Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479728
Filipe M. Barradas;Luís C. Nunes;José C. Pedro;Christophe Erdmann
Dual-input single-output (DISO) radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PAs) have gathered significant interest for highly efficient amplification of modulated signals. DISO PAs provide advantages over their single-input single-output (SISO) counterparts, both for design and operation. However, contrary to SISO, driving DISO PAs requires an extraction of the optimum driving signals to maximize the power-added efficiency (PAE), and some input conditions can easily make the PA operate in a nonsafe region. This article presents algorithms to safely derive these optimal input signals. Two types of algorithms are proposed, which are dubbed “exploration” and “extraction”; the exploration algorithm finds a safe operation region of the DISO PA from minimal a priori information on the device under test; the extraction algorithm finds the optimal input drive from the exploration algorithm data. These algorithms are tested and validated in simulation and measurement for different DISO PA architectures.
{"title":"Optimal Driving Signal Extraction for Maximum Efficiency of Dual-Input High Power Amplifiers","authors":"Filipe M. Barradas;Luís C. Nunes;José C. Pedro;Christophe Erdmann","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479728","url":null,"abstract":"Dual-input single-output (DISO) radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PAs) have gathered significant interest for highly efficient amplification of modulated signals. DISO PAs provide advantages over their single-input single-output (SISO) counterparts, both for design and operation. However, contrary to SISO, driving DISO PAs requires an extraction of the optimum driving signals to maximize the power-added efficiency (PAE), and some input conditions can easily make the PA operate in a nonsafe region. This article presents algorithms to safely derive these optimal input signals. Two types of algorithms are proposed, which are dubbed “exploration” and “extraction”; the exploration algorithm finds a safe operation region of the DISO PA from minimal a priori information on the device under test; the extraction algorithm finds the optimal input drive from the exploration algorithm data. These algorithms are tested and validated in simulation and measurement for different DISO PA architectures.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 1","pages":"180-194"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3485246
Lucas Lum;Zhi Kai Ng;Rong Tao Jiang;Chong Wei Tan;Edwin Hang Tong Teo;Beng Kang Tay
Accurately measuring the dielectric properties of anisotropic materials is challenging due to their fragility and small size. This study addressed these issues for vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) by engineering them to delaminate from the substrate, retain orientation and porosity, and grow to millimeter lengths. This approach allowed for effective use of the Nicolson-Ross–Weir (NRW) method without additional techniques. While alternative methods by Susek et al. and Knisely et al. might offer higher accuracy, the proposed method is practicable with commercially available equipment, achieving reliable dielectric measurements.
{"title":"Reply to Comments on “Anisotropic Microwave Properties of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays”","authors":"Lucas Lum;Zhi Kai Ng;Rong Tao Jiang;Chong Wei Tan;Edwin Hang Tong Teo;Beng Kang Tay","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3485246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3485246","url":null,"abstract":"Accurately measuring the dielectric properties of anisotropic materials is challenging due to their fragility and small size. This study addressed these issues for vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) by engineering them to delaminate from the substrate, retain orientation and porosity, and grow to millimeter lengths. This approach allowed for effective use of the Nicolson-Ross–Weir (NRW) method without additional techniques. While alternative methods by Susek et al. and Knisely et al. might offer higher accuracy, the proposed method is practicable with commercially available equipment, achieving reliable dielectric measurements.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"72 12","pages":"7087-7087"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142777539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3486242
Tasin Nusrat;Stavros Vakalis
A new method of millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar sensing using distributed repeaters that can address the strong specular reflections is presented in this article. Specular reflections happen when targets reflect incident electromagnetic signals at specific directions depending on the angle of incidence. These mirror-like reflections can degrade radar performance and make detection more challenging as transmitted radar energy does not necessarily reflect back to the radar receiver. This article proposes a way to combat the specular responses from scattering targets by utilizing distributed repeater apertures at mmWave frequencies. Distributed repeaters can capture and retransmit the specular wavefront to improve the target detection and enhance image reconstruction. In this article, we discuss the theory behind our work, include simulated results and verify our approach by building experimental 36–38 GHz mmWave imaging systems with one and two distributed repeaters. The results presented in this article pave the way for accurate detection of highly specular targets.
{"title":"Addressing Specularity: Millimeter-Wave Radar With Distributed Repeater Apertures","authors":"Tasin Nusrat;Stavros Vakalis","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3486242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3486242","url":null,"abstract":"A new method of millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar sensing using distributed repeaters that can address the strong specular reflections is presented in this article. Specular reflections happen when targets reflect incident electromagnetic signals at specific directions depending on the angle of incidence. These mirror-like reflections can degrade radar performance and make detection more challenging as transmitted radar energy does not necessarily reflect back to the radar receiver. This article proposes a way to combat the specular responses from scattering targets by utilizing distributed repeater apertures at mmWave frequencies. Distributed repeaters can capture and retransmit the specular wavefront to improve the target detection and enhance image reconstruction. In this article, we discuss the theory behind our work, include simulated results and verify our approach by building experimental 36–38 GHz mmWave imaging systems with one and two distributed repeaters. The results presented in this article pave the way for accurate detection of highly specular targets.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 1","pages":"373-382"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10745128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3484581
Arne Fischer-Bühner;Lauri Anttila;Matias Turunen;Manil Dev Gomony;Mikko Valkama
In this article, we present a highly accurate recurrent neural network (RNN) for behavioral modeling and digital predistortion (DPD) of radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PAs). We describe a deep, residual recurrent unit (RRU) that minimizes the overhead of the recurrent operation. Phase normalization is incorporated with the proposed unit to allow for efficient processing of the baseband signal phase with the real-valued RNN structure. Furthermore, we augment the phase normalization concept with dedicated envelope cell states that support the mapping of RF envelope dominated distortions. Combination with a trainable, input-ended finite impulse response (FIR) filtering leads us to proposing the augmented phase-normalized RRU (APNRRU). Our experimental validation, including a detailed modeling study of the proposed concepts with three different GaN Doherty PA units, as well as several DPD linearization examples, shows that the APNRRU offers excellent linearization already with modest complexity of just 550 model parameters. In addition, the results demonstrate the ability to linearize also demanding wideband PA operation with noncontiguous multicarrier signals with 400-MHz composite bandwidth, outperforming the prior art solutions.
{"title":"Augmented Phase-Normalized Recurrent Neural Network for RF Power Amplifier Linearization","authors":"Arne Fischer-Bühner;Lauri Anttila;Matias Turunen;Manil Dev Gomony;Mikko Valkama","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3484581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3484581","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we present a highly accurate recurrent neural network (RNN) for behavioral modeling and digital predistortion (DPD) of radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PAs). We describe a deep, residual recurrent unit (RRU) that minimizes the overhead of the recurrent operation. Phase normalization is incorporated with the proposed unit to allow for efficient processing of the baseband signal phase with the real-valued RNN structure. Furthermore, we augment the phase normalization concept with dedicated envelope cell states that support the mapping of RF envelope dominated distortions. Combination with a trainable, input-ended finite impulse response (FIR) filtering leads us to proposing the augmented phase-normalized RRU (APNRRU). Our experimental validation, including a detailed modeling study of the proposed concepts with three different GaN Doherty PA units, as well as several DPD linearization examples, shows that the APNRRU offers excellent linearization already with modest complexity of just 550 model parameters. In addition, the results demonstrate the ability to linearize also demanding wideband PA operation with noncontiguous multicarrier signals with 400-MHz composite bandwidth, outperforming the prior art solutions.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 1","pages":"412-422"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10745136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479218
Francesca Schenkel;Thorsten Schultze;Christoph Baer;Jan C. Balzer;Ilona Rolfes;Christian Schulz
Understanding and detecting smoke effectively is crucial in emergency scenarios where traditional optical methods may fail. This article investigates the definition of smoke and its characterization from an electromagnetic perspective, focusing particularly on the use of frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar sensors operating in the millimeter-wave range. We explore the influence of both laminar and turbulent smoke flows on the measurement accuracy. Our study is grounded in dielectric models in the millimeter-wave spectrum, demonstrating that the dielectric properties of smoke exhibit minimal variations. Consequently, we use phase-based radar signal processing to detect these subtle changes. Unlike previous studies that primarily evaluate sensor performance, this article aims to use the minimal impact on the measured signal to characterize different smoke scenarios comprehensively. Our findings demonstrate that radar sensors can provide valuable insights into smoke properties and are suitable to extend material model for millimeter-wave frequencies, enhancing situational awareness and response strategies in smoke-obscured environments.
{"title":"Smoke Detection and Combustion Analysis Using Millimeter-Wave Radar Measurements","authors":"Francesca Schenkel;Thorsten Schultze;Christoph Baer;Jan C. Balzer;Ilona Rolfes;Christian Schulz","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479218","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding and detecting smoke effectively is crucial in emergency scenarios where traditional optical methods may fail. This article investigates the definition of smoke and its characterization from an electromagnetic perspective, focusing particularly on the use of frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar sensors operating in the millimeter-wave range. We explore the influence of both laminar and turbulent smoke flows on the measurement accuracy. Our study is grounded in dielectric models in the millimeter-wave spectrum, demonstrating that the dielectric properties of smoke exhibit minimal variations. Consequently, we use phase-based radar signal processing to detect these subtle changes. Unlike previous studies that primarily evaluate sensor performance, this article aims to use the minimal impact on the measured signal to characterize different smoke scenarios comprehensively. Our findings demonstrate that radar sensors can provide valuable insights into smoke properties and are suitable to extend material model for millimeter-wave frequencies, enhancing situational awareness and response strategies in smoke-obscured environments.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 1","pages":"361-372"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10738843","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479132
Yulin He;Kewei Song;Haonan Wu;Milton Feng
We report on the development of a fast signal integrity (SI) diagnosis and pathfinding tool for a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) 5.0 connector based on the distributed physical-based transmission line (dPBTL) circuit model. Frequency-dependent loading resonances due to add-in card (AIC) and baseboard (BB) are identified via HFSS field simulation and analysis. The subcircuit models for ground-cavity (GC) and stub-effect resonances are established and matched well with the field simulated. The integrated dPBTL accurately predicts differential-mode performances and resonant crosstalk up to 64 GHz, speeds up simulation by $5000times $ , and reduces data storage by $4.84times 10^{6}$ compared with the traditional full-wave approach. Fast-guided and evaluated by 1-D dPBTL, design modifications reduce loading resonances and broadband dispersion, meeting PCIe 6.0 S-parameter requirements. Informed by dPBTL design, the 3-D pathfinding PCIe 6.0 connector demonstrates a 700% eye height (EH) enlargement and 150% eye width (EW) improvement at 64-GT/s non-return-to-zero (NRZ). Average 14% and 35% are improved in EH and EW for the three eyes at 64-GT/s (32-GBaud) PAM4. Furthermore, eye-openings at 128- and 144-GT/s PAM4 support further development toward PCIe 7.0 applications.
{"title":"PCIe 5.0 Connector Distributed Physical-Based Circuit Model With Loading Resonances for Fast SI Diagnosis and Pathfinding","authors":"Yulin He;Kewei Song;Haonan Wu;Milton Feng","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479132","url":null,"abstract":"We report on the development of a fast signal integrity (SI) diagnosis and pathfinding tool for a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) 5.0 connector based on the distributed physical-based transmission line (dPBTL) circuit model. Frequency-dependent loading resonances due to add-in card (AIC) and baseboard (BB) are identified via HFSS field simulation and analysis. The subcircuit models for ground-cavity (GC) and stub-effect resonances are established and matched well with the field simulated. The integrated dPBTL accurately predicts differential-mode performances and resonant crosstalk up to 64 GHz, speeds up simulation by \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$5000times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, and reduces data storage by \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$4.84times 10^{6}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 compared with the traditional full-wave approach. Fast-guided and evaluated by 1-D dPBTL, design modifications reduce loading resonances and broadband dispersion, meeting PCIe 6.0 S-parameter requirements. Informed by dPBTL design, the 3-D pathfinding PCIe 6.0 connector demonstrates a 700% eye height (EH) enlargement and 150% eye width (EW) improvement at 64-GT/s non-return-to-zero (NRZ). Average 14% and 35% are improved in EH and EW for the three eyes at 64-GT/s (32-GBaud) PAM4. Furthermore, eye-openings at 128- and 144-GT/s PAM4 support further development toward PCIe 7.0 applications.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 1","pages":"59-74"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10737630","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3482329
Hassan Kianmehr;Raafat R. Mansour
This article introduces chip-scale reflective-type phase shifters (RTPSs) realized by monolithically integrating liquid crystal (LC) with silicon micromachining technology. The RTPS is formed by integrating a highly miniature Quadrature hybrid with two LC-based tunable reflective loads. The LC material is confined within a micromachined silicon trench, with its dielectric properties controlled by an applied bias voltage. Two RTPSs at 28 and 62 GHz are experimentally demonstrated. The phase shifter operating at 28 GHz exhibits a phase shift of 115° as the bias voltage varies from 0 to 25 V. Its insertion loss and return loss over the frequency range of 26 to 30 GHz are 5.95 and 15 dB, respectively, resulting in a figure of merit (FOM) of 19.16°/dB. The phase shifter operating at 62 GHz achieves a phase shift of 118° with the same bias voltage range. This device demonstrates an insertion loss of 7 dB and a return loss of 13.7 dB, yielding an FOM of 16.43°/dB. Notably, the phase shift tuning for these devices is analog and continuous, with no dc power consumption. Additionally, each phase shifter incorporates a single tuning element, simplifying their operation and integration. The device fabrication is conducted in-house using a multilayer microfabrication process, resulting in the first silicon-based, chip-level LC integrated phase shifters.
{"title":"Integration of Liquid Crystal With Silicon-Micromachining Technology for the Realization of Chip-Scale Millimeter-Wave Phase Shifters","authors":"Hassan Kianmehr;Raafat R. Mansour","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3482329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3482329","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces chip-scale reflective-type phase shifters (RTPSs) realized by monolithically integrating liquid crystal (LC) with silicon micromachining technology. The RTPS is formed by integrating a highly miniature Quadrature hybrid with two LC-based tunable reflective loads. The LC material is confined within a micromachined silicon trench, with its dielectric properties controlled by an applied bias voltage. Two RTPSs at 28 and 62 GHz are experimentally demonstrated. The phase shifter operating at 28 GHz exhibits a phase shift of 115° as the bias voltage varies from 0 to 25 V. Its insertion loss and return loss over the frequency range of 26 to 30 GHz are 5.95 and 15 dB, respectively, resulting in a figure of merit (FOM) of 19.16°/dB. The phase shifter operating at 62 GHz achieves a phase shift of 118° with the same bias voltage range. This device demonstrates an insertion loss of 7 dB and a return loss of 13.7 dB, yielding an FOM of 16.43°/dB. Notably, the phase shift tuning for these devices is analog and continuous, with no dc power consumption. Additionally, each phase shifter incorporates a single tuning element, simplifying their operation and integration. The device fabrication is conducted in-house using a multilayer microfabrication process, resulting in the first silicon-based, chip-level LC integrated phase shifters.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 1","pages":"309-320"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3477712
Alex Pitt;Mark Beach;Tommaso Cappello
In this work, a novel tri-branch Doherty analog predistorter (DAPD) for the linearization of gain inflection within Doherty power amplifiers (DPAs) is demonstrated. This proposed circuit topology features two nonlinear branches, which can follow the amplitude and phase characteristic of a DPA in a reverse manner. The first branch conducts whilst the carrier is active in the low power range, whilst both branches conduct when both the carrier and peaking are active in the high power range. A thorough evaluation of this new topology is provided, where the overall gain and phase characteristics of the circuit are mathematically defined. Analysis is provided on various configurations of the topology, where in each case the ability to accurately predistort the gain and phase nonlinearity associated with carrier compression within a DPA is shown. An accurate DAPD design is then detailed, by means of passive modeling, and the use of measured predistortion characteristics of the candidate DPA to be linearized. Measurements are then provided on the combination of the manufactured DAPD with the candidate DPA, through modulated, continuous-wave, and two-tone signal measurements. When considering an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform with varying bandwidths of 20, 50, and 80 MHz, and varying peak-to-average power ratios (PAPRs) of 8.6, 10, and 11.6 dB, a minimum level of adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) of −40.9 to −43.5 dBc is observed, over a bandwidth of 2.2–2.6 GHz. A minimum error vector magnitude (EVM) of 1.4%–3.8% is also observed, along with a maximum average efficiency of 59.2%–67.5%.
{"title":"An Analog Gain Inflection Predistorter for Combined Back-Off Efficiency and Linearity With Doherty Power Amplifiers","authors":"Alex Pitt;Mark Beach;Tommaso Cappello","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3477712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3477712","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a novel tri-branch Doherty analog predistorter (DAPD) for the linearization of gain inflection within Doherty power amplifiers (DPAs) is demonstrated. This proposed circuit topology features two nonlinear branches, which can follow the amplitude and phase characteristic of a DPA in a reverse manner. The first branch conducts whilst the carrier is active in the low power range, whilst both branches conduct when both the carrier and peaking are active in the high power range. A thorough evaluation of this new topology is provided, where the overall gain and phase characteristics of the circuit are mathematically defined. Analysis is provided on various configurations of the topology, where in each case the ability to accurately predistort the gain and phase nonlinearity associated with carrier compression within a DPA is shown. An accurate DAPD design is then detailed, by means of passive modeling, and the use of measured predistortion characteristics of the candidate DPA to be linearized. Measurements are then provided on the combination of the manufactured DAPD with the candidate DPA, through modulated, continuous-wave, and two-tone signal measurements. When considering an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform with varying bandwidths of 20, 50, and 80 MHz, and varying peak-to-average power ratios (PAPRs) of 8.6, 10, and 11.6 dB, a minimum level of adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) of −40.9 to −43.5 dBc is observed, over a bandwidth of 2.2–2.6 GHz. A minimum error vector magnitude (EVM) of 1.4%–3.8% is also observed, along with a maximum average efficiency of 59.2%–67.5%.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 1","pages":"167-179"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3474092
Anna Piacibello;Ricardo Figueiredo;Roberto Quaglia;Rocco Giofrè;Paolo Colantonio;Nuno Borges Carvalho;Vittorio Camarchia
This article presents the design strategy and extensive noise-to-power ratio (NPR)-focused characterization of a state-of-the-art Doherty power amplifier (DPA) for satellite applications in the Ka-band downlink (17.3–20.3 GHz), fabricated using a commercial 100-nm GaN-Si high electron mobility transistor technology. The design aims for high gain and good intrinsic linearity over a 3-GHz bandwidth by adopting an amplifying chain with limited phase distortion and a Doherty combiner designed to compensate for this residual phase distortion and by optimizing the baseband impedance. Single-tone experimental characterization of the fabricated chip shows that it maintains an output power of 36 dBm with a power-added efficiency (PAE) of 30% across the entire band. The linearity characterization explores the effects of signal statistics and nonlinear dynamics on NPR and discusses critical aspects concerning the comparability of different measurements. Modulations with instantaneous bandwidths up to a record of 2.9 GHz are explored, under which the Doherty PA is able to maintain PAE of at least 25% at 15-dB NPR. This demonstrates the amplifier’s excellent linearity, achieving state-of-the-art performance among integrated power amplifiers (PAs) for satellite communications.
本文介绍了用于ka波段下行链路（17.3-20.3 GHz）卫星应用的最先进的Doherty功率放大器（DPA）的设计策略和广泛的噪声功率比（NPR）特征，该放大器使用商用100纳米GaN-Si高电子迁移率晶体管技术制造。该设计的目标是在3ghz带宽上实现高增益和良好的固有线性，采用了相位失真有限的放大链和补偿这种剩余相位失真的Doherty合成器，并优化了基带阻抗。单音实验表征表明，该芯片在整个频段内保持了36 dBm的输出功率和30%的功率附加效率（PAE）。线性特性探讨了信号统计和非线性动力学对NPR的影响，并讨论了有关不同测量的可比性的关键方面。研究人员探索了瞬时带宽高达2.9 GHz的调制，在此条件下，Doherty PA能够在15 db NPR下保持至少25%的PAE。这表明放大器具有出色的线性度，在用于卫星通信的集成功率放大器（pa）中实现了最先进的性能。
{"title":"Design and Extensive NPR Characterization of a Highly Linear SatCom GaN MMIC Doherty PA","authors":"Anna Piacibello;Ricardo Figueiredo;Roberto Quaglia;Rocco Giofrè;Paolo Colantonio;Nuno Borges Carvalho;Vittorio Camarchia","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3474092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3474092","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the design strategy and extensive noise-to-power ratio (NPR)-focused characterization of a state-of-the-art Doherty power amplifier (DPA) for satellite applications in the Ka-band downlink (17.3–20.3 GHz), fabricated using a commercial 100-nm GaN-Si high electron mobility transistor technology. The design aims for high gain and good intrinsic linearity over a 3-GHz bandwidth by adopting an amplifying chain with limited phase distortion and a Doherty combiner designed to compensate for this residual phase distortion and by optimizing the baseband impedance. Single-tone experimental characterization of the fabricated chip shows that it maintains an output power of 36 dBm with a power-added efficiency (PAE) of 30% across the entire band. The linearity characterization explores the effects of signal statistics and nonlinear dynamics on NPR and discusses critical aspects concerning the comparability of different measurements. Modulations with instantaneous bandwidths up to a record of 2.9 GHz are explored, under which the Doherty PA is able to maintain PAE of at least 25% at 15-dB NPR. This demonstrates the amplifier’s excellent linearity, achieving state-of-the-art performance among integrated power amplifiers (PAs) for satellite communications.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 1","pages":"156-166"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10718724","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3472268
Lin Lu;Xujun Ma;Jing Feng;Long He;Xuewei Fan;Qin Chen;Xin Chen;Xuan Wang;Yiyang Wang;Zhiqiang Liu;Xiangning Fan;Lianming Li
A 60-GHz joint radar-communication (JRC) transceiver is presented in this article. To achieve a compact JRC transceiver architecture with highly reused RF modules, a dedicated reconfigurable dual-mode Gilbert cell is proposed. Specifically, in the communication mode, the dual-mode Gilbert cells operate as conventional upconversion mixers to modulate the baseband (BB) communication data, while it could also be configured as an amplifier to strengthen the LO signal in the radar mode. Compared with the quadrature IF chirp modulation scheme in which the chirp bandwidth is constrained by the narrowband IF devices, in this work, a wideband chirp generated directly from the LO chain could be applied for radar sensing, significantly improving the range resolution in the radar mode. Besides, the direct RF dechirping could also relieve the hardware burden during radar signal processing compared with the digital dechirping utilized in the IF chirp modulation scheme. Fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process, this JRC transceiver realizes an ultracompact chip size, and a 16-dBm saturated TX output power, an 11-dBm OP1 dB, and a 5.8-dB minimum RX noise figure (NF) are also achieved. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed JRC transceiver supports >4-GHz transmitted chirp bandwidth with <3.75-cm> $mu $ m displacement is successfully detected. Besides, a >7-Gb/s data rate in the 16-QAM over-the-air (OTA) communication is also demonstrated.
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