Pub Date : 2025-10-07DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3615300
Markku Jokinen;Olli Kursu;Alok Sethi;Rehman Akbar;Zeeshan Siddiqui;Mikko Hietanen;Duccio Delfini;Nuutti Tervo;Janne P. Aikio;Timo Rahkonen;Aarno Pärssinen;Marko E. Leinonen
Array calibration becomes challenging when not only the main lobe gain but also the side lobes become important for interference mitigation from different directions. This article presents an antenna array calibration method that uses multiple variable optimization techniques to calibrate phase errors. A starting point of the calibration method is the radiation pattern without phase calibration. This radiation pattern is set as the target pattern for the phase error search, where phase errors resulting in the best matching radiation pattern are found using simulations to model the antenna array used. The search space increases as a function of the array size, so the multistart search method is used to avoid getting stuck in local optimums. In this article, a prototype millimeter-wave (mmW) antenna array platform is used to verify the functionality of the calibration method. A simulation model of the antenna array is created that can be used for the search. The radiation pattern measurement results show that the proposed method can achieve a similar calibration performance compared with a comprehensive scattering-parameter phase calibration. Comprehensive calibration requires a phase-coherent measurement setup and the control of individual antenna paths. However, the proposed method allows all elements of the antenna array to be active during the calibration measurement, as in the normal operation mode of the array. The method presented uses only amplitude measurement information, simplifying the calibration procedure and measurement setup. Additionally, phase calibration calculations can be performed offline with normal computing hardware.
{"title":"Calibration of 5G Millimeter-Wave Active Antenna Array Platform With Search-Based Optimization Method","authors":"Markku Jokinen;Olli Kursu;Alok Sethi;Rehman Akbar;Zeeshan Siddiqui;Mikko Hietanen;Duccio Delfini;Nuutti Tervo;Janne P. Aikio;Timo Rahkonen;Aarno Pärssinen;Marko E. Leinonen","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3615300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3615300","url":null,"abstract":"Array calibration becomes challenging when not only the main lobe gain but also the side lobes become important for interference mitigation from different directions. This article presents an antenna array calibration method that uses multiple variable optimization techniques to calibrate phase errors. A starting point of the calibration method is the radiation pattern without phase calibration. This radiation pattern is set as the target pattern for the phase error search, where phase errors resulting in the best matching radiation pattern are found using simulations to model the antenna array used. The search space increases as a function of the array size, so the multistart search method is used to avoid getting stuck in local optimums. In this article, a prototype millimeter-wave (mmW) antenna array platform is used to verify the functionality of the calibration method. A simulation model of the antenna array is created that can be used for the search. The radiation pattern measurement results show that the proposed method can achieve a similar calibration performance compared with a comprehensive scattering-parameter phase calibration. Comprehensive calibration requires a phase-coherent measurement setup and the control of individual antenna paths. However, the proposed method allows all elements of the antenna array to be active during the calibration measurement, as in the normal operation mode of the array. The method presented uses only amplitude measurement information, simplifying the calibration procedure and measurement setup. Additionally, phase calibration calculations can be performed offline with normal computing hardware.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 12","pages":"10884-10896"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11195965","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-07DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3615741
Youngjoo Lee;Juwon Kim;Byung-Wook Min
In this article, a Ka-band $4,times, 2$ switched beam array based on a 2-D Butler matrix for 5G mobile user equipment (UE) is presented. By using a 2-D Butler matrix, the feed lines between the IC and antennas are uniform, which is a crucial problem in integrated Butler matrices for 1-D arrays, as they require complex phase-matched routing on the PCB. The proposed $4times 2$ switched beam array is composed of a signal distribution IC (SDIC), a switched beamformer IC (SBIC) with $2times 2$ transmit/receive (TRX) channels, and stacked patch antennas. The proposed switched beam array can generate 22 beams using reconfigurable switch networks with dual-port excitation. In addition, it achieves an RX system noise figure (NF) of 4.4 dB and can support a TX saturated effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of at least 35 dBm for any 3-D spatial angle of ±44° in azimuth and ±43° in elevation directions. Although the proposed $4times 2$ switched beam array exhibits slight gain drops between adjacent beams, it enables simple control without any calibration. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first 2-D switched beam array with integrated ICs and antennas based on the Butler matrix in millimeter-wave bands.
{"title":"Ka-Band 4×2 Switched Beam Array Based on a 2-D Butler Matrix for 5G Mobile User Equipment","authors":"Youngjoo Lee;Juwon Kim;Byung-Wook Min","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3615741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3615741","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a Ka-band <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4,times, 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> switched beam array based on a 2-D Butler matrix for 5G mobile user equipment (UE) is presented. By using a 2-D Butler matrix, the feed lines between the IC and antennas are uniform, which is a crucial problem in integrated Butler matrices for 1-D arrays, as they require complex phase-matched routing on the PCB. The proposed <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> switched beam array is composed of a signal distribution IC (SDIC), a switched beamformer IC (SBIC) with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> transmit/receive (TRX) channels, and stacked patch antennas. The proposed switched beam array can generate 22 beams using reconfigurable switch networks with dual-port excitation. In addition, it achieves an RX system noise figure (NF) of 4.4 dB and can support a TX saturated effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of at least 35 dBm for any 3-D spatial angle of ±44° in azimuth and ±43° in elevation directions. Although the proposed <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> switched beam array exhibits slight gain drops between adjacent beams, it enables simple control without any calibration. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first 2-D switched beam array with integrated ICs and antennas based on the Butler matrix in millimeter-wave bands.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 12","pages":"10827-10842"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article proposes a novel human-aware energy beamforming (BF) method for safe and secure microwave wireless power transfer (MWPT). The proposed method first estimates an equivalent channel between a transmitting array antenna and a human body from continuous-wave pilot signals Doppler-shifted by human vital activities by utilizing the MWPT system as a quasi-monostatic multiple-input multiple-output (or single-output) radar. This allows the online estimation of the radio frequency (RF) exposure power without prior human geometry information. Then, the closed-form optimum BF weight can be derived to maximize the figure of merit (FoM), defined as the ratio of the received power to exposure power in the form of a generalized Rayleigh quotient. This simultaneously facilitates the suppression of RF exposure and enhancement of transfer efficiency. Comprehensive experiments were conducted to evaluate the proposed BF performance using our multi-antenna testbed with proven applicability to various human-sensing experiments. The indoor experiment proved that the proposed method performs null steering auto-tuned to human positions within a distance of up to 3 m and to the physical characteristics of six subjects, even under realistic conditions with multipath fading and array error. It achieved the highest FoM of 21.65 dB among conventional BF methods for a typical case. This was an improvement of 7.10 dB when compared with the result of maximum ratio transmission BF, which maximizes the transfer efficiency. This study demonstrates the possibility of the coexistence of humanity and microwave wireless power transfer (MWPT) technology for its future social implementation.
{"title":"Human-Aware Energy Beamforming for Microwave Wireless Power Transfer","authors":"Kentaro Murata;Naoki Kaneko;Kyoshiro Muramatsu;Haruki Yamamoto;Naoki Honma","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3615607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3615607","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a novel human-aware energy beamforming (BF) method for safe and secure microwave wireless power transfer (MWPT). The proposed method first estimates an equivalent channel between a transmitting array antenna and a human body from continuous-wave pilot signals Doppler-shifted by human vital activities by utilizing the MWPT system as a quasi-monostatic multiple-input multiple-output (or single-output) radar. This allows the online estimation of the radio frequency (RF) exposure power without prior human geometry information. Then, the closed-form optimum BF weight can be derived to maximize the figure of merit (FoM), defined as the ratio of the received power to exposure power in the form of a generalized Rayleigh quotient. This simultaneously facilitates the suppression of RF exposure and enhancement of transfer efficiency. Comprehensive experiments were conducted to evaluate the proposed BF performance using our multi-antenna testbed with proven applicability to various human-sensing experiments. The indoor experiment proved that the proposed method performs null steering auto-tuned to human positions within a distance of up to 3 m and to the physical characteristics of six subjects, even under realistic conditions with multipath fading and array error. It achieved the highest FoM of 21.65 dB among conventional BF methods for a typical case. This was an improvement of 7.10 dB when compared with the result of maximum ratio transmission BF, which maximizes the transfer efficiency. This study demonstrates the possibility of the coexistence of humanity and microwave wireless power transfer (MWPT) technology for its future social implementation.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"74 1","pages":"1135-1153"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11195967","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A hybrid transmitting and reflecting beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) design is proposed. Operating in the same aperture, frequency band, and polarization, the proposed BD-RIS features independent beam steering control of its reflected and transmitted waves. In addition, it provides a hybrid mode with both reflected and transmitted waves, using tunable power splitting between beams. The BD-RIS comprises two phase reconfigurable antenna arrays interconnected by an array of tunable two-port power splitters. The two-port power splitter in each BD-RIS cell is built upon a varactor in parallel with a bias inductor, which exerts tunable impedance variations on transmission lines. Provided with variable reverse dc voltages, the two-port power splitter can control the power division ratio (PDR) of S11 over S21 from –26.2 to 23.5 dB, thus allowing tunable power splitting. Concurrently,each antenna is 2-bit phase reconfigurable with 200-MHz bandwidth at 2.4 GHz, so that each cell of BD-RIS can also achieve independent reflection and transmission phase control. To characterize and optimize the electromagnetic response of the proposed BD-RIS design, a Thévenin equivalent model and corresponding analytical method are provided. A BD-RIS with $4{times }4$ cells was also prototyped and tested. Experiments show that in reflection and transmission modes, the fabricated BD-RIS can realize beam steering in reflection and transmission space, respectively. It is also verified that when operating in hybrid mode, the BD-RIS enables independent beam steering of the reflected and transmitted waves. This work helps fill the gap between realizing practical hardware design and establishing an accurate physical model for the hybrid transmitting and reflecting BD-RIS, enabling hybrid transmitting and reflecting BD-RIS-assisted wireless communications.
{"title":"A Hybrid Transmitting and Reflecting Beyond-Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface With Independent Beam Control and Power Splitting","authors":"Zhaoyang Ming;Shanpu Shen;Junhui Rao;Zan Li;Jichen Zhang;Chi-Yuk Chiu;Ross Murch","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3613155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3613155","url":null,"abstract":"A hybrid transmitting and reflecting beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) design is proposed. Operating in the same aperture, frequency band, and polarization, the proposed BD-RIS features independent beam steering control of its reflected and transmitted waves. In addition, it provides a hybrid mode with both reflected and transmitted waves, using tunable power splitting between beams. The BD-RIS comprises two phase reconfigurable antenna arrays interconnected by an array of tunable two-port power splitters. The two-port power splitter in each BD-RIS cell is built upon a varactor in parallel with a bias inductor, which exerts tunable impedance variations on transmission lines. Provided with variable reverse dc voltages, the two-port power splitter can control the power division ratio (PDR) of S<sub>11</sub> over S<sub>21</sub> from –26.2 to 23.5 dB, thus allowing tunable power splitting. Concurrently,each antenna is 2-bit phase reconfigurable with 200-MHz bandwidth at 2.4 GHz, so that each cell of BD-RIS can also achieve independent reflection and transmission phase control. To characterize and optimize the electromagnetic response of the proposed BD-RIS design, a Thévenin equivalent model and corresponding analytical method are provided. A BD-RIS with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4{times }4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cells was also prototyped and tested. Experiments show that in reflection and transmission modes, the fabricated BD-RIS can realize beam steering in reflection and transmission space, respectively. It is also verified that when operating in hybrid mode, the BD-RIS enables independent beam steering of the reflected and transmitted waves. This work helps fill the gap between realizing practical hardware design and establishing an accurate physical model for the hybrid transmitting and reflecting BD-RIS, enabling hybrid transmitting and reflecting BD-RIS-assisted wireless communications.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 12","pages":"10865-10883"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3613831
Yang Zhang;Kristof Vaesen;Giovanni Mangraviti;Kamil Yavuz Kapusuz;Sehoon Park;Miguel Glassee;Sam Lemey;Piet Wambacq;Giuseppe Gramegna
This article presents a 4-way transmitter (TX) array suitable for beamforming operation at D-band. The transmitter is implemented using zero-IF architecture with LO beamforming. The signal path comprises an I/Q baseband (BB) section, direct up-conversion, and a power amplifier chain, supporting a wideband operation from 118 to 147 GHz. A 5-stage 2-way power amplifier chain provides a saturation output power up to 11 dBm. The probing measurement results demonstrate up to 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (64QAM) [30 Gb/s at −25 dB rms-error vector magnitude (EVM)] and achieve a data rate of 56 Gb/s with a −17 dB rms-EVM at an output power of 3 dBm using 16QAM modulation. The LO chain contains a 14–16 GHz buffer, a cascade of two frequency triplers for LO generation at D-band using an external LO reference. A tunable matching network with 6-bit capacitor-band control is implemented in the buffer stage together with a polarity switch to achieve full range phase control. An efficient I/Q generation scheme is implemented by exploiting the last tripler before the I/Q mixer: two LC buffers after 1st tripler generates ±15° phase offset. This results into ±45° phase offset after the 2nd tripler. The benefits of our sub-harmonic I/Q generation are: 1) no I/Q hybrid operating in D-Band is needed; 2) the limited ±15° phase offset required allows an easy LC tuned buffer implementation with limited amplitude variation across phase range; and 3) this amplitude variation is removed by 2nd tripler and LO buffers that operate at saturation level. This LO beamforming scheme ensures a phase resolution of 0.1° in measurement. A single TX channel draws 232 mW from a 0.8 V supply and has an area of $1.17times 0.3$ mm2 in a 22 nm fully depleted silicon on insulator (FD-SOI) process. The 4-way beamformer IC has been flip-chip mounted on a low-cost 10-layer printed circuit board (PCB) and connected to a planar antenna array integrated at the backside of the PCB. The antennas are placed with 1.1 mm spacing and each antenna contains 4 aperture-coupled patch units to enhance the radiation pattern. The 4-way TX beamformer has been tested over-the-air (OTA) with a reference receiver achieving 24 Gb/s with −25 dB rms-EVM at 0.4 m distance using 5G NR waveforms.
{"title":"A 56 Gb/s Zero-IF D-Band Beamforming Transmitter in 22 nm FD-SOI","authors":"Yang Zhang;Kristof Vaesen;Giovanni Mangraviti;Kamil Yavuz Kapusuz;Sehoon Park;Miguel Glassee;Sam Lemey;Piet Wambacq;Giuseppe Gramegna","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3613831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3613831","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a 4-way transmitter (TX) array suitable for beamforming operation at D-band. The transmitter is implemented using zero-IF architecture with LO beamforming. The signal path comprises an I/Q baseband (BB) section, direct up-conversion, and a power amplifier chain, supporting a wideband operation from 118 to 147 GHz. A 5-stage 2-way power amplifier chain provides a saturation output power up to 11 dBm. The probing measurement results demonstrate up to 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (64QAM) [30 Gb/s at −25 dB rms-error vector magnitude (EVM)] and achieve a data rate of 56 Gb/s with a −17 dB rms-EVM at an output power of 3 dBm using 16QAM modulation. The LO chain contains a 14–16 GHz buffer, a cascade of two frequency triplers for LO generation at D-band using an external LO reference. A tunable matching network with 6-bit capacitor-band control is implemented in the buffer stage together with a polarity switch to achieve full range phase control. An efficient I/Q generation scheme is implemented by exploiting the last tripler before the I/Q mixer: two <italic>LC</i> buffers after 1st tripler generates ±15° phase offset. This results into ±45° phase offset after the 2nd tripler. The benefits of our sub-harmonic I/Q generation are: 1) no I/Q hybrid operating in D-Band is needed; 2) the limited ±15° phase offset required allows an easy <italic>LC</i> tuned buffer implementation with limited amplitude variation across phase range; and 3) this amplitude variation is removed by 2nd tripler and LO buffers that operate at saturation level. This LO beamforming scheme ensures a phase resolution of 0.1° in measurement. A single TX channel draws 232 mW from a 0.8 V supply and has an area of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.17times 0.3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm<sup>2</sup> in a 22 nm fully depleted silicon on insulator (FD-SOI) process. The 4-way beamformer IC has been flip-chip mounted on a low-cost 10-layer printed circuit board (PCB) and connected to a planar antenna array integrated at the backside of the PCB. The antennas are placed with 1.1 mm spacing and each antenna contains 4 aperture-coupled patch units to enhance the radiation pattern. The 4-way TX beamformer has been tested over-the-air (OTA) with a reference receiver achieving 24 Gb/s with −25 dB rms-EVM at 0.4 m distance using 5G NR waveforms.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 12","pages":"10904-10914"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3613357
Jian Hua Jiang;Li Gao;Xiu Yin Zhang
A 0.5–44-GHz ultrawideband (UWB) low-noise amplifier (LNA) with 3.6-dB maximum noise figure (NF) is presented in this article. The LNA employs three-stage amplification structure, with inverter-based amplifiers as the first and third stages, and a cascode amplifier as the second stage. In order to achieve both wideband impedance matching and noise matching simultaneously, a $G_{mathrm {m}}$ -boost resistive feedback structure and a multistage input matching configuration are utilized. To mitigate the effect of parasitic capacitances on gain in the millimeter-wave frequency band, several inductive gain-boost configurations are adopted. To verify the proposed design, the LNA is implemented in TSMC 28-nm CMOS process with 0.14-mm2 core size. The measured result shows that the proposed LNA achieves 3-dB bandwidth of 0.5–44 GHz with a maximum gain of 23 dB with 20.5-mW dc power consumption. The measured NF is 2.5–3.6 dB, and the minimum $K$ -factor is 3.7. The output 1-dB compression point (OP1 dB) is −4 to 0 dBm while the input third-order intercept point (IIP3) is −18.7 to −12 dBm. In summary, this design realized a comprehensive outstanding performance with a simple structure.
{"title":"A 0.5–44-GHz LNA With 23-dB Peak Gain and 3-dB Average NF in 28-nm CMOS Technology","authors":"Jian Hua Jiang;Li Gao;Xiu Yin Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3613357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3613357","url":null,"abstract":"A 0.5–44-GHz ultrawideband (UWB) low-noise amplifier (LNA) with 3.6-dB maximum noise figure (NF) is presented in this article. The LNA employs three-stage amplification structure, with inverter-based amplifiers as the first and third stages, and a cascode amplifier as the second stage. In order to achieve both wideband impedance matching and noise matching simultaneously, a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$G_{mathrm {m}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-boost resistive feedback structure and a multistage input matching configuration are utilized. To mitigate the effect of parasitic capacitances on gain in the millimeter-wave frequency band, several inductive gain-boost configurations are adopted. To verify the proposed design, the LNA is implemented in TSMC 28-nm CMOS process with 0.14-mm<sup>2</sup> core size. The measured result shows that the proposed LNA achieves 3-dB bandwidth of 0.5–44 GHz with a maximum gain of 23 dB with 20.5-mW dc power consumption. The measured NF is 2.5–3.6 dB, and the minimum <inline-formula> <tex-math>$K$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-factor is 3.7. The output 1-dB compression point (OP1 dB) is −4 to 0 dBm while the input third-order intercept point (IIP3) is −18.7 to −12 dBm. In summary, this design realized a comprehensive outstanding performance with a simple structure.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 12","pages":"10855-10864"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-23DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3610037
Peng Chen;Xiaolong Wang;Lei Zhu;Geyu Lu
In this article, a novel wideband quasi-elliptic bandpass filter (BPF) is presented. The proposed structure comprised of two critical parts: the upper part circuit consisting of two cascaded quarter-wavelength coupled line (CL) structures and two shunted quarter-wavelength short-circuited stubs; the lower part circuit consisting of three types of coupled stub-loaded resonators, that is, coupled stub-loaded half-wavelength resonator (CSHR), coupled stub-loaded T-shaped resonator (CSTR), and coupled stub-loaded $Pi $ -shaped resonator (CS$Pi$ R). A general closed-form synthesis theory is then proposed to realize the quasi-elliptic bandpass filtering response, and the general quasi-elliptic function is given as $F$ ${}_{text {formula}} =$ cos($2phi + xi + 2gamma _{1}$ ) for CSHR and ${F} _{text {formula}} =$ cos($2phi + xi + 2gamma _{1} + 2gamma _{2}$ ) for CSTR and CS$Pi $ R. Distributed parameters are directly used to design wideband bandpass performance without any approximation and optimization procedure. Furthermore, the proposed synthesis theory could not only get equal-ripple performance in the passband but also newly realize equal-ripple response in the stopband. Finally, three prototype circuits were fabricated and measured, respectively. The simulation results are in good agreement with the measured results.
{"title":"Design of Wideband Bandpass Filters Based on Three Types of Coupled Stub-Loaded Resonators","authors":"Peng Chen;Xiaolong Wang;Lei Zhu;Geyu Lu","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3610037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3610037","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a novel wideband quasi-elliptic bandpass filter (BPF) is presented. The proposed structure comprised of two critical parts: the upper part circuit consisting of two cascaded quarter-wavelength coupled line (CL) structures and two shunted quarter-wavelength short-circuited stubs; the lower part circuit consisting of three types of coupled stub-loaded resonators, that is, coupled stub-loaded half-wavelength resonator (CSHR), coupled stub-loaded T-shaped resonator (CSTR), and coupled stub-loaded <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-shaped resonator (CS<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Pi$ </tex-math></inline-formula>R). A general closed-form synthesis theory is then proposed to realize the quasi-elliptic bandpass filtering response, and the general quasi-elliptic function is given as <inline-formula> <tex-math>$F$ </tex-math></inline-formula><inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_{text {formula}} =$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cos(<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2phi + xi + 2gamma _{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) for CSHR and <inline-formula> <tex-math>${F} _{text {formula}} =$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cos(<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2phi + xi + 2gamma _{1} + 2gamma _{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) for CSTR and CS<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>R. Distributed parameters are directly used to design wideband bandpass performance without any approximation and optimization procedure. Furthermore, the proposed synthesis theory could not only get equal-ripple performance in the passband but also newly realize equal-ripple response in the stopband. Finally, three prototype circuits were fabricated and measured, respectively. The simulation results are in good agreement with the measured results.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 12","pages":"10617-10631"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-22DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3610625
Yang Jiao;Zhi Xing Chen;Jia Jia Chen;Huafeng Su;Xiu Yin Zhang
This article proposes a dual-mode vehicle-to-everything (V2X) filtenna design, which is equivalent to cross-coupling and nonresonant node (NRN) filtering circuit. The filtenna is first designed with the guidance of the cross-coupling circuit. The radiation null can be manipulated by changing the type and strength of electromagnetic (EM) coupling. In addition, by exploiting the dual model of the cross-coupling circuit, the radiation null can be flexibly shifted to either side of the passband. Furthermore, to realize one more radiation null, a dual-mode model is studied. Its current can be decomposed into common and differential modes, which are excited by electric and magnetic couplings, respectively. Then, the dual-mode model is further evolved to realize a V2X filtenna. In this model, the common mode radiates the RF power to the air, forming a cross-coupling circuit. While the differential mode realizes an NRN filtering circuit, generating a new resonance and radiation null. Guided by the circuital characteristics, a second-order dual-mode V2X filtenna is designed, simulated, and fabricated for validation. The filtenna is measured in the V2X band (5850–5925 MHz), realizing a gain of 4 dBi, an omnidirectional radiation pattern, and an out-of-band suppression over 14.9 dB (0.65–5 GHz), 20 dB (5–5.6 GHz), and 20.56 dB (6.3–7.3 GHz).
本文提出了一种双模车对一切（V2X）滤波器设计，它相当于交叉耦合和非谐振节点（NRN）滤波电路。首先在交叉耦合电路的引导下设计了滤波器。可以通过改变电磁耦合的类型和强度来控制辐射零值。此外，利用交叉耦合电路的双重模型，可以灵活地将辐射零点移到通带的两侧。此外，为了实现多一个辐射零，研究了双模模型。其电流可分解为共模和差模，分别由电耦合和磁耦合激励。然后，进一步发展双模模型以实现V2X滤波器。在该模型中，共模将射频功率辐射到空气中，形成交叉耦合电路。而差分模式实现了NRN滤波电路，产生了新的共振和辐射零。根据电路特性，设计、仿真并制作了二阶双模V2X滤波器进行验证。该滤波器在V2X频段（5850-5925 MHz）测量，实现了4 dBi增益，全向辐射方向图，带外抑制14.9 dB (0.65-5 GHz), 20 dB （5-5.6 GHz）和20.56 dB （6.3-7.3 GHz）。
{"title":"Analysis and Design of V2X Filtenna With Two Independently Controllable Radiation Nulls","authors":"Yang Jiao;Zhi Xing Chen;Jia Jia Chen;Huafeng Su;Xiu Yin Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3610625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3610625","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a dual-mode vehicle-to-everything (V2X) filtenna design, which is equivalent to cross-coupling and nonresonant node (NRN) filtering circuit. The filtenna is first designed with the guidance of the cross-coupling circuit. The radiation null can be manipulated by changing the type and strength of electromagnetic (EM) coupling. In addition, by exploiting the dual model of the cross-coupling circuit, the radiation null can be flexibly shifted to either side of the passband. Furthermore, to realize one more radiation null, a dual-mode model is studied. Its current can be decomposed into common and differential modes, which are excited by electric and magnetic couplings, respectively. Then, the dual-mode model is further evolved to realize a V2X filtenna. In this model, the common mode radiates the RF power to the air, forming a cross-coupling circuit. While the differential mode realizes an NRN filtering circuit, generating a new resonance and radiation null. Guided by the circuital characteristics, a second-order dual-mode V2X filtenna is designed, simulated, and fabricated for validation. The filtenna is measured in the V2X band (5850–5925 MHz), realizing a gain of 4 dBi, an omnidirectional radiation pattern, and an out-of-band suppression over 14.9 dB (0.65–5 GHz), 20 dB (5–5.6 GHz), and 20.56 dB (6.3–7.3 GHz).","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 12","pages":"10606-10616"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-17DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3604082
Yang Yang;Ke Wu
{"title":"Guest Editorial Special Issue on Emerging Materials and Processing Technologies for RF/Microwave Applications and Wireless Systems","authors":"Yang Yang;Ke Wu","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3604082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3604082","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"5619-5623"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11169306","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-17DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3595220
Michal Mrozowski
{"title":"Editorial for the IEEE T-MTT Mini Special Issue on MIKON 2024","authors":"Michal Mrozowski","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3595220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3595220","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 9","pages":"6009-6009"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11169305","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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