Pub Date : 2025-08-18DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3597974
Sai Ma;Jun Xu;Kai Chen;Yuechao Wang;Yunli Li;Lei Xiang;Xiaoyue Xia;Wei Hong
In this article, compact millimeter-wave (mmWave) filtennas are proposed based on the multiparasitic structure incorporation technique to achieve high selectivity, and their working principle is systematically analyzed using equivalent lumped circuits. Initially, a single-polarized filtenna is designed in the form of a proximity-coupled stacked patch antenna. Cross and ring patches are employed to achieve compact size, while high selectivity is realized by incorporating multiparasitic structures, i.e., shorted stubs, ring patches, and C-shaped strips. Subsequently, the single-polarized filtenna is extended to a dual-polarized version by utilizing two sets of identical feeding structures, while maintaining high polarization isolation. Prototypes of both the single- and dual-polarized filtennas are fabricated and measured. The results indicate that the −10-dB impedance bandwidths of the filtennas cover a broad mmWave band ranging from 24.25 to 29.5 GHz, with out-of-band suppression exceeding 20 dB. Furthermore, two $1times 4$ arrays are constructed using the proposed single- and dual-polarized filtennas, respectively, incorporating essential decoupling structures to improve the port and polarization isolation. Experimental results confirm the exceptional scanning and filtering performances of the two arrays. The merits of all the proposed filtennas and arrays make them promising candidates for B5G/6G miniaturized wireless devices.
{"title":"Compact Millimeter-Wave High-Selectivity Filtennas and Arrays Incorporating Multiparasitic Structures for Miniaturized Wireless Devices","authors":"Sai Ma;Jun Xu;Kai Chen;Yuechao Wang;Yunli Li;Lei Xiang;Xiaoyue Xia;Wei Hong","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3597974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3597974","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, compact millimeter-wave (mmWave) filtennas are proposed based on the multiparasitic structure incorporation technique to achieve high selectivity, and their working principle is systematically analyzed using equivalent lumped circuits. Initially, a single-polarized filtenna is designed in the form of a proximity-coupled stacked patch antenna. Cross and ring patches are employed to achieve compact size, while high selectivity is realized by incorporating multiparasitic structures, i.e., shorted stubs, ring patches, and C-shaped strips. Subsequently, the single-polarized filtenna is extended to a dual-polarized version by utilizing two sets of identical feeding structures, while maintaining high polarization isolation. Prototypes of both the single- and dual-polarized filtennas are fabricated and measured. The results indicate that the −10-dB impedance bandwidths of the filtennas cover a broad mmWave band ranging from 24.25 to 29.5 GHz, with out-of-band suppression exceeding 20 dB. Furthermore, two <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> arrays are constructed using the proposed single- and dual-polarized filtennas, respectively, incorporating essential decoupling structures to improve the port and polarization isolation. Experimental results confirm the exceptional scanning and filtering performances of the two arrays. The merits of all the proposed filtennas and arrays make them promising candidates for B5G/6G miniaturized wireless devices.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 11","pages":"9550-9564"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145595107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-15DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3592996
Olga Borić-Lubecke;Victor Manuel Lubecke;Chung-Tse Michael Wu;Emanuele Cardillo;Shekh Md. Mahmudul Islam
{"title":"Guest Editorial Latest Advances on Radar-Based Physiological Sensors and Their Applications","authors":"Olga Borić-Lubecke;Victor Manuel Lubecke;Chung-Tse Michael Wu;Emanuele Cardillo;Shekh Md. Mahmudul Islam","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3592996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3592996","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 8","pages":"4259-4260"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11126930","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-06DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3595454
Bingli Dai;Jicong Zhang;Xiangao Meng;Yi Hu;Ming Guan;Hegang Deng;Zhi Chen;Bo Zhang;Cheng Wang
To exploit the >100-GHz spectrum and overcome the attenuation of the wireless channel, a large-scale CMOS phased array is indispensable. However, the size of the array is currently limited by the loss and imbalance of the classic binary distribution network. In addition, since the available chip area shrinks quadratically with the wavelength ($varpropto lambda ^{2}$ ), a >100-GHz $lambda $ /2-spaced planar array is highly challenging. To solve the above issues, this article presents a D-band, 2-D scalable CMOS planar phased array transmitter (TX) with a precise $lambda $ /2 antenna spacing. It employs a traveling-wave LO/IF distribution network, which enables the 2-D scalability by cascading the CMOS TX chips through the chip-edge wire bonding. Inside each chip, four highly integrated TXs perform the IF amplitude and phase control, and the IF-to-RF upconversion. The LO amplitude attenuation is compensated by a proposed subsampling (SS) tripler. Furthermore, a triple-resonance, on-chip antenna feed with quartz superstrate achieves a 3-dB bandwidth of 16 GHz (12%) and a 42% area reduction. Then, the $134sim 141$ GHz, 16- and 64-element CMOS planar phased arrays are built. In the measurement, a peak effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 26 dBm and an output RF power of 20 mW are recorded at 138 GHz for the 16-element array. In both the vertical and horizontal directions, a ±40° beam steering angles are recorded. The 64-element phased array exhibits a 35-dBm EIRP and a ±60° beam steering capability. A 10-m light-of-the-sight (LoS) transmission of a 14 Gbit/s, 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) data stream with an error vector magnitude (EVM) of 9.8% is also demonstrated.
为了利用> - 100ghz频谱，克服无线信道的衰减，大规模CMOS相控阵必不可少。然而，由于传统二元配电网的损耗和不平衡，目前阵列的大小受到限制。此外，由于可用的芯片面积随波长（$varpropto lambda ^{2}$）呈二次收缩，因此>100-GHz $lambda $ /2间隔平面阵列极具挑战性。为了解决上述问题，本文提出了一种d波段二维可扩展CMOS平面相控阵发射机（TX），具有精确的$lambda $ /2天线间距。它采用行波LO/IF分配网络，通过芯片边缘线键合级联CMOS TX芯片，实现二维可扩展性。在每个芯片内部，四个高度集成的TXs执行中频幅度和相位控制，以及中频到射频的上变频。本振幅度衰减由提出的次采样（SS）三倍器补偿。此外，采用石英超层材料的三共振片上天线馈源可实现16 GHz （12 GHz）的3db带宽%) and a 42% area reduction. Then, the $134sim 141$ GHz, 16- and 64-element CMOS planar phased arrays are built. In the measurement, a peak effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 26 dBm and an output RF power of 20 mW are recorded at 138 GHz for the 16-element array. In both the vertical and horizontal directions, a ±40° beam steering angles are recorded. The 64-element phased array exhibits a 35-dBm EIRP and a ±60° beam steering capability. A 10-m light-of-the-sight (LoS) transmission of a 14 Gbit/s, 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) data stream with an error vector magnitude (EVM) of 9.8% is also demonstrated.
{"title":"D-Band, 2-D Scalable CMOS Planar Phased Array Transmitters With λ/2-Spaced Integrated Antenna","authors":"Bingli Dai;Jicong Zhang;Xiangao Meng;Yi Hu;Ming Guan;Hegang Deng;Zhi Chen;Bo Zhang;Cheng Wang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3595454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3595454","url":null,"abstract":"To exploit the >100-GHz spectrum and overcome the attenuation of the wireless channel, a large-scale CMOS phased array is indispensable. However, the size of the array is currently limited by the loss and imbalance of the classic binary distribution network. In addition, since the available chip area shrinks quadratically with the wavelength (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$varpropto lambda ^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), a >100-GHz <inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>/2-spaced planar array is highly challenging. To solve the above issues, this article presents a D-band, 2-D scalable CMOS planar phased array transmitter (TX) with a precise <inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>/2 antenna spacing. It employs a traveling-wave LO/IF distribution network, which enables the 2-D scalability by cascading the CMOS TX chips through the chip-edge wire bonding. Inside each chip, four highly integrated TXs perform the IF amplitude and phase control, and the IF-to-RF upconversion. The LO amplitude attenuation is compensated by a proposed subsampling (SS) tripler. Furthermore, a triple-resonance, on-chip antenna feed with quartz superstrate achieves a 3-dB bandwidth of 16 GHz (12%) and a 42% area reduction. Then, the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$134sim 141$ </tex-math></inline-formula> GHz, 16- and 64-element CMOS planar phased arrays are built. In the measurement, a peak effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 26 dBm and an output RF power of 20 mW are recorded at 138 GHz for the 16-element array. In both the vertical and horizontal directions, a ±40° beam steering angles are recorded. The 64-element phased array exhibits a 35-dBm EIRP and a ±60° beam steering capability. A 10-m light-of-the-sight (LoS) transmission of a 14 Gbit/s, 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) data stream with an error vector magnitude (EVM) of 9.8% is also demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 11","pages":"9534-9549"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145595132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3593462
Hao Guo;Taiyun Chi
This article presents a high-performance W-band local oscillator generator (LOG). It incorporates a fundamental VCO operating at approximately 7 GHz with implicit fifth harmonic extraction, followed by an injection-locking oscillator (ILO) with implicit third harmonic extraction. The design features three key circuit innovations. First, we introduce a new harmonic-extraction VCO topology based on a three-port resonator. It addresses the inherent limitation of conventional Class-F23 VCOs, enabling implicit fifth harmonic extraction and optimal figure of merit (FoM) simultaneously. Second, we propose a new transformer-based gate-injection scheme for the ILO. It not only extends the locking range (LR) for robust locking under PVT variations but also reduces the input swing requirement to save dc power for interstage buffers. Third, we investigate the impact of the second harmonic impedance on the third harmonic generation in the ILO. This guides us to implement a common-mode (CM) tank in the ILO, enhancing its third harmonic output. A prototype is fabricated using the GlobalFoundries 22-nm CMOS SOI process. It achieves a minimum PN of −107.9 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset and a state-of-the-art 190-dBc/Hz FoM and 196.1-dBc/Hz FoMT and is capable of driving a 50-$Omega $ load with 4-dBm peak output power.
{"title":"Design and Analysis of a W-Band Local Oscillator Generator With Cascaded Implicit Frequency Quintupling and Tripling","authors":"Hao Guo;Taiyun Chi","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3593462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3593462","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a high-performance W-band local oscillator generator (LOG). It incorporates a fundamental VCO operating at approximately 7 GHz with implicit fifth harmonic extraction, followed by an injection-locking oscillator (ILO) with implicit third harmonic extraction. The design features three key circuit innovations. First, we introduce a new harmonic-extraction VCO topology based on a three-port resonator. It addresses the inherent limitation of conventional Class-F<sub>23</sub> VCOs, enabling implicit fifth harmonic extraction and optimal figure of merit (FoM) simultaneously. Second, we propose a new transformer-based gate-injection scheme for the ILO. It not only extends the locking range (LR) for robust locking under PVT variations but also reduces the input swing requirement to save dc power for interstage buffers. Third, we investigate the impact of the second harmonic impedance on the third harmonic generation in the ILO. This guides us to implement a common-mode (CM) tank in the ILO, enhancing its third harmonic output. A prototype is fabricated using the GlobalFoundries 22-nm CMOS SOI process. It achieves a minimum PN of −107.9 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset and a state-of-the-art 190-dBc/Hz FoM and 196.1-dBc/Hz FoM<sub>T</sub> and is capable of driving a 50-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> load with 4-dBm peak output power.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 11","pages":"9616-9631"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145595112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-30DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3589591
Zehua Wang;Dongyang Lu;Ruozhou Li;Ying Yu
As an essential component for wireless power transmission and energy harvesting (EH), rectennas have received increasing attention in recent years. This article presents a flexible rectenna design based on a printed liquid metal additive manufacturing process, offering advantages, such as low cost, high reliability, repeatability, and excellent mechanical adaptability. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is used as the substrate, providing high flexibility and good conformability. The proposed rectenna consists of a Chebyshev-fed linear monopole antenna array and a compact rectifying circuit. The antenna achieves a gain exceeding 7 dBi over the 2–3-GHz frequency range, with a gain of 9.8 dBi at 2.4 GHz and radiation efficiency above 80%. It also exhibits a wide beamwidth, with a half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of 98° in the H-plane at 3 GHz, allowing for bidirectional radiation. The rectifier shows over 40% efficiency at 0-dBm input power, above 60% at 10 dBm, and retains 28% efficiency at −12 dBm. Finally, the integrated rectenna was evaluated under various conformal conditions, confirming its stable performance.
{"title":"Flexible Broadband Rectifying Array Antenna Based on Printed Liquid Metal","authors":"Zehua Wang;Dongyang Lu;Ruozhou Li;Ying Yu","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3589591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3589591","url":null,"abstract":"As an essential component for wireless power transmission and energy harvesting (EH), rectennas have received increasing attention in recent years. This article presents a flexible rectenna design based on a printed liquid metal additive manufacturing process, offering advantages, such as low cost, high reliability, repeatability, and excellent mechanical adaptability. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is used as the substrate, providing high flexibility and good conformability. The proposed rectenna consists of a Chebyshev-fed linear monopole antenna array and a compact rectifying circuit. The antenna achieves a gain exceeding 7 dBi over the 2–3-GHz frequency range, with a gain of 9.8 dBi at 2.4 GHz and radiation efficiency above 80%. It also exhibits a wide beamwidth, with a half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of 98° in the <italic>H</i>-plane at 3 GHz, allowing for bidirectional radiation. The rectifier shows over 40% efficiency at 0-dBm input power, above 60% at 10 dBm, and retains 28% efficiency at −12 dBm. Finally, the integrated rectenna was evaluated under various conformal conditions, confirming its stable performance.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6001-6008"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The D band presents a possible solution for accommodating ultrahigh-capacity data transmission. Multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) technology can further double system transmission capacity. Our study explores the integration of photonics-aided millimeter wave with MIMO technologies. Based on phonics-aided technology, we realized the transmission of 10-Gbaud D-band polarization-division multiplexing (PDM) discrete multitone (DMT) 16QAM signals at 125 GHz over a 1.2-km wireless link in an Intensity-modulation (IM)/direct-detection (DD) radio-over-fiber (RoF) system. However, apart from severe nonlinear impairment and PDM crosstalk, the D-band DMT RoF system is subject to phase noise (PN). Traditional Volterra series and deep neural network (DNN) equalizers can only compensate for nonlinear impairments but are poor at correcting phase distortion. To realize the mitigation of $X/Y$ polarization crosstalk, nonlinear impairments, PN, and I/Q imbalance, we propose a novel MIMO 2-D convolutional neural network (2D-CNN) by addressing complex-valued two PDM signals and their phase information simultaneously. This model uniquely combines the ability to mitigate these four critical impairments within a single processing framework, enhancing the robustness of MIMO IM/DD RoF systems. Our MIMO 2D-CNN significantly improves the BER performance compared to traditional digital-signal-processing (DSP) models, providing an almost tenfold enhancement. The net bit rate can achieve 31.49 bit/s under the 7% hard decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of $3.8times 10^{-3}$ . Meanwhile, due to its unique ability to extract information from 2-D space–time images, the advanced MIMO 2D-CNN can effectively compensate for the PN of the signals with minimal phase rotation. It surpasses the limitations of Volterra series and MIMO 2D-DNN approaches, which struggle to handle such PN. Moreover, regarding receiver sensitivity, our MIMO 2D-CNN outperforms the previously proposed MIMO 2D-DNN by over 1 dB at the BER of $3.8times 10^{-3}$ . In the future, we expect that the low-PN MIMO 2D-CNN, with its accurate BER decision ability, will be a valuable tool for further investigations into MIMO IM/DD RoF networks.
{"title":"Demonstration of a Low-Phase-Noise MIMO 2-D Convolutional Neural Network Nonlinear Equalizer in an MIMO DMT Long-Haul D-Band RoF System","authors":"Sicong Xu;Wen Zhou;Yi Wei;Qihang Wang;Xiongwei Yang;Jingwen Tan;Peng Tian;Yang Han;Mingxu Wang;Jie Zhang;Jingtao Ge;Jingwen Lin;Yuan Ma;Siqi Wang;Zhihang Ou;Jianjun Yu","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3587743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3587743","url":null,"abstract":"The D band presents a possible solution for accommodating ultrahigh-capacity data transmission. Multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) technology can further double system transmission capacity. Our study explores the integration of photonics-aided millimeter wave with MIMO technologies. Based on phonics-aided technology, we realized the transmission of 10-Gbaud D-band polarization-division multiplexing (PDM) discrete multitone (DMT) 16QAM signals at 125 GHz over a 1.2-km wireless link in an Intensity-modulation (IM)/direct-detection (DD) radio-over-fiber (RoF) system. However, apart from severe nonlinear impairment and PDM crosstalk, the D-band DMT RoF system is subject to phase noise (PN). Traditional Volterra series and deep neural network (DNN) equalizers can only compensate for nonlinear impairments but are poor at correcting phase distortion. To realize the mitigation of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$X/Y$ </tex-math></inline-formula> polarization crosstalk, nonlinear impairments, PN, and <italic>I</i>/<italic>Q</i> imbalance, we propose a novel MIMO 2-D convolutional neural network (2D-CNN) by addressing complex-valued two PDM signals and their phase information simultaneously. This model uniquely combines the ability to mitigate these four critical impairments within a single processing framework, enhancing the robustness of MIMO IM/DD RoF systems. Our MIMO 2D-CNN significantly improves the BER performance compared to traditional digital-signal-processing (DSP) models, providing an almost tenfold enhancement. The net bit rate can achieve 31.49 bit/s under the 7% hard decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3.8times 10^{-3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Meanwhile, due to its unique ability to extract information from 2-D space–time images, the advanced MIMO 2D-CNN can effectively compensate for the PN of the signals with minimal phase rotation. It surpasses the limitations of Volterra series and MIMO 2D-DNN approaches, which struggle to handle such PN. Moreover, regarding receiver sensitivity, our MIMO 2D-CNN outperforms the previously proposed MIMO 2D-DNN by over 1 dB at the BER of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3.8times 10^{-3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. In the future, we expect that the low-PN MIMO 2D-CNN, with its accurate BER decision ability, will be a valuable tool for further investigations into MIMO IM/DD RoF networks.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 11","pages":"9583-9595"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145595116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-22DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3587911
Hanqing Ding;Feng Lin;Zhiwei Yin;Yang Yang;Houjun Sun
This article presents a broadband miniaturization quadrature coupler with good amplitude and phase performance and its application to a 2-D scanning broadband Butler matrix. The coupler comprises two stages of coupled-line couplers and two T-type networks. Cascaded coupled-line couplers achieve wide matching bandwidth. T-type networks achieve good amplitude and phase imbalance performance. The broadband miniaturization coupler is applied to a $4times 4$ 2-D scanning broadband Butler matrix. The coupler and Butler matrix are realized using the additively manufactured electronics (AMEs) technique. The sizes of the coupler and Butler matrix are $0.078times 0.057times 0.0058lambda _{mathbf {0}}$ and $0.13times 0.074times 0.0086lambda _{mathbf {0}}$ , respectively, where $lambda _{mathbf {0}}$ indicates the free space wavelength at the center frequency. Within $0.6sim 1.4$ GHz, the measured return loss of coupler exceeds 16.8 dB, and the isolation is better than 19.3 dB. The amplitude and phase imbalances of the coupler are better than 0.34 dB and 2°, respectively. Within $0.6sim 1.4$ GHz, the measured return loss of Butler matrix exceeds 16.5 dB, and the isolation is better than 15.5 dB. The amplitude and phase imbalances of the coupler are better than 1.8 dB and 7.2°, respectively.
{"title":"Additively Manufactured Broadband Miniaturized Quadrature Coupler and Its Application to 2-D Scanning Broadband Butler Matrix","authors":"Hanqing Ding;Feng Lin;Zhiwei Yin;Yang Yang;Houjun Sun","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3587911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3587911","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a broadband miniaturization quadrature coupler with good amplitude and phase performance and its application to a 2-D scanning broadband Butler matrix. The coupler comprises two stages of coupled-line couplers and two T-type networks. Cascaded coupled-line couplers achieve wide matching bandwidth. T-type networks achieve good amplitude and phase imbalance performance. The broadband miniaturization coupler is applied to a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> 2-D scanning broadband Butler matrix. The coupler and Butler matrix are realized using the additively manufactured electronics (AMEs) technique. The sizes of the coupler and Butler matrix are <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.078times 0.057times 0.0058lambda _{mathbf {0}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.13times 0.074times 0.0086lambda _{mathbf {0}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively, where <inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda _{mathbf {0}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> indicates the free space wavelength at the center frequency. Within <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.6sim 1.4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> GHz, the measured return loss of coupler exceeds 16.8 dB, and the isolation is better than 19.3 dB. The amplitude and phase imbalances of the coupler are better than 0.34 dB and 2°, respectively. Within <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.6sim 1.4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> GHz, the measured return loss of Butler matrix exceeds 16.5 dB, and the isolation is better than 15.5 dB. The amplitude and phase imbalances of the coupler are better than 1.8 dB and 7.2°, respectively.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"5803-5812"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, a design methodology for groundless metagrating absorbers is proposed. By strategically arranging sub wavelength microstrip capacitors in series with chip resistors on the upper and lower layers of a dielectric substrate, uni- or bi-directional electromagnetic absorption can be effectively realized at a desired operating frequency. The entire design process is based on a fully analytical derivation, with clear mathematical theory, and is applicable across a broad range of frequencies, including microwave, millimeter-wave, and even terahertz bands. The full-wave simulation results of the proposed uni- and bi-directional absorbers show excellent agreement with theoretical calculations, validating the efficacy of the methodology. Additionally, for the bi-directional absorber, a prototype operating around 10 GHz is fabricated and measured, with experimental results aligning well with the simulated ones. Compared to other grounded metamaterial/metasurface absorbers, the proposed groundless structure offers adaptability in terms of conformability, making it more suitable for practical applications. This enhanced conformability suggests a promising potential for the future application of external electromagnetic stealth and internal electromagnetic compatibility.
{"title":"Design and Validation of Groundless Uni- and Bi-Directional Electromagnetic Absorbers Using Lossy Metagratings","authors":"Zhen Tan;Jianjia Yi;Jian-Xin Chen;Shah Nawaz Burokur","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3576268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3576268","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a design methodology for groundless metagrating absorbers is proposed. By strategically arranging sub wavelength microstrip capacitors in series with chip resistors on the upper and lower layers of a dielectric substrate, uni- or bi-directional electromagnetic absorption can be effectively realized at a desired operating frequency. The entire design process is based on a fully analytical derivation, with clear mathematical theory, and is applicable across a broad range of frequencies, including microwave, millimeter-wave, and even terahertz bands. The full-wave simulation results of the proposed uni- and bi-directional absorbers show excellent agreement with theoretical calculations, validating the efficacy of the methodology. Additionally, for the bi-directional absorber, a prototype operating around 10 GHz is fabricated and measured, with experimental results aligning well with the simulated ones. Compared to other grounded metamaterial/metasurface absorbers, the proposed groundless structure offers adaptability in terms of conformability, making it more suitable for practical applications. This enhanced conformability suggests a promising potential for the future application of external electromagnetic stealth and internal electromagnetic compatibility.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"5748-5764"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-15DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3583937
Chien-Chin Huang;Ta-Jen Hsu;Hsin Chen
A novel single-structure multistage cross-coupled differential-drive (MS-CCDD) rectifier with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of $252~{mu }$ A in the high frequency (HF) band and $106.7~{mu }$ A in the ultrahigh frequency (UHF) band for dual-band (DB) operation is presented in this study, which has multiple charging path (MCP) and multiple coupling capacitors to deliver wide dynamic range (DR) of efficient current transmission in both the HF ($I~{gt }~200~{mu }$ A) and UHF ($I~{gt }~100~{mu }$ A) bands, and can reduce pMOS’ leakage current by adaptively regulating the conduction of the rectifier’s transistor using a passive-charge adaptive biasing approach. Furthermore, in DB situations, the passive-charge adaptive unit (PCAU) supports high-current driving capacity by maintaining ac charge adaptation under large input amplitudes. By modifying the dc level on the nMOS side to cover a broad input power range, the MCP structure increases the forward current (IFWD). This works especially well in the UHF band, where it further enhances PCE’s overall and output current transmission. The four-stage DB rectifier, which is fabricated using a 0.18-$mu $ m CMOS technology, has a PCE ${gt }~40$ % and a high-output power delivery DR (OPDR) of 10 dB for the HF band and 8 dB for the UHF band. In the UHF band, a power supply of $270~{mu }$ W (${gt } 100~{mu }$ A at 2.53 V) produces a peak PCE of 58.55% while in the HF band, a power supply of $635~{mu }$ W (${gt } 200~{mu }$ A at 2.55 V) produces a peak PCE of 40.15%.
本文提出了一种新型的单结构多级交叉耦合差分驱动（MS-CCDD）整流器，其功率转换效率（PCE）在高频（HF）频段为252~{mu}$ A，在超高频（UHF）频段为106.7~{mu}$ A，可用于双频（DB）工作。它具有多个充电路径（MCP）和多个耦合电容器，在HF （$I~{gt}~200~{mu}$ A）和UHF （$I~{gt}~100~{mu}$ A）频段提供宽动态范围（DR）的高效电流传输，并且可以通过使用无源电荷自适应偏置方法自适应调节整流器晶体管的导通来减少pMOS的漏电流。此外，在DB情况下，被动电荷自适应单元（PCAU）通过在大输入幅值下保持交流电荷自适应来支持大电流驱动容量。通过修改nMOS侧的直流电平以覆盖更宽的输入功率范围，MCP结构增加了正向电流（IFWD）。这在UHF频段尤其有效，它进一步提高了PCE的整体和输出电流传输。该四级DB整流器采用0.18- $mu $ m CMOS技术制造，PCE ${gt}~ $ 40$ %，高频和超高频的输出功率输出DR （OPDR）分别为10db和8db。在UHF频段，270~{mu}$ W （${gt} 100~{mu}$ a，电压为2.53 V）的电源产生的峰值PCE为58.55%，而在HF频段，635~{mu}$ W （${gt} 200~{mu}$ a，电压为2.55 V）的电源产生的峰值PCE为40.15%。
{"title":"A New Dual-Band RF to DC Rectifier With High Current Delivery and Wide Dynamic Range for WPT Application","authors":"Chien-Chin Huang;Ta-Jen Hsu;Hsin Chen","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3583937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3583937","url":null,"abstract":"A novel single-structure multistage cross-coupled differential-drive (MS-CCDD) rectifier with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$252~{mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>A in the high frequency (HF) band and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$106.7~{mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>A in the ultrahigh frequency (UHF) band for dual-band (DB) operation is presented in this study, which has multiple charging path (MCP) and multiple coupling capacitors to deliver wide dynamic range (DR) of efficient current transmission in both the HF (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$I~{gt }~200~{mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>A) and UHF (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$I~{gt }~100~{mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>A) bands, and can reduce pMOS’ leakage current by adaptively regulating the conduction of the rectifier’s transistor using a passive-charge adaptive biasing approach. Furthermore, in DB situations, the passive-charge adaptive unit (PCAU) supports high-current driving capacity by maintaining ac charge adaptation under large input amplitudes. By modifying the dc level on the nMOS side to cover a broad input power range, the MCP structure increases the forward current (IFWD). This works especially well in the UHF band, where it further enhances PCE’s overall and output current transmission. The four-stage DB rectifier, which is fabricated using a 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m CMOS technology, has a PCE <inline-formula> <tex-math>${gt }~40$ </tex-math></inline-formula>% and a high-output power delivery DR (OPDR) of 10 dB for the HF band and 8 dB for the UHF band. In the UHF band, a power supply of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$270~{mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>W (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${gt } 100~{mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>A at 2.53 V) produces a peak PCE of 58.55% while in the HF band, a power supply of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$635~{mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>W (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${gt } 200~{mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>A at 2.55 V) produces a peak PCE of 40.15%.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 11","pages":"9658-9667"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145595126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-10DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3584348
Shi Yu Wang;Xian Kun Zeng;Du Ming Cao;Yong Han Liu;Jun Long Hong;Hai Peng Wang;Yun Bo Li
The sensing and detection of electromagnetic (EM) targets by utilizing the metasurface has been the frontier research in recent years. A novel microwave sensor for information sensing of dynamic targets is proposed by applying the space-time metasurface working under a single frequency with multiple Doppler Spectra. For each unit cell of the metasurface, it is composed of a receiving patch antenna and a programmable phase shifter owning the ability of continuous phase manipulation within 360°, enabling the generation of a Doppler spectrum by loading periodic time-modulation signals on the unit cell. The column-control method of metasurface is preferred, and the predesigned Doppler spectrum has been observed by separately allocating different time-modulation signals for each column to map the information of the dynamic target in real time. By using a multimodal fusion-based convolutional neural network (CNN) to process the synchronous microwave and optical data, the dynamic information of human gait has been classified and identified completely in our proof-of-concept measurement by space-time metasurface-based sensor.
{"title":"Information Sensing of Human Gait by Space–Time Metasurface Under Single Frequency With Multiple Doppler Spectra","authors":"Shi Yu Wang;Xian Kun Zeng;Du Ming Cao;Yong Han Liu;Jun Long Hong;Hai Peng Wang;Yun Bo Li","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3584348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3584348","url":null,"abstract":"The sensing and detection of electromagnetic (EM) targets by utilizing the metasurface has been the frontier research in recent years. A novel microwave sensor for information sensing of dynamic targets is proposed by applying the space-time metasurface working under a single frequency with multiple Doppler Spectra. For each unit cell of the metasurface, it is composed of a receiving patch antenna and a programmable phase shifter owning the ability of continuous phase manipulation within 360°, enabling the generation of a Doppler spectrum by loading periodic time-modulation signals on the unit cell. The column-control method of metasurface is preferred, and the predesigned Doppler spectrum has been observed by separately allocating different time-modulation signals for each column to map the information of the dynamic target in real time. By using a multimodal fusion-based convolutional neural network (CNN) to process the synchronous microwave and optical data, the dynamic information of human gait has been classified and identified completely in our proof-of-concept measurement by space-time metasurface-based sensor.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 11","pages":"9668-9678"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145595104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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