R. A. Al-Refaia, Eman Alrikabi, A. A. Alkarimi, Rafaela Vasiliadou
To prevent the development of drug resistance and unwanted side effects, nanomaterials have been studied for their potential to inhibit beta-hematin, an important protein for the survival of malaria parasites. The use of nanomaterials as a medication against parasites and mosquito vectors has recently shown promising drug therapeutic strategies. One of the newest areas of interest in nanotechnology and nanoscience is the environmentally friendly production of nanoparticles. Green synthesis to produce metal nanoparticles is the most important strategy to overcome the possible dangers of toxic chemicals for a safe and harmless environment. For this study, copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were synthesized using Iraqi basil leaf extract, demonstrating its novelty in nanosciences. The formation of CuNPs can be seen visually as a color shift from green to brownish. UV-vis absorption spectra, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. The surface plasmon resonance property (SPR) of CuNPs is revealed by UV-vis analysis, which shows a distinctive absorption peak at 420–430 nm, whereas SEM reveals the spherical shape of CuNPs with sizes ranging from 30 to 50 nm.
{"title":"A New Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles and Its Application as a Beta-Hematin Inhibitor","authors":"R. A. Al-Refaia, Eman Alrikabi, A. A. Alkarimi, Rafaela Vasiliadou","doi":"10.22146/ijc.85583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.85583","url":null,"abstract":"To prevent the development of drug resistance and unwanted side effects, nanomaterials have been studied for their potential to inhibit beta-hematin, an important protein for the survival of malaria parasites. The use of nanomaterials as a medication against parasites and mosquito vectors has recently shown promising drug therapeutic strategies. One of the newest areas of interest in nanotechnology and nanoscience is the environmentally friendly production of nanoparticles. Green synthesis to produce metal nanoparticles is the most important strategy to overcome the possible dangers of toxic chemicals for a safe and harmless environment. For this study, copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were synthesized using Iraqi basil leaf extract, demonstrating its novelty in nanosciences. The formation of CuNPs can be seen visually as a color shift from green to brownish. UV-vis absorption spectra, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. The surface plasmon resonance property (SPR) of CuNPs is revealed by UV-vis analysis, which shows a distinctive absorption peak at 420–430 nm, whereas SEM reveals the spherical shape of CuNPs with sizes ranging from 30 to 50 nm.","PeriodicalId":13515,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139824213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solid hydrolysate and biochar 2:1 are synthetic humus from hydrothermal carbonization of chicken feather waste and contain humin that can be isolated by IHSS method. The recalcitrant humin is obtained in solid form. The yield of isolated humin from biochar 2:1 was 44.5%, and humin from solid hydrolysate was 12.7%. Analysis of humin by FTIR indicated the characteristics of complex functional groups. Based on the XRD and TEM tests, humin is formed from amorphous crystals with <14 nm in size and categorized as a superparamagnetic nanoparticle. The surface morphology of humin from solid hydrolysate is in the form of small spheres attached to larger particles, while humin from biochar 2:1 is smoother and has a larger surface area. This synthetic humin contains the nutrients N, O, Si, Cu, S, Mg, Zn, and K based on the EDX test quantitatively supported by AAS analysis. Characteristics of humin, which contains nutrients, are composed of amorphous crystals with complex functional groups during the hydrothermal carbonization process. Their relatively small heterogeneous molecules are stabilized by hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds to form supramolecular compound associations in hour order. This humin content in synthetic humus is expected to increase its utility as a soil improver.
{"title":"Characterization of Synthetic Humin from Solid Hydrolysate and Biochar from Hydrothermal Carbonization Products of Chicken Feather Waste","authors":"Siti Dewi Fatimah, A. Kuncaka, R. Roto","doi":"10.22146/ijc.78688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.78688","url":null,"abstract":"Solid hydrolysate and biochar 2:1 are synthetic humus from hydrothermal carbonization of chicken feather waste and contain humin that can be isolated by IHSS method. The recalcitrant humin is obtained in solid form. The yield of isolated humin from biochar 2:1 was 44.5%, and humin from solid hydrolysate was 12.7%. Analysis of humin by FTIR indicated the characteristics of complex functional groups. Based on the XRD and TEM tests, humin is formed from amorphous crystals with <14 nm in size and categorized as a superparamagnetic nanoparticle. The surface morphology of humin from solid hydrolysate is in the form of small spheres attached to larger particles, while humin from biochar 2:1 is smoother and has a larger surface area. This synthetic humin contains the nutrients N, O, Si, Cu, S, Mg, Zn, and K based on the EDX test quantitatively supported by AAS analysis. Characteristics of humin, which contains nutrients, are composed of amorphous crystals with complex functional groups during the hydrothermal carbonization process. Their relatively small heterogeneous molecules are stabilized by hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds to form supramolecular compound associations in hour order. This humin content in synthetic humus is expected to increase its utility as a soil improver.","PeriodicalId":13515,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139826200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The textile industry continues to experience production developments to reach a target for the country's economic development. The increase in production leads to an increase in the amount of waste generated. Dyes such as crystal violet (CV) in textile wastewater are toxic and difficult to remove by conventional treatment. Adsorption with nano adsorbent has been widely researched and developed to remove dyes in the environment because it has various advantages. Magnetic graphene oxide (GO-Fe3O4) as a006E adsorbent has been widely studied because it has a large surface area, strong chemical bonds and is easily separated from the aqueous phase. Puspa (Schima wallichii) wood has the potential to be used as a natural source of graphite. The characterization of the adsorbent was tested with FTIR, SEM-EDS, and BET. The equilibrium time for the adsorption process was 20 min, while the optimum adsorbent dose was 0.04 g. Adsorption isotherm and kinetics analysis showed that CV adsorption using MGO followed Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models, respectively. Thermodynamic studies displayed that the CV adsorption was endothermic and spontaneous. The results of this study suggested that the adsorption of CV using GO-Fe3O4 nano adsorbent from S. wallichii wood proceeds by chemisorption and physisorption.
为实现国家经济发展目标，纺织业的生产不断发展。产量的增加导致产生的废物量也随之增加。纺织废水中的染料，如结晶紫（CV），具有毒性，传统处理方法难以去除。利用纳米吸附剂进行吸附来去除环境中的染料具有多种优势，已被广泛研究和开发。磁性氧化石墨烯（GO-Fe3O4）作为一种 006E 吸附剂已被广泛研究，因为它具有较大的比表面积、较强的化学键和易于从水相分离。Puspa（Schima wallichii）木材有可能被用作石墨的天然来源。傅立叶变换红外光谱、扫描电镜-电子显微镜和 BET 测试了吸附剂的特性。吸附等温线和动力学分析表明，MGO 对 CV 的吸附分别遵循 Langmuir 模型和伪秒阶模型。热力学研究表明，CV 吸附是内热和自发的。研究结果表明，使用 GO-Fe3O4 纳米吸附剂从 S. wallichii 木材中吸附 CV 是通过化学吸附和物理吸附进行的。
{"title":"Adsorption of Crystal Violet with Magnetic Graphene Oxide Nano Adsorbent Synthesized from Schima wallichii Wood","authors":"D. Rahman, M. Syafila, Qomarudin Helmy","doi":"10.22146/ijc.80894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.80894","url":null,"abstract":"The textile industry continues to experience production developments to reach a target for the country's economic development. The increase in production leads to an increase in the amount of waste generated. Dyes such as crystal violet (CV) in textile wastewater are toxic and difficult to remove by conventional treatment. Adsorption with nano adsorbent has been widely researched and developed to remove dyes in the environment because it has various advantages. Magnetic graphene oxide (GO-Fe3O4) as a006E adsorbent has been widely studied because it has a large surface area, strong chemical bonds and is easily separated from the aqueous phase. Puspa (Schima wallichii) wood has the potential to be used as a natural source of graphite. The characterization of the adsorbent was tested with FTIR, SEM-EDS, and BET. The equilibrium time for the adsorption process was 20 min, while the optimum adsorbent dose was 0.04 g. Adsorption isotherm and kinetics analysis showed that CV adsorption using MGO followed Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models, respectively. Thermodynamic studies displayed that the CV adsorption was endothermic and spontaneous. The results of this study suggested that the adsorption of CV using GO-Fe3O4 nano adsorbent from S. wallichii wood proceeds by chemisorption and physisorption.","PeriodicalId":13515,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139832637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various standard methods have previously been used for the synthesis of nanoparticles that produce unhealthy waste. They are also considered unsafe and expensive methods. An alternative technology is needed to synthesize nanoparticles that consume less energy and are more environmentally friendly. In this research, a TiO2/ZnO nanocomposite has been synthesized, which was produced with efficient energy and no environmental pollution using an easy and fast method (electrochemical). Additionally, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been fabricated from TiO2/ZnO nanocomposite which was synthesized by a new green method and pigments (methylene blue as a chemical dye and chlorophyll as a natural dye). These DSSCs were characterized by their high ability to absorb ultraviolet energy, where the efficiency of energy conversion η of ITO-TiO2/ZnO were approximately 2.08, and 3.04% with chlorophyll and methylene blue, respectively, showing that η of ITO-TiO2/ZnO with methylene blue was the best.
{"title":"Synthesis of TiO2/ZnO Nanocomposites by the Electrochemical Method and Their Application in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)","authors":"Aqeel Mahdi Alduhaidahawi, A. A. Ahmed","doi":"10.22146/ijc.87071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.87071","url":null,"abstract":"Various standard methods have previously been used for the synthesis of nanoparticles that produce unhealthy waste. They are also considered unsafe and expensive methods. An alternative technology is needed to synthesize nanoparticles that consume less energy and are more environmentally friendly. In this research, a TiO2/ZnO nanocomposite has been synthesized, which was produced with efficient energy and no environmental pollution using an easy and fast method (electrochemical). Additionally, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been fabricated from TiO2/ZnO nanocomposite which was synthesized by a new green method and pigments (methylene blue as a chemical dye and chlorophyll as a natural dye). These DSSCs were characterized by their high ability to absorb ultraviolet energy, where the efficiency of energy conversion η of ITO-TiO2/ZnO were approximately 2.08, and 3.04% with chlorophyll and methylene blue, respectively, showing that η of ITO-TiO2/ZnO with methylene blue was the best.","PeriodicalId":13515,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139874942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cellulose ethers are biocompatible polymers which have attracted considerable attention for various applications due to their physical and mechanical properties. The present work aims to find the optimum condition for synthesizing cellulose ethers from banana blossom cellulose (BBC) such as methylcellulose (MC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC). The ultrasonication-assisted method as an energy source is used to shorten the synthesis time at room temperature and obtain high yields. The influences of various parameters (NaOH concentration, etherification agents, and sonication time) were analyzed using a multivariate statistical modeling response surface methodology (RSM). The materials were characterized by FTIR, SEM, and TGA. The cellulose ethers obtained have the potential as food additives with DS values of 2.0, 0.7, and 0.86, respectively. MC was synthesized optimally with a yield of 96.52% using a composition of cellulose (0.4 g), 50% (w/v) NaOH (10 mL) and dichloromethane (6 mL). CMC was synthesized optimally with a yield of 98.26% using a composition of cellulose (0.4 g), 30% (w/v) NaOH (2 mL) and monochloroacetic acid (1 g). HPC was synthesized optimally with a yield of 97.51% using a composition of cellulose (0.4 g), 10% (w/v) NaOH (2 mL) and propylene oxide (1.5 mL).
{"title":"Cellulose Ethers from Banana (Musa balbisiana Colla) Blossom Cellulose: Synthesis and Multivariate Optimization","authors":"Safira Zidna Salama, M. Firdaus, V. Suryanti","doi":"10.22146/ijc.86769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.86769","url":null,"abstract":"Cellulose ethers are biocompatible polymers which have attracted considerable attention for various applications due to their physical and mechanical properties. The present work aims to find the optimum condition for synthesizing cellulose ethers from banana blossom cellulose (BBC) such as methylcellulose (MC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC). The ultrasonication-assisted method as an energy source is used to shorten the synthesis time at room temperature and obtain high yields. The influences of various parameters (NaOH concentration, etherification agents, and sonication time) were analyzed using a multivariate statistical modeling response surface methodology (RSM). The materials were characterized by FTIR, SEM, and TGA. The cellulose ethers obtained have the potential as food additives with DS values of 2.0, 0.7, and 0.86, respectively. MC was synthesized optimally with a yield of 96.52% using a composition of cellulose (0.4 g), 50% (w/v) NaOH (10 mL) and dichloromethane (6 mL). CMC was synthesized optimally with a yield of 98.26% using a composition of cellulose (0.4 g), 30% (w/v) NaOH (2 mL) and monochloroacetic acid (1 g). HPC was synthesized optimally with a yield of 97.51% using a composition of cellulose (0.4 g), 10% (w/v) NaOH (2 mL) and propylene oxide (1.5 mL).","PeriodicalId":13515,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139888573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Satrio, I. N. Rema, Sonny Christophorus Wibisono, Luh Suwita Utami, Nyoman Arisanti, I. G. N. Jayanti, I. W. Rupa
The existence of groundwater sources in several springs at archaeological sites in Dompu Regency, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, has been widely used by the surrounding community for various needs. However, from a number of the springs, there are springs whose water discharge has decreased. Meanwhile, from a number of existing springs, there is one spring whose groundwater is used every day even though it tastes a bit brackish. For this reason, it is important to conduct a groundwater study in the area with the aim of knowing the characteristics, preliminary identification of recharge areas and quality of groundwater in the study area through an environmental isotope and hydrochemical. The study was conducted by taking a number of groundwater samples from several archaeological sites in Dompu Regency. The results of environmental isotope and hydrochemical analysis show that there are 2 springs (2 archaeological sites), namely the Riwo and Ncona springs, because these two areas are part of the recharge area, which must be preserved by not clearing forest land. Meanwhile, for the quality of groundwater, of the 5 springs located at the archaeological sites, only the Hodo spring is of “poor quality” with the Na–Cl water type; it is unfit for drinking water.
{"title":"Study of Environmental Isotopes and Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater from Springs at Archaeological Sites in Dompu Regency, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia","authors":"S. Satrio, I. N. Rema, Sonny Christophorus Wibisono, Luh Suwita Utami, Nyoman Arisanti, I. G. N. Jayanti, I. W. Rupa","doi":"10.22146/ijc.83792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.83792","url":null,"abstract":"The existence of groundwater sources in several springs at archaeological sites in Dompu Regency, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, has been widely used by the surrounding community for various needs. However, from a number of the springs, there are springs whose water discharge has decreased. Meanwhile, from a number of existing springs, there is one spring whose groundwater is used every day even though it tastes a bit brackish. For this reason, it is important to conduct a groundwater study in the area with the aim of knowing the characteristics, preliminary identification of recharge areas and quality of groundwater in the study area through an environmental isotope and hydrochemical. The study was conducted by taking a number of groundwater samples from several archaeological sites in Dompu Regency. The results of environmental isotope and hydrochemical analysis show that there are 2 springs (2 archaeological sites), namely the Riwo and Ncona springs, because these two areas are part of the recharge area, which must be preserved by not clearing forest land. Meanwhile, for the quality of groundwater, of the 5 springs located at the archaeological sites, only the Hodo spring is of “poor quality” with the Na–Cl water type; it is unfit for drinking water.","PeriodicalId":13515,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139812082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lignin is a significant renewable natural energy resource these days, used as an environmentally acceptable and sustainable alternative fossil fuel feedstock in a huge possibility of value-added products. Lignin is a polymeric molecule that possesses an aromatic unit structure, together with cellulose, and is a main component of the cell walls of plants. It is the byproduct of agriculture residues and biorefinery products and can be extracted from paper-pulp industries. Properties of lignin may differ depending on the extraction method and source and also on an aromatic ring as the main constituent of lignin in the structure. This rare composition of lignin makes it more valuable, allowing for value-added applications such as in the field of storage devices and energy harvesters. This review focuses on derivatives of lignin, structure and composition sources and characteristics, and its sustainable emerging application in various fields are discussed.
{"title":"Recent Advancement and Emerging Applications of Lignin","authors":"Tanu Mittal, R. Kant, Yogesh Bhalla, M. Goel","doi":"10.22146/ijc.88535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.88535","url":null,"abstract":"Lignin is a significant renewable natural energy resource these days, used as an environmentally acceptable and sustainable alternative fossil fuel feedstock in a huge possibility of value-added products. Lignin is a polymeric molecule that possesses an aromatic unit structure, together with cellulose, and is a main component of the cell walls of plants. It is the byproduct of agriculture residues and biorefinery products and can be extracted from paper-pulp industries. Properties of lignin may differ depending on the extraction method and source and also on an aromatic ring as the main constituent of lignin in the structure. This rare composition of lignin makes it more valuable, allowing for value-added applications such as in the field of storage devices and energy harvesters. This review focuses on derivatives of lignin, structure and composition sources and characteristics, and its sustainable emerging application in various fields are discussed.","PeriodicalId":13515,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139819718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cellulose ethers are biocompatible polymers which have attracted considerable attention for various applications due to their physical and mechanical properties. The present work aims to find the optimum condition for synthesizing cellulose ethers from banana blossom cellulose (BBC) such as methylcellulose (MC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC). The ultrasonication-assisted method as an energy source is used to shorten the synthesis time at room temperature and obtain high yields. The influences of various parameters (NaOH concentration, etherification agents, and sonication time) were analyzed using a multivariate statistical modeling response surface methodology (RSM). The materials were characterized by FTIR, SEM, and TGA. The cellulose ethers obtained have the potential as food additives with DS values of 2.0, 0.7, and 0.86, respectively. MC was synthesized optimally with a yield of 96.52% using a composition of cellulose (0.4 g), 50% (w/v) NaOH (10 mL) and dichloromethane (6 mL). CMC was synthesized optimally with a yield of 98.26% using a composition of cellulose (0.4 g), 30% (w/v) NaOH (2 mL) and monochloroacetic acid (1 g). HPC was synthesized optimally with a yield of 97.51% using a composition of cellulose (0.4 g), 10% (w/v) NaOH (2 mL) and propylene oxide (1.5 mL).
{"title":"Cellulose Ethers from Banana (Musa balbisiana Colla) Blossom Cellulose: Synthesis and Multivariate Optimization","authors":"Safira Zidna Salama, M. Firdaus, V. Suryanti","doi":"10.22146/ijc.86769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.86769","url":null,"abstract":"Cellulose ethers are biocompatible polymers which have attracted considerable attention for various applications due to their physical and mechanical properties. The present work aims to find the optimum condition for synthesizing cellulose ethers from banana blossom cellulose (BBC) such as methylcellulose (MC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC). The ultrasonication-assisted method as an energy source is used to shorten the synthesis time at room temperature and obtain high yields. The influences of various parameters (NaOH concentration, etherification agents, and sonication time) were analyzed using a multivariate statistical modeling response surface methodology (RSM). The materials were characterized by FTIR, SEM, and TGA. The cellulose ethers obtained have the potential as food additives with DS values of 2.0, 0.7, and 0.86, respectively. MC was synthesized optimally with a yield of 96.52% using a composition of cellulose (0.4 g), 50% (w/v) NaOH (10 mL) and dichloromethane (6 mL). CMC was synthesized optimally with a yield of 98.26% using a composition of cellulose (0.4 g), 30% (w/v) NaOH (2 mL) and monochloroacetic acid (1 g). HPC was synthesized optimally with a yield of 97.51% using a composition of cellulose (0.4 g), 10% (w/v) NaOH (2 mL) and propylene oxide (1.5 mL).","PeriodicalId":13515,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139828798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lignin is a significant renewable natural energy resource these days, used as an environmentally acceptable and sustainable alternative fossil fuel feedstock in a huge possibility of value-added products. Lignin is a polymeric molecule that possesses an aromatic unit structure, together with cellulose, and is a main component of the cell walls of plants. It is the byproduct of agriculture residues and biorefinery products and can be extracted from paper-pulp industries. Properties of lignin may differ depending on the extraction method and source and also on an aromatic ring as the main constituent of lignin in the structure. This rare composition of lignin makes it more valuable, allowing for value-added applications such as in the field of storage devices and energy harvesters. This review focuses on derivatives of lignin, structure and composition sources and characteristics, and its sustainable emerging application in various fields are discussed.
{"title":"Recent Advancement and Emerging Applications of Lignin","authors":"Tanu Mittal, R. Kant, Yogesh Bhalla, M. Goel","doi":"10.22146/ijc.88535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.88535","url":null,"abstract":"Lignin is a significant renewable natural energy resource these days, used as an environmentally acceptable and sustainable alternative fossil fuel feedstock in a huge possibility of value-added products. Lignin is a polymeric molecule that possesses an aromatic unit structure, together with cellulose, and is a main component of the cell walls of plants. It is the byproduct of agriculture residues and biorefinery products and can be extracted from paper-pulp industries. Properties of lignin may differ depending on the extraction method and source and also on an aromatic ring as the main constituent of lignin in the structure. This rare composition of lignin makes it more valuable, allowing for value-added applications such as in the field of storage devices and energy harvesters. This review focuses on derivatives of lignin, structure and composition sources and characteristics, and its sustainable emerging application in various fields are discussed.","PeriodicalId":13515,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139879455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), a mixed gas of silane (SiH4) and methane (CH4) was diluted with hydrogen (H2) to produce thin films of silicon nanocrystals embedded in a silicon carbide (SiC) matrix. This method prevents the co-deposition of SiH and SiC from high-temperature annealing procedures. This study experimentally explores the improvement of the electronic structure by adjusting two processing parameters according to classical nucleation theory (ratio of SiH4 to CH4 and working gas pressure). The deposited films were examined using ellipsometry spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and photoluminescence to determine grain size, crystal volume fraction, topography, and bond configurations. The results show that increasing the working gas pressure can increase the density of SiC, while increasing the ratio of SiH4 to CH4 can only produce larger grain sizes. This is consistent with how SiC works and grows. Without using a high-temperature annealing procedure, this technique can improve the electrical structure of SiC contained in the SiC matrix formed by PECVD.
利用等离子体增强化学气相沉积（PECVD）技术，用氢气（H2）稀释硅烷（SiH4）和甲烷（CH4）的混合气体，生成嵌入碳化硅（SiC）基体中的纳米硅晶体薄膜。这种方法避免了高温退火程序中 SiH 和 SiC 的共沉积。本研究根据经典成核理论，通过调整两个加工参数（SiH4 与 CH4 的比例和工作气体压力），实验性地探索了电子结构的改进。使用椭偏光谱仪、X 射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和光致发光法对沉积薄膜进行了检测，以确定晶粒尺寸、晶体体积分数、形貌和键合构型。结果表明，增加工作气体压力可以提高 SiC 的密度，而增加 SiH4 与 CH4 的比例只能产生更大的晶粒尺寸。这与碳化硅的工作和生长方式是一致的。在不使用高温退火程序的情况下，该技术可以改善 PECVD 形成的碳化硅基体中所含碳化硅的电气结构。
{"title":"Enhancement of the Silicon Nanocrystals’ Electronic Structure within a Silicon Carbide Matrix","authors":"S. Prayogi","doi":"10.22146/ijc.79864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.79864","url":null,"abstract":"Using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), a mixed gas of silane (SiH4) and methane (CH4) was diluted with hydrogen (H2) to produce thin films of silicon nanocrystals embedded in a silicon carbide (SiC) matrix. This method prevents the co-deposition of SiH and SiC from high-temperature annealing procedures. This study experimentally explores the improvement of the electronic structure by adjusting two processing parameters according to classical nucleation theory (ratio of SiH4 to CH4 and working gas pressure). The deposited films were examined using ellipsometry spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and photoluminescence to determine grain size, crystal volume fraction, topography, and bond configurations. The results show that increasing the working gas pressure can increase the density of SiC, while increasing the ratio of SiH4 to CH4 can only produce larger grain sizes. This is consistent with how SiC works and grows. Without using a high-temperature annealing procedure, this technique can improve the electrical structure of SiC contained in the SiC matrix formed by PECVD.","PeriodicalId":13515,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139815558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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