Indogermanische Forschungen最新文献

英文中文

Take up your arms 拿起你的手臂

IF 0.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Indogermanische Forschungen

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/if-2022-0006

Isabelle de Meyer

Abstract This article investigates the etymology of four Latin lexemes starting with /arm-/: arma, armus, armilla and armenta. It examines whether they are men- or mo-derivatives of the root commonly reconstructed as *h₂er- ‘to join’. The combination of an in-depth analysis of 1) the use of armenta in Latin, and ἀραρίσκω and ἁρμόζω in Greek, and 2) similar stems in other IE languages, particularly Vedic īrmá-, Latvian ir̃mi et al., OCS ramo and jarьmъ et al., results in the conclusion that two stems should be differentiated. Armus and the other IE words for ‘shoulder; arm’ point to a second laryngeal and go back to a mo-stem ‘joining, (shoulder) joint’, originally an adjective. Its substantivation process went along with a change in accentuation and ablaut. The middle laryngeal would be the result of a contamination with *pĺ̥h₂-meh₂. The other Latin words and OCS jarьmъ et al. go back to a men-stem ‘the attachment’. The armenta were originally ‘the ones belonging to the attachment (a yoke)’ > ‘the plough animals’. Lastly, it is stated that if ἅρμα was a direct men-derivative of the PIE root, the wheel should be interpreted as ‘the attachment (to the chariot frame)’ rather than ‘the thing joined together’.

摘要本文研究了以/arm-/开头的四个拉丁词的词源：arma、armus、armilla和armenta。它检查它们是根的man衍生物还是mo衍生物，通常重建为*h₂er-“加入”。对1）亚美尼亚语在拉丁语中的使用进行了深入分析ἀραρίσκω和ἁ希腊语中的ρμξζω，以及2）其他IE语言中的类似词干，特别是吠陀语、拉脱维亚语irõmi等人、OCS ramo和jarămõ等人，得出了两个词干应该区分的结论。Armus和其他IE单词的意思是“肩膀”；arm指向第二个喉部，然后回到mo词干“joining，（shoulder）joint”，最初是一个形容词。它的实质化过程伴随着重音和省略的变化。喉中部可能是*p̥h污染的结果₂-meh₂. 其他拉丁语单词和OCS jarămõet al.追溯到一个男性词干“依恋”。armenta最初是“属于附肢（轭）的动物”>“犁类动物”。最后指出，如果ἅρμα是PIE根的直接导数，车轮应被解释为“（与战车框架的）附件”，而不是“连接在一起的东西”。

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引用次数: 0

Artemis Orthia Artemis Orthia

IF 0.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Indogermanische Forschungen

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/if-2022-0014

F. Sommer

Zusammenfassung The goddess Orthia, whose name is attested by different variants in inscriptions mainly at her sanctuary at Sparta, and who was at some point identified with Artemis, is the subject of an ongoing debate in various fields of ancient studies. As the textual mythology of the goddess is meagre, the etymology of this theonym is of primary importance in bringing to light possible mythological concepts associated with the deity. Drawing on earlier attempts proposed in the literature, the Greek adjective ὀρθός (ved. ūrdhvá- ‚upright‘) is identified as the natural derivational basis for the name, which can in turn be traced back to the PIE root underlying ved. vrādh- and av. uruuad-. In Vedic, ūrdhvá- is used in describing the epiphany of Uṣas. Orthia can therefore be considered to be a descendant of the PIE dawn goddess. Via its etymology, the name of Orthia is related to the Avestan theonym Arəduuī (and probably to Celtic Ardvinna as well). The abundantly documented mythological profile of the Iranian goddess matches up well with the proposed origin of the name, thereby cross-validating the linguistic and mythological origin of Orthia.

Zusammenfassung女神Orthia的名字在铭文中有不同的变体，主要是在她位于斯巴达的避难所，她在某个时候被认定为阿尔忒弥斯，这是古代研究各个领域正在进行的辩论的主题。由于女神的神话文本很少，因此这个神名的词源对于揭示可能与神有关的神话概念至关重要。根据文献中早期提出的尝试，希腊形容词ὀρθίς（ved.́rdhvá-“直立”）被确定为该名称的自然衍生基础，这反过来又可以追溯到ved下面的PIE根。vrādh-和av。乌拉圭。在吠陀语中，在描述U的顿悟时使用了Çrdhvá-ṣ因此，奥尔蒂亚可以被认为是PIE黎明女神的后裔。通过其词源，Orthia的名字与Avestan神名Arşduuī有关（可能也与凯尔特人Ardvinna有关）。大量记载的伊朗女神的神话形象与该名称的拟议起源非常吻合，从而交叉验证了奥尔蒂亚的语言和神话起源。

引用次数: 0

Sobre el origen de la escansión larga de la sílaba reduplicada de ἵημι 关于ἵημι重叠音节长格的起源

IF 0.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Indogermanische Forschungen

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/if-2022-0004

José Miguel Jiménez Delgado

Abstract The reduplicated present ἵημι exhibits an alternating scansion of the reduplication syllable. The iota tends to be long in Attic but short in Homer and in other dialects. Martin Peters explained the long iota as the result of a compensatory lengthening after the loss of laryngeals, i.e. *Hi-Hi̯eh₁- > hīēmi. The short variant would have appeared by analogy with other reduplicated presents such as δίδωμι, ἵστημι, and τίθημι. This implies that the Attic long scansion is an archaism. The purpose of this paper is to show that Peters’ scenario is highly improbable and that the long iota is more likely due to levelling after the conflation of another present *ϝῑ́εμαι with ἵημι’s middle forms.

摘要重复音节的 ημι呈现出重复音节的交替韵律。在阿提克语中，iota往往很长，但在荷马语和其他方言中，iota往往很短。马丁·彼得斯解释说，喉长是喉消失后补偿性拉长的结果，即*Hi-Hi - h₁- > hīēmi。这个简短的变体可能与其他重复的礼物类似，如δ末梢δωμι、στημι和τ末梢θημι。这意味着阿提卡的长曲是一种古语。本文的目的是证明彼得斯的设想是极不可能的，而长周期更有可能是由于另一个现存的εμαι与εμαι的中间形式合并后的水平化。

引用次数: 0

Altisländisch vatr neben vatn, färöisch vatur neben vatn ‚Wasser‘

IF 0.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Indogermanische Forschungen

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/if-2022-0001

R. Nedoma

Zusammenfassung In the PIE heteroclitic neuter noun *u̯ód-r̥, gen. **u̯éd-n̥-s ‚water‘, the Germanic languages eliminated the alternation in favour of either r- or n-stem variants (cp. OHG waz(z)ar vs. Goth. wato). Little attention has been paid to a doublet in West Norse that resulted from a paradigm split. Instead of regular vatn two (or three) eleventh- and twelfth-century Icelandic skalds used exceptional vatr that appears neither in the standard dictionary of OWN poetry nor in older text editions, which are rich in conjectures. Additional lexical evidence, namely vatur, is found in a Faeroese ballad from the late 1700s. OWN vatr (< PNorse *watra < PGmc. *watran) seems to be a back formation from nom./acc. pl. vǫtr* < PNorse *watru < PGmc. *watrō parallel to PGmc. *watnō that was formed with the zero grade of the suffix taken from PGmc. *wat-n-õn gen. pl. (and presumably levelled *wat-n-amᵃ/ᵢz).

在PIE的异质中性名词*u ' æ ód-r '， gen **u ' æ -n ' æ -s, water '中，日耳曼语言消除了这一变化，转而使用r-或n-词干的变体(如OHG waz(z)ar vs. Goth)。wato)。很少有人注意到西斯堪的纳维亚语中由于范式分裂而产生的双重形式。11世纪和12世纪的冰岛诗人没有使用常规的两种(或三种)vatr，而是使用了一种特殊的vatr，这种vatr既没有出现在标准的英国诗歌词典中，也没有出现在更早的文本版本中，因为这些版本充满了猜测。另外的词汇证据，即vatur，可以在18世纪末的一首法罗民谣中找到。OWN vatr (< PNorse *watra < PGmc。(watran)似乎是名词/acc的逆构词。pl. vǫtr* < PNorse *watru < PGmc。*与PGmc平行。由零级后缀PGmc组成。* water -n-õn gen. pl.(大概是水平的* water -n-am / z)。

引用次数: 0

Hermes Ἀργεϊφόντης and Agni bhā́r̥jīka Hermes Argeifondis和Agni bhā´r̥jīka

IF 0.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Indogermanische Forschungen

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/if-2022-0007

Laura Massetti

Abstract The paper concerns Ἀργεϊφόντης, an epithet of Hermes in Greek hexameter poetry. I propose that the form is ultimately to be interpreted as a Kunstform, i.e. a metrical adaptation of *ἀργεϊφάων, the univerbation of *ἄργεϊ φάων ‘shining in white (light)’, as first proposed by Koller (1976). Furthermore, I identify Vedic bhā́r̥jīka‑ (RV), an epithet of Agni, as a phraseological match for the Greek appellative. I argue that bhā́r̥jīka‑ may be understood as ‘flashing with white appearance’ or ‘whose white appearance is shining.’ Moreover, the compound is built with the same lexical material as Greek ἀργεϊφόντης: IE *bʰeh₂‑ ‘to shine, become visible’ and IE *h₂erǵ‑ ‘white.’

摘要本文涉及Ἀργείφίγτης，希腊六声部诗中赫尔墨斯的一个绰号。我建议，这种形式最终应被解释为Kunstform，即对*ἀργεεφάωΓ*ἄ由Koller（1976）首次提出的ργείφάωΓ'在白色（光）中发光'。此外，我认为吠陀语bhā́r̥jīka‑（RV）是阿格尼的一个称谓，在短语上与希腊称谓相匹配。我认为bhā́r̥jīka‑可以被理解为“白色外表闪烁”或“其白色外表闪闪发光”此外，该复合词是用与希腊语相同的词汇材料构建的ἀργε¦Βφίγτης：IE*bʰeh₂‑ ‘发光，变得可见₂erǵ‑“白色”

引用次数: 1

Variation and change in the formal marking of Khotanese I Khotanese I正式标记的变化

IF 0.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Indogermanische Forschungen

Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/if-2022-0016

Alessandro Del Tomba

Abstract In Khotanese, masculine nominals of the a-declension tend to lose the formal distinction between nominative singular -ä and genitive-dative singular -i. Likewise, the diphthongs ei and ai interchange freely in post-archaic Old Khotanese not only within but also at the end of a word, thus eliminating the distinction between nominative singular -ei and genitive-dative singular -ai of the secondary aa-declension. The aim of this article is to investigate the strategies of formal marking that arose in post-archaic texts in order to differentiate the genitive-dative from the nominative, applying morphological and syntactic criteria.

摘要在Khotanese中，a-词形变化的阳性主格往往失去主格单数-ä和属格与格单数-i之间的形式区别。同样，后古古霍塔内斯语中的双元音ei和ai不仅在单词内部而且在单词末尾自由交换，从而消除了次级aa词形变化的主格单数-ei和属格与格单数-ai之间的区别。本文的目的是研究后古代文本中出现的形式标记策略，以应用形态和句法标准区分属格与格和主格。

引用次数: 0

Heart Rate Variability on 10-Second Electrocardiogram and Risk of Acute Exacerbation of COPD: A Secondary Analysis of the BLOCK COPD Trial. 10秒心电图的心率变异性与慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重的风险：BLOCK慢性阻塞性肺病试验的二次分析。

3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Indogermanische Forschungen

Pub Date : 2022-04-29 DOI: 10.15326/jcopdf.2021.0264

David M MacDonald, Takudzwa Mkorombindo, Sharon X Ling, Selcuk Adabag, Richard Casaburi, John E Connett, Erika S Helgeson, Janos Porszasz, Harry B Rossiter, William W Stringer, Helen Voelker, Dongxing Zhao, Mark T Dransfield, Ken M Kunisaki

Introduction: Autonomic dysfunction is common in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and worse autonomic function may be a marker of risk for acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD). Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of autonomic function. Our objective was to test whether lower (worse) HRV is a risk factor for AECOPD.

Methods: We measured standard deviation of normal RR intervals (SDNN) and root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD) on 10-second electrocardiograms (ECGs) performed at screening and day 42 in participants in the Beta Blockers for the Prevention of Acute Exacerbations of COPD trial ( BLOCK-COPD), a placebo-controlled trial of metoprolol for prevention of AECOPD. We used Cox-proportional hazards models to test if these HRV measures were associated with risk of any AECOPD, and separately, hospitalized AECOPD. We tested associations using baseline HRV measures and incorporating HRV measures from day 42 as a time-varying covariate. We also tested for interactions with metoprolol assignment.

Results: Of 532 trial participants, 529 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV₁ ]41 ± 16.3 % predicted) were included in this analysis. We did not find a significant association between HRV measures and risk of AECOPD when all participants were analyzed together. There was a significant interaction between RMSSD and assignment to metoprolol on time to first hospitalized AECOPD; in the placebo group greater RMSSD was associated with a lower risk of hospitalized AECOPD (adjusted hazard ratio0.71, 95% confidence interval: 0.52 to 0.96, per 10 ms increase) but there was no association in the metoprolol group.

Conclusions: Autonomic dysfunction as measured by HRV may be a risk factor for AECOPD. Future studies should analyze longer HRV recordings and their performance in broader samples of people with COPD, including those on beta-blockers.

简介：自律神经功能紊乱是慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）的常见症状，自律神经功能恶化可能是慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重（AECOPD）的风险标志。心率变异性（HRV）是自律神经功能的一种测量方法。我们的目的是检验较低（较差）的心率变异性是否是慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重的风险因素：我们测量了 "β受体阻滞剂预防 COPD 急性加重试验"（BLOCK-COPD）参与者在筛查和第 42 天所做的 10 秒心电图（ECG）上的正常 RR 间期标准偏差（SDNN）和连续 RR 间期差的均方根（RMSSD）。我们使用 Cox 比例危险模型来检验这些心率变异指标是否与任何 AECOPD 风险相关，并分别与住院 AECOPD 风险相关。我们使用基线心率变异测量值并将第 42 天的心率变异测量值作为时变协变量来检验两者之间的相关性。我们还测试了与美托洛尔分配的交互作用：在 532 名试验参与者中，有 529 人（1 秒用力呼气容积 [FEV1 ]41 ± 16.3 % 预测值）被纳入本次分析。在对所有参与者进行综合分析时，我们没有发现心率变异测量与 AECOPD 风险之间存在显著关联。在安慰剂组中，RMSSD越大，AECOPD住院风险越低（调整后危险比0.71，95%置信区间：0.52至0.96，每增加10毫秒），而在美托洛尔组中则没有相关性：结论：通过心率变异测量的自主神经功能障碍可能是 AECOPD 的一个危险因素。未来的研究应分析更长时间的心率变异记录及其在更广泛的慢性阻塞性肺病患者样本中的表现，包括使用β-受体阻滞剂的患者。

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引用次数: 0

honor 荣誉

IF 0.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Indogermanische Forschungen

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1163/1872-5309_ewic_ewiccom_0085

A. Debrunner

Jedenfalls verlohnt es sich, um das Problem zu lösen, die Akzentund Tonverhältnisse anderer lebender Sprachen zu studieren, weil man dadurch davon loskommt, die eigenen Lautgewohnheiten für allgemein menschlich und notwendig zu halten. Man kann sich dabei auch überzeugen, wie schwer es ist, Akzent und Ton in einer lebenden Sprache festzustellen. Wieviel schwerer muß es sein, sie aus den immerhin lückenhaften Nachrichten über tote Sprachen zu rekonstruieren. Deshalb war es meine Absicht, zu einer Erweiterung unserer Anschauungen über Ton und Akzent durch Vorstehendes anzuregen.

如果要解决这个问题，学另外一种行语言和语调是值得的，因为这样做可以消除人们对你说话像人一样说话的想法和需要。你也要体验一下，要在活着的语言里识别口音和声音有多困难。从完全没有任何关于灭绝语言的完整信息中，要不断重覆编写这样的信息肯定是比较困难的。这就是为什么我想鼓励通过预设来增加我们对语气和口音的观点。

引用次数: 0

Pancreatic carcinoma presented with panniculitis and polyarthritis: A rare case. 胰腺癌伴有泛发性胰腺炎和多关节炎：罕见病例

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Indogermanische Forschungen

Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_2386_21

Wenping Pan, Qing Wang, Min Yang, Li Zhang, Jun Wang, Kai Sun

Extrapancreatic manifestations can complicate pancreatic disorders. Pancreatic panniculitis, characterized by subcutaneous fat necrosis, develops in 0.3%-3% of patients with pancreatic disorders. Occasionally, pancreatic panniculitis and polyarthritis occur in the same patient with pancreatic diseases, a rare symptomatic triad known as pancreatitis, panniculitis, and polyarthritis (PPP) syndrome. PPP syndrome is primarily caused by acute or chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma. Almost half of the patients with PPP syndrome do not present with gastrointestinal signs, which may lead to a delayed diagnosis of underlying pancreatic disease. The skin and arthritic symptoms may be mistaken for rheumatic diseases. The histological finding of skin lesions is a valuable clue for diagnosing pancreatic diseases. Due to the high mortality rate when PPP syndrome is associated with pancreatic carcinoma, we highlight that the pancreas should be thoroughly examined if a skin biopsy indicates pancreatic panniculitis.

胰腺外表现可并发胰腺疾病。0.3%-3%的胰腺疾病患者会出现以皮下脂肪坏死为特征的胰腺泛发炎。偶尔，胰腺疾病患者会同时出现胰腺泛发炎和多关节炎，这种罕见的三联症状被称为胰腺炎、泛发炎和多关节炎（PPP）综合征。PPP 综合征主要由急性或慢性胰腺炎和胰腺癌引起。近一半的 PPP 综合征患者没有胃肠道症状，这可能导致潜在的胰腺疾病诊断延迟。皮肤和关节炎症状可能被误诊为风湿病。皮肤病变的组织学发现是诊断胰腺疾病的重要线索。由于 PPP 综合征与胰腺癌相关的死亡率很高，我们强调，如果皮肤活检显示患有胰腺泛发炎，则应彻底检查胰腺。

引用次数: 1

Future conditionals in Lycian Lycian中的未来条件句

IF 0.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Indogermanische Forschungen

Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/if-2021-011

J. Marcos Macedo

Abstract Lycian funerary inscriptions, being overall legal statements regarding the correct management of the tomb after the death of its owner, comprise many future conditional clauses consisting of two types, paratactic and hypotactic. In the latter a preposed relative clause precedes a resumptive main clause, while in the former two adjoining main clauses are interpreted as protasis and apodosis without any obligatory subordinator. In the last case, the general rule is that some constituent pertaining to the preceding prohibition clause against unauthorized burial undergoes left dislocation, the contrastive topic pointing to the conditional character of the sentence. The lack of an overt subordinator in the paratactic type - the odd modal particle e͂‘if’ is at best optional - points to an archaism in Lycian, as opposed to Hittite and Luwian. This paper aims at providing a critical description of the future conditionals in the corpus, accounting for how they are formed and used.

摘要李的随葬铭文是关于墓主去世后正确管理陵墓的总体法律声明，包含了许多未来的条件条款，包括并列和形合两种类型。在后一种情况下，前置的关系从句先于恢复性主句，而在前一种情况中，两个相邻的主句被解释为没有任何强制性从属关系的protasis和apodosis。在最后一种情况下，一般规则是，与前面禁止未经授权埋葬条款有关的一些组成部分发生左错位，对比主题指向该句子的条件性质。并列型中缺乏明显的从属词——奇数语气词e͂'if’充其量是可选的——这表明了吕西语中的古希腊主义，而不是赫梯语和卢维语。本文旨在对语料库中未来的条件句进行批判性的描述，说明它们是如何形成和使用的。

引用次数: 0

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