Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551787
Emily Waltz
This year, the sun will reach solar maximum, a period of peak magnetic activity that occurs approximately once every 11 years. That means more sunspots and more frequent intense solar storms. Here on Earth, these result in beautiful auroral activity, but also geomagnetic storms and the threat of electromagnetic pulses (EMPs), which can bring widespread damage to electronic equipment and communications systems.
{"title":"5 Questions for Yilu Liu: How to EMP-Proof a Building","authors":"Emily Waltz","doi":"10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551787","url":null,"abstract":"This year, the sun will reach solar maximum, a period of peak magnetic activity that occurs approximately once every 11 years. That means more sunspots and more frequent intense solar storms. Here on Earth, these result in beautiful auroral activity, but also geomagnetic storms and the threat of electromagnetic pulses (EMPs), which can bring widespread damage to electronic equipment and communications systems.","PeriodicalId":13249,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Spectrum","volume":"61 6","pages":"21-21"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10551787","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141286620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551785
Edd Gent
Arthur Erickson discovered drones during his first year at college studying aerospace engineering. He immediately thought the sky was the limit for how the machines could be used, but it took years of hard work and some nimble decisions to turn that enthusiasm into a successful startup.
{"title":"Careers: Arthur Erickson: This Aerospace Engineer Builds Crop-Spraying Drones for Farmers","authors":"Edd Gent","doi":"10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551785","url":null,"abstract":"Arthur Erickson discovered drones during his first year at college studying aerospace engineering. He immediately thought the sky was the limit for how the machines could be used, but it took years of hard work and some nimble decisions to turn that enthusiasm into a successful startup.","PeriodicalId":13249,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Spectrum","volume":"61 6","pages":"19-20"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10551785","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141286671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551791
Allison Marsh
In 1870, William Thomson, mourning the death of his wife and flush with cash from various patents related to the laying of the first transatlantic telegraph cable, decided to buy a yacht. His schooner, the Lalla Rookh, became Thomson's summer home and his base for hosting scientific parties. It also gave him firsthand experience with the challenge of accurately predicting tides.
{"title":"Past Forward: Brass for Brains","authors":"Allison Marsh","doi":"10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551791","url":null,"abstract":"In 1870, William Thomson, mourning the death of his wife and flush with cash from various patents related to the laying of the first transatlantic telegraph cable, decided to buy a yacht. His schooner, the Lalla Rookh, became Thomson's summer home and his base for hosting scientific parties. It also gave him firsthand experience with the challenge of accurately predicting tides.","PeriodicalId":13249,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Spectrum","volume":"61 6","pages":"68-68"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10551791","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141286577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551790
Casey Sackett;Devin Harper;Aaron Pavez
The mental-health app Woebot launched in 2017, back when “chatbot” wasn't a familiar term and someone seeking a therapist could only imagine talking to a human being. Woebot was something exciting and new: a way for people to get on-demand mental-health support in the form of a responsive, empathic, AI-powered chatbot. Users found that the friendly robot avatar checked in on them every day, kept track of their progress, and was always available to talk something through. ¶ Today, the situation is vastly different. Demand for mental-health services has surged while the supply of clinicians has stagnated. There are thousands of apps that offer automated support for mental health and wellness. And ChatGPT has helped millions of people experiment with conversational AI. ¶ But even as the world has become fascinated with generative AI, people have also seen its downsides. As a company that relies on conversation, Woebot Health had to decide whether generative AI could make Woebot a better tool, or whether the technology was too dangerous to incorporate into our product. ¶ Woebot is designed to have structured conversations through which it delivers evidence-based tools inspired by cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a technique that aims to change behaviors and feelings. Throughout its history, Woebot Health has used technology from a subdiscipline of AI known as natural-language processing (NLP). The company has used AI artfully and by design—Woebot uses NLP only in the service of better understanding a user's written texts so it can respond in the most appropriate way, thus encouraging users to engage more deeply with the process.
心理健康应用 Woebot 于 2017 年推出，当时 "聊天机器人 "还不是一个耳熟能详的词，人们在寻求治疗师时只能想象与人类交谈。Woebot 是一个令人兴奋的新事物：人们可以通过一个反应灵敏、感同身受、人工智能驱动的聊天机器人，按需获得心理健康支持。用户发现，这个友好的机器人化身每天都会查看他们的情况，跟踪他们的进展，并随时与他们沟通。如今，情况已大不相同。心理健康服务的需求激增，而临床医生的供应却停滞不前。有成千上万的应用程序为心理健康和保健提供自动支持。而 ChatGPT 已经帮助数百万人尝试了对话式人工智能。但是，即使全世界都对生成式人工智能着迷，人们也看到了它的弊端。作为一家依赖对话的公司，Woebot Health 不得不决定，生成式人工智能是否能让 Woebot 成为更好的工具，或者这项技术是否太过危险，不能将其纳入我们的产品。Woebot 的设计目的是进行结构化对话，通过对话提供循证工具，其灵感来自认知行为疗法（CBT），这是一种旨在改变行为和情感的技术。在整个发展历程中，Woebot Health 一直在使用人工智能的一个分支学科--自然语言处理（NLP）的技术。该公司巧妙地使用了人工智能，并在设计上进行了改进--Woebot 使用 NLP 只是为了更好地理解用户的书面文字，以便以最合适的方式做出回应，从而鼓励用户更深入地参与到这一过程中来。
{"title":"Do We Dare Use Generative AI for Mental Health?","authors":"Casey Sackett;Devin Harper;Aaron Pavez","doi":"10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551790","url":null,"abstract":"The mental-health app Woebot launched in 2017, back when “chatbot” wasn't a familiar term and someone seeking a therapist could only imagine talking to a human being. Woebot was something exciting and new: a way for people to get on-demand mental-health support in the form of a responsive, empathic, AI-powered chatbot. Users found that the friendly robot avatar checked in on them every day, kept track of their progress, and was always available to talk something through. ¶ Today, the situation is vastly different. Demand for mental-health services has surged while the supply of clinicians has stagnated. There are thousands of apps that offer automated support for mental health and wellness. And ChatGPT has helped millions of people experiment with conversational AI. ¶ But even as the world has become fascinated with generative AI, people have also seen its downsides. As a company that relies on conversation, Woebot Health had to decide whether generative AI could make Woebot a better tool, or whether the technology was too dangerous to incorporate into our product. ¶ Woebot is designed to have structured conversations through which it delivers evidence-based tools inspired by cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a technique that aims to change behaviors and feelings. Throughout its history, Woebot Health has used technology from a subdiscipline of AI known as natural-language processing (NLP). The company has used AI artfully and by design—Woebot uses NLP only in the service of better understanding a user's written texts so it can respond in the most appropriate way, thus encouraging users to engage more deeply with the process.","PeriodicalId":13249,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Spectrum","volume":"61 6","pages":"42-47"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141286619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551786
Henri Barde
The accelerating build-out of solar farms on Earth is already hitting speed bumps, including public pushback against the large tracts of land required and a ballooning backlog of requests for new transmission lines and grid connections. Energy experts have been warning that electricity is likely to get more expensive and less reliable unless renewable power that waxes and wanes under inconstant sunlight and wind is backed up by generators that can run whenever needed. To space enthusiasts, that raises an obvious question: Why not stick solar power plants where the sun always shines?
{"title":"Castles in the Sky?: A Skeptic's Take on Beaming Power to Earth from Space","authors":"Henri Barde","doi":"10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551786","url":null,"abstract":"The accelerating build-out of solar farms on Earth is already hitting speed bumps, including public pushback against the large tracts of land required and a ballooning backlog of requests for new transmission lines and grid connections. Energy experts have been warning that electricity is likely to get more expensive and less reliable unless renewable power that waxes and wanes under inconstant sunlight and wind is backed up by generators that can run whenever needed. To space enthusiasts, that raises an obvious question: Why not stick solar power plants where the sun always shines?","PeriodicalId":13249,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Spectrum","volume":"61 6","pages":"22-29"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141286667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551795
Willie D. Jones
Researchers at the University of the Bundeswehr in Munich have developed a deep-learning system to generate 3D relief maps of cities using 2D images generated by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signals beamed from a satellite. The researchers' SAR2Height algorithm, also trained on airborne lidar or stereo-camera images of the same cities, can render a 3D cityscape–such as this 3D relief map of Munich–with building heights accurate to 3 meters. This way, says University of Houston geosensing systems engineering professor Pietro Milillo, SAR images of a disaster area can rapidly generate data on changes in building height and therefore can yield, he says, “a map of probability of collapse of buildings.”
{"title":"Municipal Model Maker","authors":"Willie D. Jones","doi":"10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551795","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers at the University of the Bundeswehr in Munich have developed a deep-learning system to generate 3D relief maps of cities using 2D images generated by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signals beamed from a satellite. The researchers' SAR2Height algorithm, also trained on airborne lidar or stereo-camera images of the same cities, can render a 3D cityscape–such as this 3D relief map of Munich–with building heights accurate to 3 meters. This way, says University of Houston geosensing systems engineering professor Pietro Milillo, SAR images of a disaster area can rapidly generate data on changes in building height and therefore can yield, he says, “a map of probability of collapse of buildings.”","PeriodicalId":13249,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Spectrum","volume":"61 6","pages":"14-15"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10551795","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141286672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551793
Stephen Cass
Oh me, oh mesh! Many journalists in this business have at least one pet technology that's never taken off in the way they think it should. Hypersonic passenger planes, deep-sea thermal-energy power plants, chording keyboards—all have their adherents, eager to jump at the chance of covering their infatuation. For me, it's mesh radio systems, which first captivated me while I was zipping around downtown Las Vegas back in 2004. In that pre-smartphone, practically pre-3G era, I was testing a mesh network deployed by a local startup, downloading files at what was then a mind-boggling rate of 1.5 megabits per second in a moving car. Clearly, mesh and its ad hoc decentralized digital architecture were the future of wireless comms!
{"title":"It's Meshtastic! > LoRa-based Tech Brings Mesh Radio to Makers","authors":"Stephen Cass","doi":"10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2024.10551793","url":null,"abstract":"Oh me, oh mesh! Many journalists in this business have at least one pet technology that's never taken off in the way they think it should. Hypersonic passenger planes, deep-sea thermal-energy power plants, chording keyboards—all have their adherents, eager to jump at the chance of covering their infatuation. For me, it's mesh radio systems, which first captivated me while I was zipping around downtown Las Vegas back in 2004. In that pre-smartphone, practically pre-3G era, I was testing a mesh network deployed by a local startup, downloading files at what was then a mind-boggling rate of 1.5 megabits per second in a moving car. Clearly, mesh and its ad hoc decentralized digital architecture were the future of wireless comms!","PeriodicalId":13249,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Spectrum","volume":"61 6","pages":"16-18"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141286719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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