performed numerical simulations to find the ideal fiber amplifier parameters to address this limitation. We constructed a Stokes pulse fiber amplifier (SPFA) using fiber section lengths that produced the optimal combination of high-power spectral density, spectral bandwidth, chirp rate, and chirp linearity for the amplified Stokes pulse, and verified the results empirically. We demonstrate the high-quality performance of the SRS microscope with the integrated SPFA for imaging biological samples with a spectral range increased to 400 cm−1 from the typical 200 cm−1 without such amplification. This work provides valuable insights and detailed analysis for those looking to build similar systems, offering important information that has not been thoroughly addressed in previous literature.
{"title":"Optimization of Fiber Amplifier Design for Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy","authors":"Christian H. Allen;Ahmed M. Othman;Justin R. Gagnon;Teresa Buragina;Hussein Kotb;Sangeeta Murugkar","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3616654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3616654","url":null,"abstract":"Spectral focusing is a rapid, reliable, and simple method for acquiring hyperspectral coherent Raman images using chirped femtosecond lasers. Previous work has demonstrated the use of a parabolic fiber amplifier for Stokes pulse amplification, which increases the bandwidth of Stokes pulses in stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy with spectral focusing, thereby expanding the spectral range. However, determining the optimal parameters of the fiber amplifier design — such as fiber lengths, input pump power, and peak power of the input Stokes pulse being amplified — has not been explored in depth for this application. In this study, we performed numerical simulations to find the ideal fiber amplifier parameters to address this limitation. We constructed a Stokes pulse fiber amplifier (SPFA) using fiber section lengths that produced the optimal combination of high-power spectral density, spectral bandwidth, chirp rate, and chirp linearity for the amplified Stokes pulse, and verified the results empirically. We demonstrate the high-quality performance of the SRS microscope with the integrated SPFA for imaging biological samples with a spectral range increased to 400 cm<sup>−1</sup> from the typical 200 cm<sup>−1</sup> without such amplification. This work provides valuable insights and detailed analysis for those looking to build similar systems, offering important information that has not been thoroughly addressed in previous literature.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 4: Adv. Biophoton. in Emerg. Biomed. Tech. and Dev","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3616273
Kathleen M. Riesing;Bryan C. Bilyeu;Jesse S. Chang;Ajay S. Garg;Noah C. Gilbert;Andrew J. Horvath;Daniel V. Murphy;W. John Nowak;Robert S. Reeve;Bryan S. Robinson;Curt M. Schieler;Jade P. Wang
The TeraByte InfraRed Delivery (TBIRD) payload launched in May 2022 on a 6 U CubeSat and operated for just over two years before deorbiting in September 2024. During that time, TBIRD demonstrated 200 Gbps optical downlink from low Earth orbit (LEO) to ground and transferred terabytes of data in brief $< $5-minute passes. To achieve high downlink rates, TBIRD leveraged fiber-coupled coherent transceivers that are routinely used in terrestrial fiber-based telecommunications. To effectively use fiber-based transceivers in the presence of fading due to atmospheric turbulence, an automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol on a low-rate optical uplink was used to ensure error-free data transmission from space to ground. With precision pointing feedback from the lasercom payload, spacecraft tracking accuracy of 3 and 7 µrad RMS in the cross-boresight axes was achieved. Two NASA optical ground stations (OGS) supported the TBIRD mission: OGS-1 located on Table Mountain in California and OGS-2 located on Haleakalā in Hawaii. In total, 110 laser communications passes were conducted over three test campaigns. This paper provides an overview of the system architecture, operations campaigns, and key results from the mission. The data volume transfer and downlink rates demonstrated by TBIRD are the fastest ever achieved from space.
{"title":"TBIRD: Two Years Demonstrating 200 Gbps Optical Downlink","authors":"Kathleen M. Riesing;Bryan C. Bilyeu;Jesse S. Chang;Ajay S. Garg;Noah C. Gilbert;Andrew J. Horvath;Daniel V. Murphy;W. John Nowak;Robert S. Reeve;Bryan S. Robinson;Curt M. Schieler;Jade P. Wang","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3616273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3616273","url":null,"abstract":"The TeraByte InfraRed Delivery (TBIRD) payload launched in May 2022 on a 6 U CubeSat and operated for just over two years before deorbiting in September 2024. During that time, TBIRD demonstrated 200 Gbps optical downlink from low Earth orbit (LEO) to ground and transferred terabytes of data in brief <inline-formula><tex-math>$< $</tex-math></inline-formula>5-minute passes. To achieve high downlink rates, TBIRD leveraged fiber-coupled coherent transceivers that are routinely used in terrestrial fiber-based telecommunications. To effectively use fiber-based transceivers in the presence of fading due to atmospheric turbulence, an automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol on a low-rate optical uplink was used to ensure error-free data transmission from space to ground. With precision pointing feedback from the lasercom payload, spacecraft tracking accuracy of 3 and 7 µrad RMS in the cross-boresight axes was achieved. Two NASA optical ground stations (OGS) supported the TBIRD mission: OGS-1 located on Table Mountain in California and OGS-2 located on Haleakalā in Hawaii. In total, 110 laser communications passes were conducted over three test campaigns. This paper provides an overview of the system architecture, operations campaigns, and key results from the mission. The data volume transfer and downlink rates demonstrated by TBIRD are the fastest ever achieved from space.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 1: Advances in Free Space Laser Communications","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145455983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-29DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3615146
John D. Moores;Molly P. Schue;Brett Reynolds;Connor M. Sellar;Roberto C. Cohen;Sarah Z. Wolpert;Todd G. Ulmer
Over the last decade, approximately a dozen different lasercom standards have emerged to facilitate interoperability between terminals from different vendors. To provide a capability for assessing standards compliance of terminals built by industry, MIT Lincoln Laboratory has built an Optical Terminal Verification Testbed (OTVT). The testbed provides emulation of the remote terminal and the optical channel, and is used to assess both functional interoperability and quantitative performance. Emulated aspects include far-field propagation, line-of-sight jitter, the fading channel, pointing, acquisition and tracking, point-ahead angle, and Doppler shift. Full-duplex communication is supported in both fiber-to-fiber and free-space configurations for a variety of data rates and waveform formats. In addition, the OTVT facility provides a high-performance telemetry system to record terminal behavior and generate data products (e.g., tables, analytics, and visualizations). Here we describe the role of standards in assuring interoperability among terminals from different vendors, and the role of independent testbeds in evaluating standards compliance. We will also describe the capabilities of the OTVT facility, including free-space optical channel emulation, terminal emulation, and the suite of tests that can be performed.
{"title":"Interoperability Testing for Lasercom Systems","authors":"John D. Moores;Molly P. Schue;Brett Reynolds;Connor M. Sellar;Roberto C. Cohen;Sarah Z. Wolpert;Todd G. Ulmer","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3615146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3615146","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last decade, approximately a dozen different lasercom standards have emerged to facilitate interoperability between terminals from different vendors. To provide a capability for assessing standards compliance of terminals built by industry, MIT Lincoln Laboratory has built an Optical Terminal Verification Testbed (OTVT). The testbed provides emulation of the remote terminal and the optical channel, and is used to assess both functional interoperability and quantitative performance. Emulated aspects include far-field propagation, line-of-sight jitter, the fading channel, pointing, acquisition and tracking, point-ahead angle, and Doppler shift. Full-duplex communication is supported in both fiber-to-fiber and free-space configurations for a variety of data rates and waveform formats. In addition, the OTVT facility provides a high-performance telemetry system to record terminal behavior and generate data products (e.g., tables, analytics, and visualizations). Here we describe the role of standards in assuring interoperability among terminals from different vendors, and the role of independent testbeds in evaluating standards compliance. We will also describe the capabilities of the OTVT facility, including free-space optical channel emulation, terminal emulation, and the suite of tests that can be performed.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 1: Advances in Free Space Laser Communications","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3615151
Pramit Ghosh;Md Anwar Hosen;Linxiao Zhu
The sun and the cold universe are two key thermodynamic resources. While the sun has been long used as a renewable energy resource, only recently the cold universe is being exploited for radiative cooling as well as power generation. There are emerging opportunities of utilizing both the sun and the cold universe for enhanced solar energy harvesting, all-day power-generation, and simultaneous solar energy conversion and passive cooling. In this review, we provide an overview on recent efforts to synergize radiative cooling and solar energy harvesting. We discuss different strategies, their optical design, and the achieved performance. We finally provide remarks on challenges and an outlook on future directions in synergistically utilizing the cold universe and the sun.
{"title":"Synergizing Radiative Cooling and Solar Energy Harvesting","authors":"Pramit Ghosh;Md Anwar Hosen;Linxiao Zhu","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3615151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3615151","url":null,"abstract":"The sun and the cold universe are two key thermodynamic resources. While the sun has been long used as a renewable energy resource, only recently the cold universe is being exploited for radiative cooling as well as power generation. There are emerging opportunities of utilizing both the sun and the cold universe for enhanced solar energy harvesting, all-day power-generation, and simultaneous solar energy conversion and passive cooling. In this review, we provide an overview on recent efforts to synergize radiative cooling and solar energy harvesting. We discuss different strategies, their optical design, and the achieved performance. We finally provide remarks on challenges and an outlook on future directions in synergistically utilizing the cold universe and the sun.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"31 6: Photon. for Climate Chng. Mitigation and Adapt.","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3615001
Francesco Villasmunta;Patrick Heise;Manuela Breiter;Sigurd Schrader;Harald Schenk;Martin Regehly;Andreas Mai
The scaling limitations of electrical interconnects are driving the demand for efficient optical chip-to-chip links. We report the first monolithic integration of air-clad optical through-silicon waveguides in silicon, fabricated via Bosch and cryogenic deep reactive-ion etching. Rib, single-bridge, and double-bridge designs with 50 μm cores and up to 150 μm propagation lengths have been evaluated. Cryogenic-etched rib waveguides achieve the highest median transmission (66%, −1.80 dB), compared to Bosch-etched ribs (62%, −2.08 dB). Across all geometries, 3 dB alignment windows range from 9.3 μm to 49.2 μm, with Bosch-etched double-bridge waveguides providing the broadest tolerance. We show that geometric fidelity outweighs sidewall roughness for transmission and alignment in these large-core, multimode optical through-silicon waveguides. This technology provides a scalable, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor-compatible pathway toward 3D photonic interconnects.
{"title":"Monolithically Integrated Optical Through-Silicon Waveguides for 3D Chip-to-Chip Photonic Interconnects","authors":"Francesco Villasmunta;Patrick Heise;Manuela Breiter;Sigurd Schrader;Harald Schenk;Martin Regehly;Andreas Mai","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3615001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3615001","url":null,"abstract":"The scaling limitations of electrical interconnects are driving the demand for efficient optical chip-to-chip links. We report the first monolithic integration of air-clad optical through-silicon waveguides in silicon, fabricated via Bosch and cryogenic deep reactive-ion etching. Rib, single-bridge, and double-bridge designs with 50 μm cores and up to 150 μm propagation lengths have been evaluated. Cryogenic-etched rib waveguides achieve the highest median transmission (66%, −1.80 dB), compared to Bosch-etched ribs (62%, −2.08 dB). Across all geometries, 3 dB alignment windows range from 9.3 μm to 49.2 μm, with Bosch-etched double-bridge waveguides providing the broadest tolerance. We show that geometric fidelity outweighs sidewall roughness for transmission and alignment in these large-core, multimode optical through-silicon waveguides. This technology provides a scalable, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor-compatible pathway toward 3D photonic interconnects.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 2: 3-D Horizons in Photonics: Integrated Circuits","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11181124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-22DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3612470
Han Wu;Qiuyan He;Zhihui Chen;Xuedi Mao;Guangxing Wang;Gangqin Xi;Jiajia He;Shuangmu Zhuo
The annual thyroid cancer incidence has been increasing. Thyroid cancer is categorized as a malignant neoplasm within the endocrine system. Fine-needle aspiration cytology remains the benchmark for thyroid cancer detection; however, the accuracy of the procedure depends on the practitioner’s expertise. Numerous challenges are associated with this process, such as obtaining inadequate cellular samples, mispuncturing the target lesion, and collecting nonrepresentative cell samples. These issues hinder proper cellular evaluation and increase the likelihood of misdiagnosis, ultimately impacting patient outcomes and the treatment trajectory. This research primarily aims to improve the diagnostic accuracy of thyroid cancer by introducing an innovative computer-aided diagnostic tool that leverages advanced deep learning techniques. Second-harmonic microscopy enables the fine extraction of morphological characteristics of collagen fibers within thyroid tissues, revealing significant differences in the distribution and organization of collagen fibers between normal and malignant tissues. In this study, we quantified the morphological alterations of collagen fibers by initially analyzing second-harmonic generation (SHG) images through a collagen scoring system based on feature extraction via least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression. Model efficacy was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves. Furthermore, we classified normal and malignant thyroid tissues in the validation cohort through three distinct deep-learning architectures (Mobile Neural Networks Version 3 (MobileNetV3), Visual Geometry Group 16(VGG16), and Pyramid Vision Transformer v2 (PVTv2) in combination with SHG image data. Overall, MobileNetV3 achieved the best classification performance (87.4%). This study provides preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of deep-learning algorithms in differentiating between malignant and normal thyroid tissues. This significant advancement offers valuable technological support for detecting thyroid cancer in clinical environments and is expected to enhance both the accuracy and efficiency of diagnostic practices.
{"title":"Label-Free Rapid Intelligent Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer","authors":"Han Wu;Qiuyan He;Zhihui Chen;Xuedi Mao;Guangxing Wang;Gangqin Xi;Jiajia He;Shuangmu Zhuo","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3612470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3612470","url":null,"abstract":"The annual thyroid cancer incidence has been increasing. Thyroid cancer is categorized as a malignant neoplasm within the endocrine system. Fine-needle aspiration cytology remains the benchmark for thyroid cancer detection; however, the accuracy of the procedure depends on the practitioner’s expertise. Numerous challenges are associated with this process, such as obtaining inadequate cellular samples, mispuncturing the target lesion, and collecting nonrepresentative cell samples. These issues hinder proper cellular evaluation and increase the likelihood of misdiagnosis, ultimately impacting patient outcomes and the treatment trajectory. This research primarily aims to improve the diagnostic accuracy of thyroid cancer by introducing an innovative computer-aided diagnostic tool that leverages advanced deep learning techniques. Second-harmonic microscopy enables the fine extraction of morphological characteristics of collagen fibers within thyroid tissues, revealing significant differences in the distribution and organization of collagen fibers between normal and malignant tissues. In this study, we quantified the morphological alterations of collagen fibers by initially analyzing second-harmonic generation (SHG) images through a collagen scoring system based on feature extraction via least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression. Model efficacy was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves. Furthermore, we classified normal and malignant thyroid tissues in the validation cohort through three distinct deep-learning architectures (Mobile Neural Networks Version 3 (MobileNetV3), Visual Geometry Group 16(VGG16), and Pyramid Vision Transformer v2 (PVTv2) in combination with SHG image data. Overall, MobileNetV3 achieved the best classification performance (87.4%). This study <bold>provides preliminary evidence for</b> the effectiveness of deep-learning algorithms in differentiating between malignant and normal thyroid tissues. This significant advancement offers valuable technological support for detecting thyroid cancer in clinical environments and is expected to enhance both the accuracy and efficiency of diagnostic practices.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 4: Adv. Biophoton. in Emerg. Biomed. Tech. and Dev","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3610438
Junkai Hu;Jiayang Wu;Irfan H. Abidi;Di Jin;Yuning Zhang;Jianfeng Mao;Anchal Pandey;Yijun Wang;Sumeet Walia;David J. Moss
Polarization control is of fundamental importance for modern optical systems, and optical polarizers serve as critical components for enabling this functionality. Here, we experimentally demonstrate optical polarizers by integrating 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) films onto silicon photonic waveguides. High-quality monolayer MoS2 films with highly anisotropic light absorption are synthesized via a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) method and subsequently transferred onto silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nanowire waveguides to fabricate integrated optical polarizers. Detailed measurements are carried out for the fabricated devices with various MoS2 film coating lengths and silicon waveguide geometry. The results show that a maximum polarization-dependent loss of ∼21 dB is achieved, together with a high figure of merit of ∼4.2. In addition, the hybrid waveguide polarizers exhibit broad operation bandwidth exceeding ∼100 nm and excellent power durability. These results highlight the strong potential for on-chip integration of 2D MoS2 films to implement high-performance polarization selective devices.
{"title":"Silicon Photonic Waveguide Polarizers Integrated With 2D MoS2 Films","authors":"Junkai Hu;Jiayang Wu;Irfan H. Abidi;Di Jin;Yuning Zhang;Jianfeng Mao;Anchal Pandey;Yijun Wang;Sumeet Walia;David J. Moss","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3610438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3610438","url":null,"abstract":"Polarization control is of fundamental importance for modern optical systems, and optical polarizers serve as critical components for enabling this functionality. Here, we experimentally demonstrate optical polarizers by integrating 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS<sub>2</sub>) films onto silicon photonic waveguides. High-quality monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> films with highly anisotropic light absorption are synthesized via a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) method and subsequently transferred onto silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nanowire waveguides to fabricate integrated optical polarizers. Detailed measurements are carried out for the fabricated devices with various MoS<sub>2</sub> film coating lengths and silicon waveguide geometry. The results show that a maximum polarization-dependent loss of ∼21 dB is achieved, together with a high figure of merit of ∼4.2. In addition, the hybrid waveguide polarizers exhibit broad operation bandwidth exceeding ∼100 nm and excellent power durability. These results highlight the strong potential for on-chip integration of 2D MoS<sub>2</sub> films to implement high-performance polarization selective devices.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 2: 3-D Horizons in Photonics: Integrated Circuits","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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