Pub Date : 2025-09-03DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3604079
Zuqi Fang;Zhen Jie Qi;Jitong Ma;Qiang Cheng;Tie Jun Cui
In recent years, space–time coding metasurfaces and antennas have attracted widespread attention in both radar and sensing technologies due to their low manufacturing costs, simple architecture, and the ability to eliminate reliance on numerous transmit–receive (TR) components, demonstrating significant application potentials. Nonetheless, their signal bandwidths are usually constrained by the modulation rate of control circuit and response speed of tunable components, greatly limiting the signal resolution. To improve the resolution of radar and sensor systems based on the space–time coding metasurfaces and antennas, here we propose a high-precision radar system with stepped-frequency continuous wave (SFCW) signal and space–time coding antenna array. By combining the SFCW, the proposed space–time coding radar system can synthesize broadband signals from narrowband instantaneous signals, solving the problem of space–time coding antenna in processing broadband signals. An ultrawideband radar system is constructed based on the space–time coding antennas, which can replace traditional multichannel Tx/Rx phased arrays. By using the designed orthogonal codes, signals from all array elements can be recovered with only one receiver, thereby enabling a single-channel system with reduced hardware complexity. The measured results show that the system has a synthetic bandwidth of 2 GHz and achieves range accuracy of 0.0511 m and angular accuracy of 0.832°. Compared to the conventional ultrawideband high-precision radars, the proposed radar system offers lower system complexity and hardware costs, while maintaining high range and direction accuracy.
{"title":"Single-Receiver Space–Time Coding Antenna Array With Stepped-Frequency Synthesis for Ultrawideband Radar","authors":"Zuqi Fang;Zhen Jie Qi;Jitong Ma;Qiang Cheng;Tie Jun Cui","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3604079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3604079","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, space–time coding metasurfaces and antennas have attracted widespread attention in both radar and sensing technologies due to their low manufacturing costs, simple architecture, and the ability to eliminate reliance on numerous transmit–receive (TR) components, demonstrating significant application potentials. Nonetheless, their signal bandwidths are usually constrained by the modulation rate of control circuit and response speed of tunable components, greatly limiting the signal resolution. To improve the resolution of radar and sensor systems based on the space–time coding metasurfaces and antennas, here we propose a high-precision radar system with stepped-frequency continuous wave (SFCW) signal and space–time coding antenna array. By combining the SFCW, the proposed space–time coding radar system can synthesize broadband signals from narrowband instantaneous signals, solving the problem of space–time coding antenna in processing broadband signals. An ultrawideband radar system is constructed based on the space–time coding antennas, which can replace traditional multichannel Tx/Rx phased arrays. By using the designed orthogonal codes, signals from all array elements can be recovered with only one receiver, thereby enabling a single-channel system with reduced hardware complexity. The measured results show that the system has a synthetic bandwidth of 2 GHz and achieves range accuracy of 0.0511 m and angular accuracy of 0.832°. Compared to the conventional ultrawideband high-precision radars, the proposed radar system offers lower system complexity and hardware costs, while maintaining high range and direction accuracy.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 12","pages":"10786-10798"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-03DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3603746
Ziwei Xu;Zhen Zeng;Lingjie Zhang;Yaowen Zhang;Mengke Wang;Heping Li;Zhiyao Zhang;Yong Liu
An actively mode-locked optoelectronic oscillator (AMOEO) is proposed and demonstrated to generate coherent microwave pulse trains with encoded pulse position and phase. Through injecting a square-wave pulse into the AMOEO, localized oscillation is built up in the optoelectronic resonant cavity, which leads to the generation of coherent mode-locked pulse with ultrashort pulsewidth and extremely small duty cycle. The realization of pulse position and phase coding is based on adjusting the mapping relationship between the external driving signal and the amplitude–phase feature of the mode-locked pulse via a dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulator (DDMZM) used as a dynamic regulation device in the oscillation cavity. Both simulation and experiment are carried out to verify the feasibility of this scheme. Coherent microwave pulse trains with a pulsewidth of 50 ns and a 3-dB bandwidth of 30 MHz are generated in a frequency tuning range of several gigahertz. By designing the time–frequency characteristic of the injection signal, various encoded microwave pulse trains are generated, including position-coded and phase-coded ones. The generated microwave pulse trains are used to realize radar ranging. Accurate distance measurements within a detection range of 30 m are achieved by using either a 9-bit linearly chirped position-coded microwave pulse train or a 13-bit Barker phase-coded one. Benefiting from its low cost and high controllability, this scheme is promising for anti-jamming radar and wireless communication applications.
{"title":"Coherent Microwave Pulse Train Generation With Encoded Position and Phase in Actively Mode-Locked Optoelectronic Oscillator","authors":"Ziwei Xu;Zhen Zeng;Lingjie Zhang;Yaowen Zhang;Mengke Wang;Heping Li;Zhiyao Zhang;Yong Liu","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3603746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3603746","url":null,"abstract":"An actively mode-locked optoelectronic oscillator (AMOEO) is proposed and demonstrated to generate coherent microwave pulse trains with encoded pulse position and phase. Through injecting a square-wave pulse into the AMOEO, localized oscillation is built up in the optoelectronic resonant cavity, which leads to the generation of coherent mode-locked pulse with ultrashort pulsewidth and extremely small duty cycle. The realization of pulse position and phase coding is based on adjusting the mapping relationship between the external driving signal and the amplitude–phase feature of the mode-locked pulse via a dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulator (DDMZM) used as a dynamic regulation device in the oscillation cavity. Both simulation and experiment are carried out to verify the feasibility of this scheme. Coherent microwave pulse trains with a pulsewidth of 50 ns and a 3-dB bandwidth of 30 MHz are generated in a frequency tuning range of several gigahertz. By designing the time–frequency characteristic of the injection signal, various encoded microwave pulse trains are generated, including position-coded and phase-coded ones. The generated microwave pulse trains are used to realize radar ranging. Accurate distance measurements within a detection range of 30 m are achieved by using either a 9-bit linearly chirped position-coded microwave pulse train or a 13-bit Barker phase-coded one. Benefiting from its low cost and high controllability, this scheme is promising for anti-jamming radar and wireless communication applications.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 12","pages":"10691-10699"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a novel constellation modeling method for fast and accurate calibration of beamforming integrated circuits (BFICs) and radio frequency (RF) chains in large-scale phased antenna arrays. The proposed method efficiently models the gain and phase response of BFIC channels and RF chains as functions of control indices through a set of closed-form equations. To construct the model and characterize nonidealities and coupled gain-phase errors with the minimum number of measurements, a deterministic strategy is also introduced to optimally select a subset of constellation states that effectively captures the response across the entire control space. This enables the generation of calibrated look-up tables with the desired tuning resolution and comparable accuracy to the exhaustive search method while reducing the required number of measurements by orders of magnitude. Building upon the proposed modeling method, open-loop and closed-loop calibration routines are developed to offer different tradeoffs between speed and accuracy for the calibration of phased antenna arrays. The open-loop routine relies solely on model predictions to minimize measurement overhead, while the closed-loop routine incorporates adaptive verification to ensure accuracy. Furthermore, a taper-aware calibration method is proposed to enhance effective isotropic radiated power in scenarios requiring tapering. This is achieved by leveraging the proposed constellation modeling method to calculate the gain-tapering mask by explicitly accounting for intrinsic performance variations across array elements. Experimental validation using two commercial BFICs and two $4times 4$ phased antenna arrays demonstrates that the proposed method achieves a phase and gain root-mean-square error of 0.45° and 0.03dB, nearly matching the exhaustive search method performance while reducing the number of required measurements by over a thousand times. Radiation pattern measurements further confirm the practical effectiveness of the proposed method by delivering superior scalability, measurement efficiency, and calibration accuracy.
{"title":"High-Accuracy, Fast Calibration of Large-Scale Phased Antenna Arrays via Novel Constellation Modeling Method","authors":"Yuxuan Chen;Mohammad Abdollah Chalaki;Slim Boumaiza","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3602755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3602755","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a novel constellation modeling method for fast and accurate calibration of beamforming integrated circuits (BFICs) and radio frequency (RF) chains in large-scale phased antenna arrays. The proposed method efficiently models the gain and phase response of BFIC channels and RF chains as functions of control indices through a set of closed-form equations. To construct the model and characterize nonidealities and coupled gain-phase errors with the minimum number of measurements, a deterministic strategy is also introduced to optimally select a subset of constellation states that effectively captures the response across the entire control space. This enables the generation of calibrated look-up tables with the desired tuning resolution and comparable accuracy to the exhaustive search method while reducing the required number of measurements by orders of magnitude. Building upon the proposed modeling method, open-loop and closed-loop calibration routines are developed to offer different tradeoffs between speed and accuracy for the calibration of phased antenna arrays. The open-loop routine relies solely on model predictions to minimize measurement overhead, while the closed-loop routine incorporates adaptive verification to ensure accuracy. Furthermore, a taper-aware calibration method is proposed to enhance effective isotropic radiated power in scenarios requiring tapering. This is achieved by leveraging the proposed constellation modeling method to calculate the gain-tapering mask by explicitly accounting for intrinsic performance variations across array elements. Experimental validation using two commercial BFICs and two <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> phased antenna arrays demonstrates that the proposed method achieves a phase and gain root-mean-square error of 0.45° and 0.03dB, nearly matching the exhaustive search method performance while reducing the number of required measurements by over a thousand times. Radiation pattern measurements further confirm the practical effectiveness of the proposed method by delivering superior scalability, measurement efficiency, and calibration accuracy.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 12","pages":"10771-10785"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a 300-GHz 5T5R silicon-based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transceiver integrated with a multifocal transmit-array (TA). 300-GHz transmitter and receiver chips are integrated and share the TA with 2-D distributed foci for achieving a compact system size and a large throughput. To extend the scanning angle and reduce the scanning loss, the Gaussian phase correction is proposed to develop the TA. Thus, multiple transmitting and receiving beams with different beam directions within a wide coverage angle can be realized. As a proof of concept, five pairs of transmitter and receiver chips are configured in a cross formation on the focal plane of the multifocal TA for a 5T5R MIMO transceiver, illustrating that the proposed architecture has a wide coverage angle of ±40°. Experiments are carried out to verify the proposed design. The measured downlink peak effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) at saturation and the uplink conversion gain are 30.6 dBm and 7.9 dB at 307 GHz, respectively, leading to a total throughput of 66.8 Gb/s. The experimental results confirm the applicability of the proposed architecture, which can be a promising solution for improving the transmission capabilities of terahertz (THz) wireless communication.
{"title":"A 300-GHz 5T5R Silicon-Based MIMO Transceiver Integrated With a 2-D Multifocal Transmit-Array","authors":"Jia-Hui Zhao;Si-Yuan Tang;Feng Xie;Chen-Yu Ding;Zhuo-Wei Miao;Ji-Xin Chen;Wei Hong;Zhang-Cheng Hao","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3602154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3602154","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a 300-GHz 5T5R silicon-based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transceiver integrated with a multifocal transmit-array (TA). 300-GHz transmitter and receiver chips are integrated and share the TA with 2-D distributed foci for achieving a compact system size and a large throughput. To extend the scanning angle and reduce the scanning loss, the Gaussian phase correction is proposed to develop the TA. Thus, multiple transmitting and receiving beams with different beam directions within a wide coverage angle can be realized. As a proof of concept, five pairs of transmitter and receiver chips are configured in a cross formation on the focal plane of the multifocal TA for a 5T5R MIMO transceiver, illustrating that the proposed architecture has a wide coverage angle of ±40°. Experiments are carried out to verify the proposed design. The measured downlink peak effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) at saturation and the uplink conversion gain are 30.6 dBm and 7.9 dB at 307 GHz, respectively, leading to a total throughput of 66.8 Gb/s. The experimental results confirm the applicability of the proposed architecture, which can be a promising solution for improving the transmission capabilities of terahertz (THz) wireless communication.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 12","pages":"10843-10854"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-28DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3601165
Jian Wang;Hao Su;Naiyan Zhang;Yufeng Zhang;Hongqian Mu;Jianyong Zhang;Muguang Wang
Broadband microwave chaos is readily generated in optoelectronic oscillators (OEOs), but its time-delay signature (TDS) is obvious and harmful to the security of chaos. In this article, microwave chaotic signal generation with suppressed TDS is investigated based on a coupled optoelectronic oscillator (COEO) composed of a fiber ring laser (FRL) and an OEO. A theoretical model of the chaotic COEO is presented and numerical simulation results demonstrate that increasing optical bandwidth in the system improves TDS suppression. Owing to the enriched dynamics introduced by the nonlinear coupling between FRL loop and OEO loop, the system naturally has the ability to suppress TDS. In the experiment, periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic states in the route to chaos are observed. The enhancement of both bandwidth and chaotic randomness through the implementation of high OEO loop gain is demonstrated. Systematic comparative experiments demonstrate that broadband optical filtering effectively facilitates TDS suppression and improves spectral flatness. The proposed chaotic COEO can not only generate broadband microwave chaos with suppressed TDS, but also provide a simple and flexible research platform for nonlinear coupled time-delay dynamical systems.
{"title":"Microwave Chaotic Signal Generation With Suppressed Time-Delay Signature Based on a Coupled Optoelectronic Oscillator","authors":"Jian Wang;Hao Su;Naiyan Zhang;Yufeng Zhang;Hongqian Mu;Jianyong Zhang;Muguang Wang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3601165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3601165","url":null,"abstract":"Broadband microwave chaos is readily generated in optoelectronic oscillators (OEOs), but its time-delay signature (TDS) is obvious and harmful to the security of chaos. In this article, microwave chaotic signal generation with suppressed TDS is investigated based on a coupled optoelectronic oscillator (COEO) composed of a fiber ring laser (FRL) and an OEO. A theoretical model of the chaotic COEO is presented and numerical simulation results demonstrate that increasing optical bandwidth in the system improves TDS suppression. Owing to the enriched dynamics introduced by the nonlinear coupling between FRL loop and OEO loop, the system naturally has the ability to suppress TDS. In the experiment, periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic states in the route to chaos are observed. The enhancement of both bandwidth and chaotic randomness through the implementation of high OEO loop gain is demonstrated. Systematic comparative experiments demonstrate that broadband optical filtering effectively facilitates TDS suppression and improves spectral flatness. The proposed chaotic COEO can not only generate broadband microwave chaos with suppressed TDS, but also provide a simple and flexible research platform for nonlinear coupled time-delay dynamical systems.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 12","pages":"10669-10677"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to its ability to penetrate materials such as masks, beards, and clothing, passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) imaging can be employed in occluded face recognition (OFR). The 3-D structure, as an important feature that can enhance recognition capabilities, has always been a challenge in the acquisition of information in PMMW imaging. Polarization imaging can effectively characterize the target surface information. This article proposes a new physics-based 3-D reconstruction method based on single-direction PMMW polarization imaging. The surface normal vector (SNV) of the target is inverted using polarization features, specifically the DoLP and the angle of polarization (AoP). Moreover, a model to resolve the azimuth ambiguity problem in centrosymmetric or approximately centrosymmetric targets is presented without any prior information. The feasibility of the proposed method is validated through simulation experiments, as well as measurement experiments on spheres and human faces with various occlusions. Contour and performance analyses demonstrate that the method is capable of reconstructing 3-D structures of the target and can penetrate occlusions to reconstruct local facial structural features. Comparison to existing methods further shows that our method achieves better results and holds promise for assisting OFR.
{"title":"Polarization-Guided 3-D Reconstruction for Occluded Faces Using Passive Millimeter-Wave Single-Direction Imaging","authors":"Yifei Wang;Yayun Cheng;Beijia Liu;Huimin Xiong;Li Zhang;Yuzhong Wang;Jinghui Qiu","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3600055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3600055","url":null,"abstract":"Due to its ability to penetrate materials such as masks, beards, and clothing, passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) imaging can be employed in occluded face recognition (OFR). The 3-D structure, as an important feature that can enhance recognition capabilities, has always been a challenge in the acquisition of information in PMMW imaging. Polarization imaging can effectively characterize the target surface information. This article proposes a new physics-based 3-D reconstruction method based on single-direction PMMW polarization imaging. The surface normal vector (SNV) of the target is inverted using polarization features, specifically the DoLP and the angle of polarization (AoP). Moreover, a model to resolve the azimuth ambiguity problem in centrosymmetric or approximately centrosymmetric targets is presented without any prior information. The feasibility of the proposed method is validated through simulation experiments, as well as measurement experiments on spheres and human faces with various occlusions. Contour and performance analyses demonstrate that the method is capable of reconstructing 3-D structures of the target and can penetrate occlusions to reconstruct local facial structural features. Comparison to existing methods further shows that our method achieves better results and holds promise for assisting OFR.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 12","pages":"10744-10757"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-27DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3593782
Weihan Gao;Pengfei Diao;Peng Gu;Dixian Zhao
This article presents a frequency-tunable CMOS vector-modulated phase shifter (VMPS) from 4.5 to 18 GHz. The design uses a single-stage tunable polyphase filter (PPF) with a built-in automatic calibration loop (BIACL), which adjusts the PPF resistance based on the detected amplitudes of the in-phase and quadrature (IQ) vectors to achieve center frequency calibration. The structurally optimized BIACL consists of amplitude detectors, a comparator, autocontrol logic, and a resistance digital-to-analog converter (RDAC). The amplitude detector, based on a Gilbert cell, achieves a 23-dB detection range with wide bandwidth and high sensitivity, offering enhanced performance in amplitude detection. For phase control, two independent cascode variable-gain amplifiers (VGAs) with tail-current switches are used for vector modulation. The VMPS is implemented in 65-nm CMOS technology, occupying a core chip area of 1.08 mm2. It demonstrates a wideband 6-bit 360° phase-shifting capability across 4.5–18 GHz with a calibration range from −14 to 2 dBm and achieves <2.3° rms phase error and <1.3-dB maximum gain error.
{"title":"A 4.5–18-GHz CMOS Vector-Modulated Phase Shifter With Single-Stage Tunable Polyphase Filter and Built-In Automatic IQ-Vector Calibration Loop","authors":"Weihan Gao;Pengfei Diao;Peng Gu;Dixian Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3593782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3593782","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a frequency-tunable CMOS vector-modulated phase shifter (VMPS) from 4.5 to 18 GHz. The design uses a single-stage tunable polyphase filter (PPF) with a built-in automatic calibration loop (BIACL), which adjusts the PPF resistance based on the detected amplitudes of the in-phase and quadrature (IQ) vectors to achieve center frequency calibration. The structurally optimized BIACL consists of amplitude detectors, a comparator, autocontrol logic, and a resistance digital-to-analog converter (RDAC). The amplitude detector, based on a Gilbert cell, achieves a 23-dB detection range with wide bandwidth and high sensitivity, offering enhanced performance in amplitude detection. For phase control, two independent cascode variable-gain amplifiers (VGAs) with tail-current switches are used for vector modulation. The VMPS is implemented in 65-nm CMOS technology, occupying a core chip area of 1.08 mm<sup>2</sup>. It demonstrates a wideband 6-bit 360° phase-shifting capability across 4.5–18 GHz with a calibration range from −14 to 2 dBm and achieves <2.3° rms phase error and <1.3-dB maximum gain error.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 11","pages":"9632-9644"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145595115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-27DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3599502
Bin Wang;Zhenjie Yu;Xu Hong;Yushu Jiang;Xuan Wu;Shaoqiang Chang;Weifeng Zhang
Microdisk resonator (MDR), as a common class of optical resonators, has emerged as a cornerstone of integrated photonics due to its ultracompact footprint and high light-confining capacity. In this work, a silicon photonic bend-coupled MDR with an ultrahigh Q-factor and a compact footprint is proposed, in which the bus waveguide is engineered to satisfy the strict phase-matching condition for the fundamental whispering gallery mode (WGM), while selectively suppressing the higher order WGMs. The proposed bend-coupled MDR features an ultrahigh Q-factor of $3.3times 10$ ${}^{mathbf {6}}$ and a large free spectral range of 2.67 nm. Leveraging the ultrahigh-Q bend-coupled MDR, widely tunable microwave photonic filtering and high-accuracy microwave frequency identification are experimentally implemented. The demonstrated microwave photonic filter achieves breakthrough performance with a narrow passband of 59 MHz and a wide frequency tuning range of 50 GHz. Concurrently, the photonics-assisted microwave frequency identification system exhibits a wide measurement range of 40 GHz, ranging from 6 to 46 GHz, a high measurement accuracy of 14.5 MHz, and a high-frequency resolution of 80 MHz. The proposed ultrahigh-Q bend-coupled MDR paves a way for revolutionizing large-scale and high-density photonic integrated circuits, enabling wideband microwave photonic signal processing, ultraprecision metrology and scalable quantum photonic networks.
{"title":"Over 3 Million Q-Factor Compact Bend-Coupled Silicon Microdisk Resonator for High-Performance Microwave Photonic Filtering and Frequency Identification","authors":"Bin Wang;Zhenjie Yu;Xu Hong;Yushu Jiang;Xuan Wu;Shaoqiang Chang;Weifeng Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3599502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3599502","url":null,"abstract":"Microdisk resonator (MDR), as a common class of optical resonators, has emerged as a cornerstone of integrated photonics due to its ultracompact footprint and high light-confining capacity. In this work, a silicon photonic bend-coupled MDR with an ultrahigh <italic>Q</i>-factor and a compact footprint is proposed, in which the bus waveguide is engineered to satisfy the strict phase-matching condition for the fundamental whispering gallery mode (WGM), while selectively suppressing the higher order WGMs. The proposed bend-coupled MDR features an ultrahigh <italic>Q</i>-factor of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3.3times 10$ </tex-math></inline-formula><inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{mathbf {6}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and a large free spectral range of 2.67 nm. Leveraging the ultrahigh-<italic>Q</i> bend-coupled MDR, widely tunable microwave photonic filtering and high-accuracy microwave frequency identification are experimentally implemented. The demonstrated microwave photonic filter achieves breakthrough performance with a narrow passband of 59 MHz and a wide frequency tuning range of 50 GHz. Concurrently, the photonics-assisted microwave frequency identification system exhibits a wide measurement range of 40 GHz, ranging from 6 to 46 GHz, a high measurement accuracy of 14.5 MHz, and a high-frequency resolution of 80 MHz. The proposed ultrahigh-<italic>Q</i> bend-coupled MDR paves a way for revolutionizing large-scale and high-density photonic integrated circuits, enabling wideband microwave photonic signal processing, ultraprecision metrology and scalable quantum photonic networks.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 12","pages":"10657-10668"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-21DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3599505
Sijia Liu;Junjie Wang;Yan Ma;Ran Sui;Dejun Feng
Metasurfaces exhibit remarkable abilities to manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves and have inspired many applications in communication and radar systems. Recent advancements in metasurface research have promoted the development of various low-cost and low-complexity methods for the modulation of radar target high-resolution range profiles (HRRPs). However, existing metasurface-based methods lack the capacity to achieve simultaneous and precise control over the quantity, positions, and intensity of scattering centers in the modulated HRRP. This article addresses the challenge and proposes a radar target HRRP modulation method utilizing multifrequency time-varying metasurfaces (MFTVMs). This method allows for precise customization of the quantity, positions, and intensity of false scattering centers in HRRPs, which enables flexible modulation of HRRPs. By incorporating frequency variation into temporal modulation, the method introduces an additional degree of freedom in metasurface control, thereby enhancing the modulation capabilities of metasurfaces without compromising the effectiveness of original modulation methods. The theoretical and experimental analyses presented in this article substantiate the validity of the method. Furthermore, the concept of introducing frequency variation into the temporal control of metasurfaces may inspire further research in harmonic manipulations and radar applications.
{"title":"Radar Target HRRP Modulation Utilizing Multifrequency Time-Varying Metasurface","authors":"Sijia Liu;Junjie Wang;Yan Ma;Ran Sui;Dejun Feng","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3599505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3599505","url":null,"abstract":"Metasurfaces exhibit remarkable abilities to manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves and have inspired many applications in communication and radar systems. Recent advancements in metasurface research have promoted the development of various low-cost and low-complexity methods for the modulation of radar target high-resolution range profiles (HRRPs). However, existing metasurface-based methods lack the capacity to achieve simultaneous and precise control over the quantity, positions, and intensity of scattering centers in the modulated HRRP. This article addresses the challenge and proposes a radar target HRRP modulation method utilizing multifrequency time-varying metasurfaces (MFTVMs). This method allows for precise customization of the quantity, positions, and intensity of false scattering centers in HRRPs, which enables flexible modulation of HRRPs. By incorporating frequency variation into temporal modulation, the method introduces an additional degree of freedom in metasurface control, thereby enhancing the modulation capabilities of metasurfaces without compromising the effectiveness of original modulation methods. The theoretical and experimental analyses presented in this article substantiate the validity of the method. Furthermore, the concept of introducing frequency variation into the temporal control of metasurfaces may inspire further research in harmonic manipulations and radar applications.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 11","pages":"9495-9508"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145595097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-18DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3593902
Xilian Chen;Jiahua Liu;Zhaodong Gao;Yang Cai;Ming Su;Yuanan Liu
The existing wideband methodology of 1-bit programmable metasurface commonly relies on spatial rotation or open/short switching of the integrated transmission line within the receiver/radiator. It implies that the bandwidth is naturally restricted by the basic components, such as the polarization converters or radiators. In this article, a novel mode-transforming scheme is proposed to break the limitation and enable the wideband programmable metasurface realization. By controlling the state of diodes inserted within the resonator, the meta-atom can be transformed between dual resonance and single resonance with specific eigenfrequencies, achieving a wideband reflection phase reversal. Furthermore, a hybrid compensation method is developed to relieve the degeneration caused by the parasitic effect of physical diodes. A unit cell sample and metasurface antenna prototype are manufactured and measured, yielding a satisfactory performance across the 9–16.5-GHz band, equivalent to 58.8% bandwidth. Within the operating band, the metasurface antenna can achieve 2-D beam-scanning coverage up to ±60°. All these validated results demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed programmable metasurface, highlighting its potential for diverse applications in electromagnetic wave manipulation.
{"title":"A Wideband Programmable Reflective Metasurface Based on Mode Transforming","authors":"Xilian Chen;Jiahua Liu;Zhaodong Gao;Yang Cai;Ming Su;Yuanan Liu","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2025.3593902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3593902","url":null,"abstract":"The existing wideband methodology of 1-bit programmable metasurface commonly relies on spatial rotation or open/short switching of the integrated transmission line within the receiver/radiator. It implies that the bandwidth is naturally restricted by the basic components, such as the polarization converters or radiators. In this article, a novel mode-transforming scheme is proposed to break the limitation and enable the wideband programmable metasurface realization. By controlling the state of diodes inserted within the resonator, the meta-atom can be transformed between dual resonance and single resonance with specific eigenfrequencies, achieving a wideband reflection phase reversal. Furthermore, a hybrid compensation method is developed to relieve the degeneration caused by the parasitic effect of physical diodes. A unit cell sample and metasurface antenna prototype are manufactured and measured, yielding a satisfactory performance across the 9–16.5-GHz band, equivalent to 58.8% bandwidth. Within the operating band, the metasurface antenna can achieve 2-D beam-scanning coverage up to ±60°. All these validated results demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed programmable metasurface, highlighting its potential for diverse applications in electromagnetic wave manipulation.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 11","pages":"9522-9533"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145595100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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