Pub Date : 2025-06-19DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3577733
Lu Qian;Talal Skaik;Yi-Wen Wu;Yi Wang
This article presents an end-to-end manufacturing and post-processing solution for 3-D-printed millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) monolithic waveguide (WG) components. A high-precision micro laser sintering (MLS) process, two internal surface polishing methods—abrasive flow machining (AFM) and Hirtisation—and an electroless gold plating process are combined to address the surface quality challenges commonly associated with current 3-D-printed mm-Wave components. This is the first demonstration of the two polishing techniques on mm-Wave devices. An experimental study was conducted on two mm-Wave WG twists for WR-15 and WR-5 bands, respectively. The impact of the surface treatment processes on both mechanical and electrical properties was investigated. The surface roughness of both WG twists was reduced to below $1~mu $ m. For the WR-15 WG twist, the dissipative attenuation factor ranged from 5.4 to 2.7 dB/m, with a worst case return loss of 30 dB. For the WR-05 WG twist, the dissipative attenuation factor ranged from 17 to 10 dB/m, with a worst case return loss of 14 dB. The significant improvement in insertion losses (ILs) demonstrates the effectiveness of the two surface treatment methods, enabling complex monolithic mm-Wave WG components with enhanced surface quality.
{"title":"Three-Dimensional Printed mm-Wave Monolithic Waveguide Twists: End-to-End Manufacturing and Surface-Treatment Solutions","authors":"Lu Qian;Talal Skaik;Yi-Wen Wu;Yi Wang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3577733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3577733","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an end-to-end manufacturing and post-processing solution for 3-D-printed millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) monolithic waveguide (WG) components. A high-precision micro laser sintering (MLS) process, two internal surface polishing methods—abrasive flow machining (AFM) and Hirtisation—and an electroless gold plating process are combined to address the surface quality challenges commonly associated with current 3-D-printed mm-Wave components. This is the first demonstration of the two polishing techniques on mm-Wave devices. An experimental study was conducted on two mm-Wave WG twists for WR-15 and WR-5 bands, respectively. The impact of the surface treatment processes on both mechanical and electrical properties was investigated. The surface roughness of both WG twists was reduced to below <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m. For the WR-15 WG twist, the dissipative attenuation factor ranged from 5.4 to 2.7 dB/m, with a worst case return loss of 30 dB. For the WR-05 WG twist, the dissipative attenuation factor ranged from 17 to 10 dB/m, with a worst case return loss of 14 dB. The significant improvement in insertion losses (ILs) demonstrates the effectiveness of the two surface treatment methods, enabling complex monolithic mm-Wave WG components with enhanced surface quality.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"5909-5917"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-17DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3577467
Sebastian Mettes;Christopher T. Howard;Joshua Roper;Taylor M. Shapero;Kenneth W. Allen;Yi Chen Mazumdar
Advances in computational design methods have enabled the development of increasingly sophisticated frequency selective surfaces (FSSs). However, manufacturing these complex designs on doubly-curved shapes remains challenging. In this work, we design, fabricate, and experimentally validate an additively manufactured, doubly-curved, multimaterial, and multilayer FSS subreflector for L passband and Ku and Ka stopband frequencies. By employing this subreflector in a Cassegrain antenna configuration, broadband satellites operating in the Ku-Ka-bands can gain access to L-band frequencies without the need for separate antenna systems. To achieve the desired tri-band frequency response, the FSS elements are first synthesized using periodic level set functions with a target passband from 1 to 6 GHz and stopbands from 17.7 to 20.2 and 27.5 to 30.0 GHz. Then, a planar FSS sample is 3-D-printed using fused filament fabrication (FFF) for the dielectric layers and direct ink write (DIW) with silver nanoparticle ink for the conductive layers. Sample testing in a free space focused beam indicates good agreement with the simulation results. Next, spatially variant lattices (SVLs) are employed to map the synthesized elements onto a hyperbolic surface and advanced, nonplanar 3-D-printing techniques are implemented to manufacture the doubly-curved FSS subreflector. These techniques greatly improve surface quality and enable the printing of multiple layers of continuous conductive patterns on curved surfaces. To demonstrate the performance of the subreflector, it is tested in a Cassegrain antenna system on a compact range with experimental results showing fair agreement with simulation results. Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential for advanced additive manufacturing (AM) to produce high-performance, conformal FSS structures for next-generation radome and spectral filtering applications.
{"title":"3-D-Printed Doubly-Curved Multilayer Tri-Band Frequency Selective Surface","authors":"Sebastian Mettes;Christopher T. Howard;Joshua Roper;Taylor M. Shapero;Kenneth W. Allen;Yi Chen Mazumdar","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3577467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3577467","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in computational design methods have enabled the development of increasingly sophisticated frequency selective surfaces (FSSs). However, manufacturing these complex designs on doubly-curved shapes remains challenging. In this work, we design, fabricate, and experimentally validate an additively manufactured, doubly-curved, multimaterial, and multilayer FSS subreflector for L passband and Ku and Ka stopband frequencies. By employing this subreflector in a Cassegrain antenna configuration, broadband satellites operating in the Ku-Ka-bands can gain access to L-band frequencies without the need for separate antenna systems. To achieve the desired tri-band frequency response, the FSS elements are first synthesized using periodic level set functions with a target passband from 1 to 6 GHz and stopbands from 17.7 to 20.2 and 27.5 to 30.0 GHz. Then, a planar FSS sample is 3-D-printed using fused filament fabrication (FFF) for the dielectric layers and direct ink write (DIW) with silver nanoparticle ink for the conductive layers. Sample testing in a free space focused beam indicates good agreement with the simulation results. Next, spatially variant lattices (SVLs) are employed to map the synthesized elements onto a hyperbolic surface and advanced, nonplanar 3-D-printing techniques are implemented to manufacture the doubly-curved FSS subreflector. These techniques greatly improve surface quality and enable the printing of multiple layers of continuous conductive patterns on curved surfaces. To demonstrate the performance of the subreflector, it is tested in a Cassegrain antenna system on a compact range with experimental results showing fair agreement with simulation results. Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential for advanced additive manufacturing (AM) to produce high-performance, conformal FSS structures for next-generation radome and spectral filtering applications.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"5864-5875"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-12DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3576125
Hai-Xu Liu;Yong-Hong Zhang
This work presents a broadband isolated Ka-band radial space power combiner based on TE01 mode in a circular waveguide. The combiner consists of two parts: an isolated 24-way radial power combiner and a broadband circular waveguide TE01-mode transducer. A kind of approximate half-height waveguide absorbers are embedded at the circular bottom of the radial power combiner for the first time, which significantly increases the input port’s return loss (RL) and isolation among input ports while also improving the size tolerance of the absorber and lowering installation difficulty. After employing the absorbers, the measured results of minimum isolation of 16 dB among input ports, the average RL improvement of 13 dB at the input ports, the minimum RL of 14 dB at the output port, the maximum insert loss of 0.75 dB, and the lowest passive combining efficiency of 84% are realized within 26–42 GHz with a relative operating bandwidth of 47%. Additionally, the analysis of power-handling capability and the high-power tests under a continuous wave power of 300 W were carried out. To the best of our knowledge, this is the widest operational bandwidth power combiner based on the circular waveguide.
{"title":"A Ka-Band Broadband Radial Power Combiner With High Isolation Among All Input Ports","authors":"Hai-Xu Liu;Yong-Hong Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3576125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3576125","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a broadband isolated Ka-band radial space power combiner based on TE<sub>01</sub> mode in a circular waveguide. The combiner consists of two parts: an isolated 24-way radial power combiner and a broadband circular waveguide TE<sub>01</sub>-mode transducer. A kind of approximate half-height waveguide absorbers are embedded at the circular bottom of the radial power combiner for the first time, which significantly increases the input port’s return loss (RL) and isolation among input ports while also improving the size tolerance of the absorber and lowering installation difficulty. After employing the absorbers, the measured results of minimum isolation of 16 dB among input ports, the average RL improvement of 13 dB at the input ports, the minimum RL of 14 dB at the output port, the maximum insert loss of 0.75 dB, and the lowest passive combining efficiency of 84% are realized within 26–42 GHz with a relative operating bandwidth of 47%. Additionally, the analysis of power-handling capability and the high-power tests under a continuous wave power of 300 W were carried out. To the best of our knowledge, this is the widest operational bandwidth power combiner based on the circular waveguide.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 10","pages":"8288-8298"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145428965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-12DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3572637
Ramesh Pokharel;Kenjiro Nishikawa;Hiroo Sekiya
{"title":"Editorial—IEEE T-MTT Mini Special Issue Featuring WPTCE 2024","authors":"Ramesh Pokharel;Kenjiro Nishikawa;Hiroo Sekiya","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3572637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3572637","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 6","pages":"3344-3345"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11033169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144281257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-04DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3573569
Xinyu Wang;Zhanbiao Yang;Jun Peng;Chenrui Liang;Jiahao Zhang;Wei Li;Fei You;Songbai He
In this article, a novel digital harmonic cancellation (DHC) scheme based on indirect learning architecture (ILA) is proposed for radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PAs). Traditional DHC schemes employ direct learning architecture (DLA) to implement harmonic injection after sampling and modeling the harmonic components of the output. Due to the nonflat frequency response of the loop, DLA-DHC necessitates a phase compensation process for the injected signal. Phase compensation values must be obtained a priori, thereby introducing additional complexity to the system. In contrast to DLA-DHC, the proposed scheme is realized through a cascade of harmonic and DHC models. The harmonic model is employed to record the harmonic characteristics in the raw state and subsequently invert them. The DHC model is then utilized to address intermodulation distortion at harmonic frequencies, using the output of the harmonic model and new components generated after signal injection. Since ILA is solved for the complete inverse model, coefficients will contain inverted phase information. This characteristic enables the ILA-DHC to circumvent the need for additional phase compensation. Compared to DLA-DHC, this innovative scheme offers the advantages of a reduction in the number of required iterations and facilitating easier convergence. To demonstrate the advantages and performance of ILA-DHC, the experimental platform utilized two PAs. The first is operating at 1.5–30 MHz and the second is operating at 10–1000 MHz. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can suppress the second harmonic for being below −60 dB below carrier (dBc) and the third harmonic for being below −70 dBc after only three iterations.
{"title":"Digital Harmonic Cancellation for RF Power Amplifier Using Indirect Learning Architecture","authors":"Xinyu Wang;Zhanbiao Yang;Jun Peng;Chenrui Liang;Jiahao Zhang;Wei Li;Fei You;Songbai He","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3573569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3573569","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a novel digital harmonic cancellation (DHC) scheme based on indirect learning architecture (ILA) is proposed for radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PAs). Traditional DHC schemes employ direct learning architecture (DLA) to implement harmonic injection after sampling and modeling the harmonic components of the output. Due to the nonflat frequency response of the loop, DLA-DHC necessitates a phase compensation process for the injected signal. Phase compensation values must be obtained a priori, thereby introducing additional complexity to the system. In contrast to DLA-DHC, the proposed scheme is realized through a cascade of harmonic and DHC models. The harmonic model is employed to record the harmonic characteristics in the raw state and subsequently invert them. The DHC model is then utilized to address intermodulation distortion at harmonic frequencies, using the output of the harmonic model and new components generated after signal injection. Since ILA is solved for the complete inverse model, coefficients will contain inverted phase information. This characteristic enables the ILA-DHC to circumvent the need for additional phase compensation. Compared to DLA-DHC, this innovative scheme offers the advantages of a reduction in the number of required iterations and facilitating easier convergence. To demonstrate the advantages and performance of ILA-DHC, the experimental platform utilized two PAs. The first is operating at 1.5–30 MHz and the second is operating at 10–1000 MHz. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can suppress the second harmonic for being below −60 dB below carrier (dBc) and the third harmonic for being below −70 dBc after only three iterations.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 10","pages":"8275-8287"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145428964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-03DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3573791
Xuzhou Yu;Lei Zhu;Jia-Xiang Hao;Shuangxu Li
In this article, several low-cost transversal filters are proposed by rectangular coaxial transmission line resonators with additive manufacturing insulator supports, and their filtering characteristics are synthesized. First, the working principle of the transmission zeros (TZs) of the transversal filter is investigated thoroughly. Next, the transversal filter is revealed with its unique ability in generating N TZs in an Nth-order filter with no additional structure, which is competitive in the filter synthesis theory. Then, the configuration and unloaded Q factor $Q_{u}$ of the proposed resonator are investigated to show its enhanced $Q_{u}$ , and the proposed resonator is exhibited with good accuracy during assembly and $Q_{u}$ is competitive. Hence, the characteristics of the resonator are studied with respect to the electrical length, the characteristic impedance $Z_{0}$ , the feeding structure, and the extracted external coupling $Q_{e}$ . To verify the generality of our proposed synthesis of transversal filters with rectangular coaxial-line resonators, three bandpass filter prototypes are synthesized and simulated. As the order increases, all three filters achieve the same number of TZs as their filter order. Finally, the fourth-order transversal bandpass filter is fabricated and measured, the conductors are fabricated by CNC techniques, and the low-cost insulator supports are manufactured by 3-D printing techniques. The measured results are found in good agreement with the synthesized and simulated ones. The center frequency is at 2.00 GHz with 6.50% fractional bandwidth (FBW) and four TZs occur outside the passband. In addition, the measured insertion loss (IL) is around 0.70 dB, which is pretty competitive. Compared with other published transversal filters, the out-of-band performance of the proposed coaxial-line transversal filter is highly enhanced.
{"title":"Low-Cost Rectangular Coaxial Transversal Filters With Additive Manufacturing Insulator Support and Enhanced Out-of-Band Performance","authors":"Xuzhou Yu;Lei Zhu;Jia-Xiang Hao;Shuangxu Li","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3573791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3573791","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, several low-cost transversal filters are proposed by rectangular coaxial transmission line resonators with additive manufacturing insulator supports, and their filtering characteristics are synthesized. First, the working principle of the transmission zeros (TZs) of the transversal filter is investigated thoroughly. Next, the transversal filter is revealed with its unique ability in generating <italic>N</i> TZs in an <italic>N</i>th-order filter with no additional structure, which is competitive in the filter synthesis theory. Then, the configuration and unloaded <italic>Q</i> factor <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q_{u}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of the proposed resonator are investigated to show its enhanced <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q_{u}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and the proposed resonator is exhibited with good accuracy during assembly and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q_{u}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is competitive. Hence, the characteristics of the resonator are studied with respect to the electrical length, the characteristic impedance <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Z_{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, the feeding structure, and the extracted external coupling <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q_{e}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. To verify the generality of our proposed synthesis of transversal filters with rectangular coaxial-line resonators, three bandpass filter prototypes are synthesized and simulated. As the order increases, all three filters achieve the same number of TZs as their filter order. Finally, the fourth-order transversal bandpass filter is fabricated and measured, the conductors are fabricated by CNC techniques, and the low-cost insulator supports are manufactured by 3-D printing techniques. The measured results are found in good agreement with the synthesized and simulated ones. The center frequency is at 2.00 GHz with 6.50% fractional bandwidth (FBW) and four TZs occur outside the passband. In addition, the measured insertion loss (IL) is around 0.70 dB, which is pretty competitive. Compared with other published transversal filters, the out-of-band performance of the proposed coaxial-line transversal filter is highly enhanced.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"5851-5863"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wideband full-duplex (FD) phased arrays are expected to deliver substantial traffic capacity, spectral efficiency, and flexible beam steering for wireless backhaul applications. However, significant self-interference (SI) from the transmitter (Tx) to the receiver (Rx) poses a major obstacle in enabling FD communication. This article proposes a new phased array architecture to address this issue by utilizing staggered Tx and Rx antenna arrays with an additional coupling-capture (CC) channel in the Rx. The complex and frequency-dispersive coupling characteristics between the Tx and Rx arrays can be effectively captured for RF SI cancellation (SIC) throughout a wide spectrum with diverse scanning angles while preserving the desired receiving signal. Then, a multipeak RF canceller is employed to enhance the SIC level with fewer components and simpler control compared to prior approaches. The proposed phased array was demonstrated using a 1-D Vivaldi antenna array with six transmitting and six receiving elements, operating across 0.8–1.5 GHz. The Tx and Rx arrays are placed with a separation of only $0.13lambda _{text {L}}$ , allowing them to share a common aperture. A 2-D array may be readily developed from the 1-D array with an antenna aperture size comparable to that of a traditional half-duplex (HD) phased array. Measurements show that the proposed phased array realizes a 48.6-dB SIC throughout a scanning range of ±30° when the maximum transmit equivalent isotropic radiation power (EIRP) exceeds 30 dBm. Moreover, the SIC technique neither degrades the system’s ability to receive desired receiving signals nor elevates the Rx noise figure (NF).
{"title":"A Wideband Phased Array RF Front End With Coupling-Capture Channels for Full-Duplex Wireless Backhaul","authors":"Yating Guo;Tianwei Deng;Jiongpei Xu;Xiaoxia Huang;Xizhang Wei","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3571212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3571212","url":null,"abstract":"Wideband full-duplex (FD) phased arrays are expected to deliver substantial traffic capacity, spectral efficiency, and flexible beam steering for wireless backhaul applications. However, significant self-interference (SI) from the transmitter (Tx) to the receiver (Rx) poses a major obstacle in enabling FD communication. This article proposes a new phased array architecture to address this issue by utilizing staggered Tx and Rx antenna arrays with an additional coupling-capture (CC) channel in the Rx. The complex and frequency-dispersive coupling characteristics between the Tx and Rx arrays can be effectively captured for RF SI cancellation (SIC) throughout a wide spectrum with diverse scanning angles while preserving the desired receiving signal. Then, a multipeak RF canceller is employed to enhance the SIC level with fewer components and simpler control compared to prior approaches. The proposed phased array was demonstrated using a 1-D Vivaldi antenna array with six transmitting and six receiving elements, operating across 0.8–1.5 GHz. The Tx and Rx arrays are placed with a separation of only <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.13lambda _{text {L}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, allowing them to share a common aperture. A 2-D array may be readily developed from the 1-D array with an antenna aperture size comparable to that of a traditional half-duplex (HD) phased array. Measurements show that the proposed phased array realizes a 48.6-dB SIC throughout a scanning range of ±30° when the maximum transmit equivalent isotropic radiation power (EIRP) exceeds 30 dBm. Moreover, the SIC technique neither degrades the system’s ability to receive desired receiving signals nor elevates the Rx noise figure (NF).","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 10","pages":"8258-8274"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145428962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3571627
Ding Wang;Hong Bin Hu;Qi Peng;Chen Hui Xia;Yu Hang Yin;Ning Yang;Xiao Lin Qi;Yong Fan;Yu Jian Cheng
This article introduces a low-cost compact W-band $4times 4$ phased array antenna utilizing fan-out wafer-level package (FOWLP) for high-performance applications. The package, measuring $8.3times 7.1$ mm, integrates a 16-channel transceiver die. To minimize the insertion loss and enhance impedance matching across the W band, the design incorporates an air-filled grounded coplanar waveguide (AF-GCPW) transmission line. An innovative thermal management strategy, which includes ball grid arrays (BGAs) and embedded copper slugs in the PCB, ensures efficient heat dissipation. Experimental results reveal that the array can achieve scanning capabilities of ±40° in the H-plane and ±30° in the E-plane, with an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 35 dBm at 94 GHz. The proposed phased array demonstrates superior performance compared to existing designs by reducing packaging loss, minimizing the number of metal layers, and enhancing cost-effectiveness. Consequently, it emerges as a promising solution for radar and sensing applications.
{"title":"A Low-Loss Scalable Fan-Out Wafer Level Packaging for W-Band Phased Array Transceiver","authors":"Ding Wang;Hong Bin Hu;Qi Peng;Chen Hui Xia;Yu Hang Yin;Ning Yang;Xiao Lin Qi;Yong Fan;Yu Jian Cheng","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3571627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3571627","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a low-cost compact W-band <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> phased array antenna utilizing fan-out wafer-level package (FOWLP) for high-performance applications. The package, measuring <inline-formula> <tex-math>$8.3times 7.1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm, integrates a 16-channel transceiver die. To minimize the insertion loss and enhance impedance matching across the W band, the design incorporates an air-filled grounded coplanar waveguide (AF-GCPW) transmission line. An innovative thermal management strategy, which includes ball grid arrays (BGAs) and embedded copper slugs in the PCB, ensures efficient heat dissipation. Experimental results reveal that the array can achieve scanning capabilities of ±40° in the <italic>H</i>-plane and ±30° in the <italic>E</i>-plane, with an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 35 dBm at 94 GHz. The proposed phased array demonstrates superior performance compared to existing designs by reducing packaging loss, minimizing the number of metal layers, and enhancing cost-effectiveness. Consequently, it emerges as a promising solution for radar and sensing applications.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"5966-5978"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel 3-D printing ridge gap waveguide (RGW) wide-angle endfire dual-dipole multibeam antenna operating at millimeter-wave (mmW) frequency spectrum is proposed, which consists of an RGW $6times 6$ Butler matrix (BM) and an endfire dual-dipole antenna array. This article provides a detailed description of the working principle and design process of the $6times 6$ BM. By incorporating RGW technology, transmission losses of the beamforming network (BFN) are effectively reduced, which enhances the radiation efficiency of the final multibeam antenna. A modified endfire dual-dipole antenna with wide beamwidth is introduced. By integrating the $6times 6$ BM with the endfire dual-dipole antenna array, the final multibeam antenna is realized. This antenna provides a maximum scanning-plane half-power beamwidth (HPBW) coverage of ±83.5° and an associated gain varying from 12.3 to 13.8 dBi at 28 GHz. Furthermore, an analysis is conducted on the fabrication issues related to manufacture tolerance and surface roughness in 3-D printing processes, which evaluate the ability and accuracy of 3-D printing technology in mmW antenna applications.
{"title":"Millimeter-Wave Wide-Angle Ridge Gap Waveguide Multibeam Antenna Fed by 3-D Printing Butler Matrix","authors":"Chuhan Wei;Yang Liu;Ji-Wei Lian;Chun Geng;Dazhi Ding","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3562201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3562201","url":null,"abstract":"A novel 3-D printing ridge gap waveguide (RGW) wide-angle endfire dual-dipole multibeam antenna operating at millimeter-wave (mmW) frequency spectrum is proposed, which consists of an RGW <inline-formula> <tex-math>$6times 6$ </tex-math></inline-formula> Butler matrix (BM) and an endfire dual-dipole antenna array. This article provides a detailed description of the working principle and design process of the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$6times 6$ </tex-math></inline-formula> BM. By incorporating RGW technology, transmission losses of the beamforming network (BFN) are effectively reduced, which enhances the radiation efficiency of the final multibeam antenna. A modified endfire dual-dipole antenna with wide beamwidth is introduced. By integrating the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$6times 6$ </tex-math></inline-formula> BM with the endfire dual-dipole antenna array, the final multibeam antenna is realized. This antenna provides a maximum scanning-plane half-power beamwidth (HPBW) coverage of ±83.5° and an associated gain varying from 12.3 to 13.8 dBi at 28 GHz. Furthermore, an analysis is conducted on the fabrication issues related to manufacture tolerance and surface roughness in 3-D printing processes, which evaluate the ability and accuracy of 3-D printing technology in mmW antenna applications.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"5791-5802"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, an innovative nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) is presented to obtain a high-power frequency comb. A stable efficiency is realized by introducing quasi-stepped capacitance into the NLTL, where the power of the output frequency comb can be continuously raised with the increase of the input power. AlGaN/GaN Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) with quasi-stepped capacitance are used to compose the NLTL. With an input frequency of 4 GHz, a series of frequency comb from 4 to 24 GHz is generated. The output power varies linearly with the input power range of 15–35 dBm and the harmonic power at 20 GHz is 0 dBm at the input power of 35 dBm. The NLTL saturates at a higher input power, which is caused by the forward-conduction characteristics of AlGaN/GaN SBD, and the saturation power can be improved by depositing a dielectric layer under the anode of SBD. An NLTL-based frequency comb generator is designed utilizing an SBD with a cutoff frequency of 270 GHz. Under a 4 GHz input signal, the 50th harmonic exhibited stable efficiency at −40 dB, showing its potential for terahertz sources, broadband heterodyne receivers, and high-frequency sampling circuits.
{"title":"A High-Power AlGaN/GaN Nonlinear Transmission Line Frequency Comb Generator With Stable Multiplication Efficiency","authors":"Lanyong Xiang;Hanze Chen;Jiandong Sun;Yang Shangguan;Jinfeng Zhang;Lin Jin;Xinxing Li;Hua Qin","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3560623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3560623","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, an innovative nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) is presented to obtain a high-power frequency comb. A stable efficiency is realized by introducing quasi-stepped capacitance into the NLTL, where the power of the output frequency comb can be continuously raised with the increase of the input power. AlGaN/GaN Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) with quasi-stepped capacitance are used to compose the NLTL. With an input frequency of 4 GHz, a series of frequency comb from 4 to 24 GHz is generated. The output power varies linearly with the input power range of 15–35 dBm and the harmonic power at 20 GHz is 0 dBm at the input power of 35 dBm. The NLTL saturates at a higher input power, which is caused by the forward-conduction characteristics of AlGaN/GaN SBD, and the saturation power can be improved by depositing a dielectric layer under the anode of SBD. An NLTL-based frequency comb generator is designed utilizing an SBD with a cutoff frequency of 270 GHz. Under a 4 GHz input signal, the 50th harmonic exhibited stable efficiency at −40 dB, showing its potential for terahertz sources, broadband heterodyne receivers, and high-frequency sampling circuits.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6139-6148"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：