Batteries & Supercaps最新文献

Calender process is important to improve the mechanical and electrochemical properties of cathode materials. To explore pressure effect on structure and resistance of electrode powder, the morphology and surface area of lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) powder under different pressure are investigated. Meanwhile, the real-time stress, density, and conductivity of LCO powder upon compaction are tested by a self-made detection system. Moreover, the battery performance of LCO powder after compaction is compared in coin cells. This work elucidates the relationship between compaction density, powder resistance, and electrochemical performance of cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

This work compares a state of the art data-driven model to predict the state of health (SoH) in lithium ion batteries with a new prediction model based on the mechanistic framework. The mechanistic approach attributes the degradation to individual components such as loss of available capacity on each electrode as well as loss of cyclable lithium. By combining the mechanistic framework with data-driven models for the component losses based on a design of experiment, we achieve a cycle aging model that can predict capacity degradation as well as degradation-induced changes to the discharge potential curve. Using this cycle aging model alongside with a semi-empirical calendar aging model, we present a holistic aging model that we validate on independent validation tests containing time-variant load profiles. While the purely data-driven model is better at predicting the SoH, the mechanistic model clearly has it advantages in a deeper understanding that can potentially enhance the current methods of tracking and updating the characteristic open-circuit voltage curve over lifetime.

The Cover Feature displays an operator using our mixed-reality holographic notebook to report the manufacturing parameters he is intending to use in a battery pilot line. Our technology paves the way to breaking the barrier between the digital and the real worlds, for maximum efficiency of the operator‘s work. More information can be found in the Concept by A. A. Franco and co-workers (DOI: 10.1002/batt.202400042).

The Front Cover shows a rendering of a multi-layer sulfide-based solid-state battery with the symbols in the top right-hand corner representing part of a possible process chain for manufacturing such a battery. A multi-level component manufacturing route as describe in the publication is shown. More information can be found in the Research Article by C. Singer, L. Wach and co-workers (DOI: 10.1002/batt.202400142)

The recent classification of lithium as a critical raw material surged the research and development (R&D) of post-lithium batteries (PLBs). The larger cation charge carriers of these PLBs consequently entailed extensive materials R&D for battery components, especially cathode. Prussian Blue (PB) and its analogues (PBAs) have emerged as promising cathode materials for PLBs due to their desirable characteristics, including a three-dimensional open framework structure that facilitates fast ion diffusion for both monovalent (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) and multivalent (Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺, Al³⁺) ions, stable framework structures, electrochemical tunability, availability of widely used precursors, and ease of synthesis. Our comprehensive review reveals that several challenges are yet to be addressed in employing PBAs as cathode materials for PLBs, viz., vacancies, crystal water, side reactions, and conductivity issues. This review paper provides an exhaustive survey of material development, including the mitigation strategies of the challenges in employing PBAs as cathode materials for advancing PLBs (i. e., sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), potassium-ion batteries (KIBs), magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs), calcium-ion batteries (CIBs), zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs)) towards commercialization.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂)-based electrode materials can exhibit a pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanism induced by nanosized dimension of the crystalline domains, which is why control over material structure via synthesis conditions is of significance. In this study, we investigate how the use of different sulfide precursors, specifically thiourea (TU), thioacetamide (TAA), and L-cysteine (LC), during the hydrothermal synthesis of MoS₂, affects its physicochemical, and consequently, electrochemical properties. The three materials obtained exhibit distinct morphologies, ranging from micron-sized architectures (MoS₂ TU), to nanosized flakes (MoS₂ TAA and LC). While all three synthesized samples exhibit pseudocapacitive Li⁺ intercalation properties, the capacity retention of the latter two consisting of nanosized flakes is further improved at high cycling rates. The individual charge storage properties are analyzed by operando X-ray diffraction, dilatometry, and 3D Bode analysis, revealing a correlation between the morphology, porosity, and the electrochemical intercalation behavior of the obtained electrode materials. The results demonstrate a facile strategy to control MoS₂ structure and related functionality by choice of hydrothermal synthesis precursors.

Sodium-ion batteries continue to rise in the energy storage landscape, their increasing adoption being driven by factors such as cost-effectiveness and sustainability. As a consequence, there is a growing emphasis on the development of new electrode materials. Among these, olivine phosphates emerge as a promising family of cathode materials. However, viable synthesis routes are still lacking. In this study, cathode materials of olivine NaMn_1-xFe_xPO₄ (x=0.34 and 1) were prepared by directly sodiating Mn_1-xFe_xPO₄ through a solid-state process at 300 °C. X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements were employed to study their structural and electrochemical features. NaMn_0.66Fe_0.34PO₄ exhibits two pseudo-plateaus profile with an average potential of ~3.2 V vs. Na⁺/Na⁰ with a reversible capacity reaching 75 mAh/g at C/20 via a monophasic (de)intercalation mechanism. In parallel, the intermediate composition Na_0.5Mn_0.66Fe_0.34PO₄ could be prepared via the solid-state reaction of NaMn_0.66Fe_0.34PO₄ and Mn_0.66Fe_0.34PO₄. Such a solvent-free sodiation process not only provides a simplified preparation of NMFP, but also offers easy scalability compared to the more laborious electrochemical sodiation route, making it an interesting prospect for future industrialization. Finally, this research confirms that the olivine NMFP is indeed an attractive candidate as a cathode material for SIBs.

Sulfur-polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) is a sulfur-based active material for next-generation lithium-sulfur battery cathodes. Due to the covalent bonding between sulfur chains and the polymeric backbone, the shuttle effect degrading classical sulfur-based cathodes can be suppressed while also achieving a high active material content in the cathode. In this paper, we investigate the processability of an industrially scalable SPAN active material with 38 wt.-% of sulfur in a water-based and scalable process route. The potential of the SPAN material for industrial adoption and the impact of the process route on the cell performance are discussed. We show that when processed correctly, the SPAN material delivers exceptional cycling stability and good C-rate performance with ether-based electrolytes. However, the performance of the SPAN cathode is influenced by the mixing characteristic. Using higher mixing intensities during the slurry preparation leads to deterioration of the electrochemical performance. This can be attributed to a decreasing carbon black percolation with increasing tip speed in combination with the kinetic limitation of sulfur cathodes during Li₂S₂ and Li₂S oxidation.

The Li-rich antifluorite-type oxides Li₅FeO₄, Li_5.5Fe_0.5Co_0.5O₄ and Li₆CoO₄ have been investigated as positive electrode materials for Li-ion batteries in a combined operando XANES and XRD experiment. All materials show a similar two-step behaviour upon initial charge (termed Stage I and Stage II), and reversibility of subsequent cycling depends upon whether the initial charge cycle is terminated following Stage I or allowed to proceed through Stage II. By tracking the energetic evolution of the XANES pre-edge feature present in both Fe and Co K-edge spectra, as well as the evolution of X-ray diffractograms during charge and discharge, we correlate the changes in chemical coordination and oxidation states in both species and the structural changes to the electrochemical potential profile, and infer the role of anionic redox processes.

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are discussed as the most promising post-lithium-ion battery technology due to the high theoretical energy density and the cost-efficient, environmental-friendly active material sulfur. Unfortunately, LSBs still suffer from several limitations such as cycle life and rate capability. To overcome these issues, the development of adapted electrolytes is one promising path. Consequently, in this study, we focus on the influence of the lithium salt on the performance of LSBs. In a fixed solvent system without employing LiNO₃, five different lithium salts are compared. The electrolyte properties as well as the influence of polysulfides are determined and discussed in relation with the battery performance. Interestingly, although the different salts lead to different electrolyte properties, only a minor influence of the salt is observed at low C-rates. By performing a rate capability test, however, a strong influence of the lithium salt is detected at high C-rates, with LiFSI outperforming the other salts. This correlates well with ionic conductivity and a suppressed influence of polysulfides in case of LiFSI. To verify the results, multi-layered pouch cells were tested under lean electrolyte conditions. The study emphasizes the significance of the lithium salt and provides guidance for electrolyte design under lean electrolyte conditions.