Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3486585
Mohamed Eleraky;Tzu-Yuan Huang;Yuqi Liu;Hua Wang
This article introduces a comprehensive design and optimization approach aimed at significantly improving the power gain of a given device to achieve the theoretical maximum stable power gain, denoted as $4U$ (with U representing Mason’s Unilateral power gain), across a wide bandwidth. To evaluate the wideband gain enhancement of the device, a device-level Gain-Bandwidth Product (GBW) metric is presented. The proposed technique leverages a high-order embedding network, specifically complex neutralization, applied to a differential power device pair. The detailed optimization process is presented alongside theoretical modeling. To address the limited output power at the D-band, a highly efficient power-combining network is co-designed with the output-matching network of the power amplifier (PA). To validate the proposed methodology, a D-band three-stage PA with two-way power combining was implemented using the GlobalFoundries 45-nm SOI process. The amplifier occupies a compact active area of $0.116~text {mm}^{2}$ . Small-signal measurements demonstrate a peak power gain of 21.7- and a 3-dB bandwidth (BW) of 15 GHz, covering the frequency range from 117 to 132 GHz. The enhanced power gain enables the PA drivers to operate efficiently and linearly in class-AB biasing mode at 127.5 GHz, delivering a saturated output power ( $P_{text {sat}}$ ) of 11.9 dBm, output power at 1 dB compression point ( $text {OP}_{1,text {dB}}$ ) of 11.85 dBm, and a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 15%. This allows the PA to achieve an average output power of 7.1 (5.9) dBm under 64-QAM (128-QAM) modulation with a data rate of 27 (16.8) Gb/s. The PA shows an average modulation efficiency of 6.9% (5.15%) with an rms error vector magnitude ( $text {EVM}_{text {rms}}$ ) better than −24.8 (−25.7) dB.
{"title":"Design and Analysis of Complex Neutralization Gain-Boosting Technique With Low-Loss Power Combining for Efficient, Linear D-Band Power Amplifiers","authors":"Mohamed Eleraky;Tzu-Yuan Huang;Yuqi Liu;Hua Wang","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3486585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3486585","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a comprehensive design and optimization approach aimed at significantly improving the power gain of a given device to achieve the theoretical maximum stable power gain, denoted as \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$4U$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 (with U representing Mason’s Unilateral power gain), across a wide bandwidth. To evaluate the wideband gain enhancement of the device, a device-level Gain-Bandwidth Product (GBW) metric is presented. The proposed technique leverages a high-order embedding network, specifically complex neutralization, applied to a differential power device pair. The detailed optimization process is presented alongside theoretical modeling. To address the limited output power at the D-band, a highly efficient power-combining network is co-designed with the output-matching network of the power amplifier (PA). To validate the proposed methodology, a D-band three-stage PA with two-way power combining was implemented using the GlobalFoundries 45-nm SOI process. The amplifier occupies a compact active area of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.116~text {mm}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. Small-signal measurements demonstrate a peak power gain of 21.7- and a 3-dB bandwidth (BW) of 15 GHz, covering the frequency range from 117 to 132 GHz. The enhanced power gain enables the PA drivers to operate efficiently and linearly in class-AB biasing mode at 127.5 GHz, delivering a saturated output power (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$P_{text {sat}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) of 11.9 dBm, output power at 1 dB compression point (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {OP}_{1,text {dB}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) of 11.85 dBm, and a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 15%. This allows the PA to achieve an average output power of 7.1 (5.9) dBm under 64-QAM (128-QAM) modulation with a data rate of 27 (16.8) Gb/s. The PA shows an average modulation efficiency of 6.9% (5.15%) with an rms error vector magnitude (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {EVM}_{text {rms}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) better than −24.8 (−25.7) dB.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 1","pages":"195-205"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3489517
{"title":"Introducing IEEE Collabratex","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3489517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3489517","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"72 11","pages":"6791-6791"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10747071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3487917
Hao Yan;Hanxiang Zhang;Powei Liu;Bayaner Arigong
In this article, a sideband switchable RF/analog processing single sideband (SSB) mixer is proposed to synchronize the phase in open-loop distributed array system. The proposed SSB mixer is composed of single balanced mixer, Wilkinson power divider, switches, transmission line delays, RF Hilbert transformer, and T-junction combiner. The design theory is developed for phase synchronization in distributed array based on the sequential switched sideband signal, and detail design approach is developed for the proposed RF/analog processing switchable SSB mixer. By switching the transmission line delays, different sidebands are controlled in the proposed SSB mixer. To verify the design concept, a prototype SSB mixer is designed and validated in simulation and experiment, and the results align well with design theory. Different from other SSB mixer, this is first time a RF/analog processing switchable band SSB mixer is proposed to show great potential for exploring novel wireless communication technique.
{"title":"A Switchable Band RF/Analog Processing Single-Sideband Mixer for Distributed Array Phase Synchronization","authors":"Hao Yan;Hanxiang Zhang;Powei Liu;Bayaner Arigong","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3487917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3487917","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a sideband switchable RF/analog processing single sideband (SSB) mixer is proposed to synchronize the phase in open-loop distributed array system. The proposed SSB mixer is composed of single balanced mixer, Wilkinson power divider, switches, transmission line delays, RF Hilbert transformer, and T-junction combiner. The design theory is developed for phase synchronization in distributed array based on the sequential switched sideband signal, and detail design approach is developed for the proposed RF/analog processing switchable SSB mixer. By switching the transmission line delays, different sidebands are controlled in the proposed SSB mixer. To verify the design concept, a prototype SSB mixer is designed and validated in simulation and experiment, and the results align well with design theory. Different from other SSB mixer, this is first time a RF/analog processing switchable band SSB mixer is proposed to show great potential for exploring novel wireless communication technique.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 1","pages":"277-285"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3488635
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3488635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3488635","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"72 11","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10747148","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3485246
Lucas Lum;Zhi Kai Ng;Rong Tao Jiang;Chong Wei Tan;Edwin Hang Tong Teo;Beng Kang Tay
Accurately measuring the dielectric properties of anisotropic materials is challenging due to their fragility and small size. This study addressed these issues for vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) by engineering them to delaminate from the substrate, retain orientation and porosity, and grow to millimeter lengths. This approach allowed for effective use of the Nicolson-Ross–Weir (NRW) method without additional techniques. While alternative methods by Susek et al. and Knisely et al. might offer higher accuracy, the proposed method is practicable with commercially available equipment, achieving reliable dielectric measurements.
{"title":"Reply to Comments on “Anisotropic Microwave Properties of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays”","authors":"Lucas Lum;Zhi Kai Ng;Rong Tao Jiang;Chong Wei Tan;Edwin Hang Tong Teo;Beng Kang Tay","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3485246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3485246","url":null,"abstract":"Accurately measuring the dielectric properties of anisotropic materials is challenging due to their fragility and small size. This study addressed these issues for vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) by engineering them to delaminate from the substrate, retain orientation and porosity, and grow to millimeter lengths. This approach allowed for effective use of the Nicolson-Ross–Weir (NRW) method without additional techniques. While alternative methods by Susek et al. and Knisely et al. might offer higher accuracy, the proposed method is practicable with commercially available equipment, achieving reliable dielectric measurements.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"72 12","pages":"7087-7087"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142777539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479728
Filipe M. Barradas;Luís C. Nunes;José C. Pedro;Christophe Erdmann
Dual-input single-output (DISO) radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PAs) have gathered significant interest for highly efficient amplification of modulated signals. DISO PAs provide advantages over their single-input single-output (SISO) counterparts, both for design and operation. However, contrary to SISO, driving DISO PAs requires an extraction of the optimum driving signals to maximize the power-added efficiency (PAE), and some input conditions can easily make the PA operate in a nonsafe region. This article presents algorithms to safely derive these optimal input signals. Two types of algorithms are proposed, which are dubbed “exploration” and “extraction”; the exploration algorithm finds a safe operation region of the DISO PA from minimal a priori information on the device under test; the extraction algorithm finds the optimal input drive from the exploration algorithm data. These algorithms are tested and validated in simulation and measurement for different DISO PA architectures.
{"title":"Optimal Driving Signal Extraction for Maximum Efficiency of Dual-Input High Power Amplifiers","authors":"Filipe M. Barradas;Luís C. Nunes;José C. Pedro;Christophe Erdmann","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479728","url":null,"abstract":"Dual-input single-output (DISO) radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PAs) have gathered significant interest for highly efficient amplification of modulated signals. DISO PAs provide advantages over their single-input single-output (SISO) counterparts, both for design and operation. However, contrary to SISO, driving DISO PAs requires an extraction of the optimum driving signals to maximize the power-added efficiency (PAE), and some input conditions can easily make the PA operate in a nonsafe region. This article presents algorithms to safely derive these optimal input signals. Two types of algorithms are proposed, which are dubbed “exploration” and “extraction”; the exploration algorithm finds a safe operation region of the DISO PA from minimal a priori information on the device under test; the extraction algorithm finds the optimal input drive from the exploration algorithm data. These algorithms are tested and validated in simulation and measurement for different DISO PA architectures.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 1","pages":"180-194"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3486242
Tasin Nusrat;Stavros Vakalis
A new method of millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar sensing using distributed repeaters that can address the strong specular reflections is presented in this article. Specular reflections happen when targets reflect incident electromagnetic signals at specific directions depending on the angle of incidence. These mirror-like reflections can degrade radar performance and make detection more challenging as transmitted radar energy does not necessarily reflect back to the radar receiver. This article proposes a way to combat the specular responses from scattering targets by utilizing distributed repeater apertures at mmWave frequencies. Distributed repeaters can capture and retransmit the specular wavefront to improve the target detection and enhance image reconstruction. In this article, we discuss the theory behind our work, include simulated results and verify our approach by building experimental 36–38 GHz mmWave imaging systems with one and two distributed repeaters. The results presented in this article pave the way for accurate detection of highly specular targets.
{"title":"Addressing Specularity: Millimeter-Wave Radar With Distributed Repeater Apertures","authors":"Tasin Nusrat;Stavros Vakalis","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3486242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3486242","url":null,"abstract":"A new method of millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar sensing using distributed repeaters that can address the strong specular reflections is presented in this article. Specular reflections happen when targets reflect incident electromagnetic signals at specific directions depending on the angle of incidence. These mirror-like reflections can degrade radar performance and make detection more challenging as transmitted radar energy does not necessarily reflect back to the radar receiver. This article proposes a way to combat the specular responses from scattering targets by utilizing distributed repeater apertures at mmWave frequencies. Distributed repeaters can capture and retransmit the specular wavefront to improve the target detection and enhance image reconstruction. In this article, we discuss the theory behind our work, include simulated results and verify our approach by building experimental 36–38 GHz mmWave imaging systems with one and two distributed repeaters. The results presented in this article pave the way for accurate detection of highly specular targets.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 1","pages":"373-382"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10745128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3484581
Arne Fischer-Bühner;Lauri Anttila;Matias Turunen;Manil Dev Gomony;Mikko Valkama
In this article, we present a highly accurate recurrent neural network (RNN) for behavioral modeling and digital predistortion (DPD) of radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PAs). We describe a deep, residual recurrent unit (RRU) that minimizes the overhead of the recurrent operation. Phase normalization is incorporated with the proposed unit to allow for efficient processing of the baseband signal phase with the real-valued RNN structure. Furthermore, we augment the phase normalization concept with dedicated envelope cell states that support the mapping of RF envelope dominated distortions. Combination with a trainable, input-ended finite impulse response (FIR) filtering leads us to proposing the augmented phase-normalized RRU (APNRRU). Our experimental validation, including a detailed modeling study of the proposed concepts with three different GaN Doherty PA units, as well as several DPD linearization examples, shows that the APNRRU offers excellent linearization already with modest complexity of just 550 model parameters. In addition, the results demonstrate the ability to linearize also demanding wideband PA operation with noncontiguous multicarrier signals with 400-MHz composite bandwidth, outperforming the prior art solutions.
{"title":"Augmented Phase-Normalized Recurrent Neural Network for RF Power Amplifier Linearization","authors":"Arne Fischer-Bühner;Lauri Anttila;Matias Turunen;Manil Dev Gomony;Mikko Valkama","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3484581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3484581","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we present a highly accurate recurrent neural network (RNN) for behavioral modeling and digital predistortion (DPD) of radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PAs). We describe a deep, residual recurrent unit (RRU) that minimizes the overhead of the recurrent operation. Phase normalization is incorporated with the proposed unit to allow for efficient processing of the baseband signal phase with the real-valued RNN structure. Furthermore, we augment the phase normalization concept with dedicated envelope cell states that support the mapping of RF envelope dominated distortions. Combination with a trainable, input-ended finite impulse response (FIR) filtering leads us to proposing the augmented phase-normalized RRU (APNRRU). Our experimental validation, including a detailed modeling study of the proposed concepts with three different GaN Doherty PA units, as well as several DPD linearization examples, shows that the APNRRU offers excellent linearization already with modest complexity of just 550 model parameters. In addition, the results demonstrate the ability to linearize also demanding wideband PA operation with noncontiguous multicarrier signals with 400-MHz composite bandwidth, outperforming the prior art solutions.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 1","pages":"412-422"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10745136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142937877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479218
Francesca Schenkel;Thorsten Schultze;Christoph Baer;Jan C. Balzer;Ilona Rolfes;Christian Schulz
Understanding and detecting smoke effectively is crucial in emergency scenarios where traditional optical methods may fail. This article investigates the definition of smoke and its characterization from an electromagnetic perspective, focusing particularly on the use of frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar sensors operating in the millimeter-wave range. We explore the influence of both laminar and turbulent smoke flows on the measurement accuracy. Our study is grounded in dielectric models in the millimeter-wave spectrum, demonstrating that the dielectric properties of smoke exhibit minimal variations. Consequently, we use phase-based radar signal processing to detect these subtle changes. Unlike previous studies that primarily evaluate sensor performance, this article aims to use the minimal impact on the measured signal to characterize different smoke scenarios comprehensively. Our findings demonstrate that radar sensors can provide valuable insights into smoke properties and are suitable to extend material model for millimeter-wave frequencies, enhancing situational awareness and response strategies in smoke-obscured environments.
{"title":"Smoke Detection and Combustion Analysis Using Millimeter-Wave Radar Measurements","authors":"Francesca Schenkel;Thorsten Schultze;Christoph Baer;Jan C. Balzer;Ilona Rolfes;Christian Schulz","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479218","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding and detecting smoke effectively is crucial in emergency scenarios where traditional optical methods may fail. This article investigates the definition of smoke and its characterization from an electromagnetic perspective, focusing particularly on the use of frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar sensors operating in the millimeter-wave range. We explore the influence of both laminar and turbulent smoke flows on the measurement accuracy. Our study is grounded in dielectric models in the millimeter-wave spectrum, demonstrating that the dielectric properties of smoke exhibit minimal variations. Consequently, we use phase-based radar signal processing to detect these subtle changes. Unlike previous studies that primarily evaluate sensor performance, this article aims to use the minimal impact on the measured signal to characterize different smoke scenarios comprehensively. Our findings demonstrate that radar sensors can provide valuable insights into smoke properties and are suitable to extend material model for millimeter-wave frequencies, enhancing situational awareness and response strategies in smoke-obscured environments.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 1","pages":"361-372"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10738843","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479132
Yulin He;Kewei Song;Haonan Wu;Milton Feng
We report on the development of a fast signal integrity (SI) diagnosis and pathfinding tool for a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) 5.0 connector based on the distributed physical-based transmission line (dPBTL) circuit model. Frequency-dependent loading resonances due to add-in card (AIC) and baseboard (BB) are identified via HFSS field simulation and analysis. The subcircuit models for ground-cavity (GC) and stub-effect resonances are established and matched well with the field simulated. The integrated dPBTL accurately predicts differential-mode performances and resonant crosstalk up to 64 GHz, speeds up simulation by $5000times $ , and reduces data storage by $4.84times 10^{6}$ compared with the traditional full-wave approach. Fast-guided and evaluated by 1-D dPBTL, design modifications reduce loading resonances and broadband dispersion, meeting PCIe 6.0 S-parameter requirements. Informed by dPBTL design, the 3-D pathfinding PCIe 6.0 connector demonstrates a 700% eye height (EH) enlargement and 150% eye width (EW) improvement at 64-GT/s non-return-to-zero (NRZ). Average 14% and 35% are improved in EH and EW for the three eyes at 64-GT/s (32-GBaud) PAM4. Furthermore, eye-openings at 128- and 144-GT/s PAM4 support further development toward PCIe 7.0 applications.
{"title":"PCIe 5.0 Connector Distributed Physical-Based Circuit Model With Loading Resonances for Fast SI Diagnosis and Pathfinding","authors":"Yulin He;Kewei Song;Haonan Wu;Milton Feng","doi":"10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2024.3479132","url":null,"abstract":"We report on the development of a fast signal integrity (SI) diagnosis and pathfinding tool for a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) 5.0 connector based on the distributed physical-based transmission line (dPBTL) circuit model. Frequency-dependent loading resonances due to add-in card (AIC) and baseboard (BB) are identified via HFSS field simulation and analysis. The subcircuit models for ground-cavity (GC) and stub-effect resonances are established and matched well with the field simulated. The integrated dPBTL accurately predicts differential-mode performances and resonant crosstalk up to 64 GHz, speeds up simulation by \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$5000times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, and reduces data storage by \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$4.84times 10^{6}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 compared with the traditional full-wave approach. Fast-guided and evaluated by 1-D dPBTL, design modifications reduce loading resonances and broadband dispersion, meeting PCIe 6.0 S-parameter requirements. Informed by dPBTL design, the 3-D pathfinding PCIe 6.0 connector demonstrates a 700% eye height (EH) enlargement and 150% eye width (EW) improvement at 64-GT/s non-return-to-zero (NRZ). Average 14% and 35% are improved in EH and EW for the three eyes at 64-GT/s (32-GBaud) PAM4. Furthermore, eye-openings at 128- and 144-GT/s PAM4 support further development toward PCIe 7.0 applications.","PeriodicalId":13272,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","volume":"73 1","pages":"59-74"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10737630","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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