In this study, ternary blends based on chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyethylene glycol reinforced with organically modified montmorillonite (nanoclay) clay were synthesized. These ternary blends were evaluated as transdermal drug delivery patches using tramadol as a model drug. The FTIR study showed interaction among important functional groups and compatibility among the mixing components. Among drug-loaded formulations, composite MA12 shows maximum thermal stability with 27.9% weight residue at 540°C. The prepared formulations exhibited crystalline nature as observed by XRD analysis. SEM studies revealed that there are no gaps and cracks in prepared films and nanoclay was found dispersed in the formulations. The swelling ratio was higher in pH 1.2 as compared to pH 4.5 and pH 6.8 buffers, and there was an increase in swelling with an increase in PVA concentration. Moreover, the drug release test performed in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 showed that tramadol release from nanocomposite films increases with an increase in PEG concentration. Permeation studies indicated that the rate of permeation increased with a decrease in PVA concentration. The permeation rate was found to be higher for samples without nanoclay. The overall results suggest nanocomposite films as excellent candidates for transdermal drug delivery application.
{"title":"Nanoclay Reinforced Ternary Blends Based on Biodegradable Polymers for Drug Delivery Application.","authors":"Mohsin Ali, Sadullah Mir, Obaid-Ur-Rahman Abid, Mirza Arfan Yawer, Ihsan Ullah","doi":"10.1155/2022/6585305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6585305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, ternary blends based on chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyethylene glycol reinforced with organically modified montmorillonite (nanoclay) clay were synthesized. These ternary blends were evaluated as transdermal drug delivery patches using tramadol as a model drug. The FTIR study showed interaction among important functional groups and compatibility among the mixing components. Among drug-loaded formulations, composite MA12 shows maximum thermal stability with 27.9% weight residue at 540°C. The prepared formulations exhibited crystalline nature as observed by XRD analysis. SEM studies revealed that there are no gaps and cracks in prepared films and nanoclay was found dispersed in the formulations. The swelling ratio was higher in pH 1.2 as compared to pH 4.5 and pH 6.8 buffers, and there was an increase in swelling with an increase in PVA concentration. Moreover, the drug release test performed in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 showed that tramadol release from nanocomposite films increases with an increase in PEG concentration. Permeation studies indicated that the rate of permeation increased with a decrease in PVA concentration. The permeation rate was found to be higher for samples without nanoclay. The overall results suggest nanocomposite films as excellent candidates for transdermal drug delivery application.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9473880/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40365464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-29eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2022/7098989
Hamza Abu Owida, Muhammad Al-Ayyad, Jamal I Al-Nabulsi
In recent years, the development of biomedical monitoring systems, including respiration monitoring systems, has been accelerated. Wearable and implantable medical devices are becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis and management of disease and illness. Respiration can be monitored using a variety of biosensors and systems. Auto-charged sensors have a number of advantages, including low cost, ease of preparation, design flexibility, and a wide range of applications. It is possible to use the auto-charged sensors to directly convert mechanical energy from the airflow into electricity. The ability to monitor and diagnose one's own health is a major goal of auto-charged sensors and systems. Respiratory disease model output signals have not been thoroughly investigated and clearly understood. As a result, figuring out their exact interrelationship is a difficult and important research question. This review summarized recent developments in auto-charged respiratory sensors and systems in terms of their device principle, output property, detecting index, and so on. Researchers with an interest in auto-charged sensors can use the information presented here to better understand the difficulties and opportunities that lie ahead.
{"title":"Emerging Development of Auto-Charging Sensors for Respiration Monitoring.","authors":"Hamza Abu Owida, Muhammad Al-Ayyad, Jamal I Al-Nabulsi","doi":"10.1155/2022/7098989","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/7098989","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the development of biomedical monitoring systems, including respiration monitoring systems, has been accelerated. Wearable and implantable medical devices are becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis and management of disease and illness. Respiration can be monitored using a variety of biosensors and systems. Auto-charged sensors have a number of advantages, including low cost, ease of preparation, design flexibility, and a wide range of applications. It is possible to use the auto-charged sensors to directly convert mechanical energy from the airflow into electricity. The ability to monitor and diagnose one's own health is a major goal of auto-charged sensors and systems. Respiratory disease model output signals have not been thoroughly investigated and clearly understood. As a result, figuring out their exact interrelationship is a difficult and important research question. This review summarized recent developments in auto-charged respiratory sensors and systems in terms of their device principle, output property, detecting index, and so on. Researchers with an interest in auto-charged sensors can use the information presented here to better understand the difficulties and opportunities that lie ahead.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9444417/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33448015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-24eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2022/2297364
S Samraj, K Senthilkumar, P Induja, M Venkata Ratnam, G V Aatral, G V S Ramakrishna
Plastics play a significant part in human life and the world we live in. The use of plastics results in detrimental effects on the natural world, which compels us to look for viable replacements. As a result of their enhanced capacity to biodegrade, bioplastics are becoming increasingly important materials. In recent years, there has been a rapid ascent in the utilization of biopolymers in various applications. The objective of this research is to investigate the impact that silica obtained from rice hull ash (RHA) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) obtained from groundnut husk have on the properties of bioplastic obtained from wheat gluten and fish scales. The usage of fish scales has been shown to have a positive effect on weight reduction and debasement rates. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is utilized in a wide range of concentrations, and the influence of MCC on bioplastic is researched. The biodegradability tests of bioplastic revealed that the plastic lost 35% of its weight in just 14 days. The experiments that were done to evaluate the chemical stability and tensile strength of the bioplastic indicated that the MCC content has a significant effect in improving the characteristics of the material.
{"title":"Extraction of Microcrystalline Cellulose and Silica from Agriculture Waste and Its Application in Synthesis of Wheat Gluten and Fish Scales Derived Bioplastic.","authors":"S Samraj, K Senthilkumar, P Induja, M Venkata Ratnam, G V Aatral, G V S Ramakrishna","doi":"10.1155/2022/2297364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2297364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plastics play a significant part in human life and the world we live in. The use of plastics results in detrimental effects on the natural world, which compels us to look for viable replacements. As a result of their enhanced capacity to biodegrade, bioplastics are becoming increasingly important materials. In recent years, there has been a rapid ascent in the utilization of biopolymers in various applications. The objective of this research is to investigate the impact that silica obtained from rice hull ash (RHA) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) obtained from groundnut husk have on the properties of bioplastic obtained from wheat gluten and fish scales. The usage of fish scales has been shown to have a positive effect on weight reduction and debasement rates. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is utilized in a wide range of concentrations, and the influence of MCC on bioplastic is researched. The biodegradability tests of bioplastic revealed that the plastic lost 35% of its weight in just 14 days. The experiments that were done to evaluate the chemical stability and tensile strength of the bioplastic indicated that the MCC content has a significant effect in improving the characteristics of the material.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9433290/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40347247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-10eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2022/8722283
Dher Riyadh Kadhim, Thekra Ismael Hamad, Abdalbseet A Fatalla
Background: Implant insertion in regions with poor bone quantity, such as the posterior maxilla, is potentially associated with an increased rate of implant failure. Calcium sulfate can be used as the coating material for commercially pure titanium (CpTi) and as the bone graft material around implants when bound to eggshell powder to enhance the bone quality and quantity of bone defect regions. This study performed a torque removal test to evaluate the effectiveness of eggshell powder as a bone substitute for filling bone defects around CpTi-coated implants coated with nanocrystalline calcium sulfate.
Materials and methods: Eighty screw implant designs were used in the tibiae of 20 white New Zealand rabbits. A total of uncoated 20 screws constituted the control group, and the remaining 60 screws coated with nano calcium sulfate nanoparticles were used as the experimental groups as follows: 20 screws coated with nano calcium sulfate were used alone in the tibiae without gaps around them, 20 screws coated with nano calcium sulfate were used with the gaps made around them and filled with eggshell powder as the bone graft material, and 20 screws coated with nano calcium sulfate were used with the gaps made around them left unfilled.
Results: After 2 to 6 weeks of healing, a significant improvement in bone regeneration and an increase in torque removal values were observed when the bone defect around the CpTi implant coated with nano calcium sulfate was filled with eggshell powder as the bone substitute.
Conclusions: Nano calcium sulfate particles applied through the dip-coating method can successfully work as the coating material of CpTi implants. These particles work in synergy with eggshell powder to act as the bone graft around the implants.
{"title":"Use of Eggshells as Bone Grafts around Commercially Pure Titanium Implant Screws Coated with Nano Calcium Sulfate.","authors":"Dher Riyadh Kadhim, Thekra Ismael Hamad, Abdalbseet A Fatalla","doi":"10.1155/2022/8722283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8722283","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Implant insertion in regions with poor bone quantity, such as the posterior maxilla, is potentially associated with an increased rate of implant failure. Calcium sulfate can be used as the coating material for commercially pure titanium (CpTi) and as the bone graft material around implants when bound to eggshell powder to enhance the bone quality and quantity of bone defect regions. This study performed a torque removal test to evaluate the effectiveness of eggshell powder as a bone substitute for filling bone defects around CpTi-coated implants coated with nanocrystalline calcium sulfate.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Eighty screw implant designs were used in the tibiae of 20 white New Zealand rabbits. A total of uncoated 20 screws constituted the control group, and the remaining 60 screws coated with nano calcium sulfate nanoparticles were used as the experimental groups as follows: 20 screws coated with nano calcium sulfate were used alone in the tibiae without gaps around them, 20 screws coated with nano calcium sulfate were used with the gaps made around them and filled with eggshell powder as the bone graft material, and 20 screws coated with nano calcium sulfate were used with the gaps made around them left unfilled.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After 2 to 6 weeks of healing, a significant improvement in bone regeneration and an increase in torque removal values were observed when the bone defect around the CpTi implant coated with nano calcium sulfate was filled with eggshell powder as the bone substitute.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Nano calcium sulfate particles applied through the dip-coating method can successfully work as the coating material of CpTi implants. These particles work in synergy with eggshell powder to act as the bone graft around the implants.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9385332/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40628253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanoparticle production and functionalization for various biomedical uses are still challenging. Polymer composites constituted of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM), polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles have good biocompatibility with physiological tissue and fluids, making them excellent candidates for biomedical applications. This study investigated the characteristics of polymeric/nano-CaCO3 composite films based on a PAH/PAMAM matrix, which were fabricated through layer-by-layer synthesis on quartz glass substrates. It was found that the as-prepared elastic moduli of the resultant (PAH/PAMAM) n -CaCO3 (where n represents the number of bilayers) composite films varied from 1.40 to 23.70 GPa for different degrees of cross-linking when 0.1 M nano-CaCO3 particles were incorporated into the polymer matrix. The highly cross-linked (PAH/PAMAM)15-CaCO3 composite film had the highest recorded elastic modulus of 23.70 GPa, while it was observed that for all the composite films fabricated for the present study, the addition of the nano-CaCO3 particles approximately doubled the elastic modulus regardless of the degree of polymerization. Live/Dead assays were used to determine whether the produced composite films were compatible with human lung fibroblast cells. The findings indicate that the (PAH/PAMAM)7.5-CaCO3 composite film had the most positive effect on cell growth and proliferation, with the (PAH/PAMAM)15-CaCO3 composite film demonstrating significant ion transport behavior with low impedance, which was considered good for in vivo rapid cell-to-cell communication. Therefore, the (PAH/PAMAM)7.5-CaCO3 and (PAH/PAMAM)15-CaCO3 composite films are potential tissue engineering biomaterials, but further studies are essential to generate more data to evaluate the suitability of these composites for this and other biomedical functions.
用于各种生物医学用途的纳米颗粒的生产和功能化仍然具有挑战性。由聚酰胺胺(PAMAM)、聚烯丙胺盐酸盐(PAH)和碳酸钙(CaCO3)纳米颗粒组成的聚合物复合材料具有良好的生理组织和液体生物相容性,是生物医学应用的理想选择。本文研究了基于PAH/PAMAM基质的聚合物/纳米caco3复合薄膜的性能,该薄膜是在石英玻璃衬底上逐层合成的。研究发现,当0.1 M纳米caco3颗粒掺入聚合物基体时,所制备的(PAH/PAMAM) n -CaCO3 (n表示双层层数)复合膜的弹性模量在1.40 ~ 23.70 GPa之间,交联程度不同。高交联(PAH/PAMAM)15-CaCO3复合膜的弹性模量最高,为23.70 GPa,而我们观察到,对于本研究制备的所有复合膜,纳米caco3颗粒的加入几乎使弹性模量增加了一倍,而不考虑聚合程度。采用活/死试验确定所制备的复合膜是否与人肺成纤维细胞相容。结果表明,(PAH/PAMAM)7.5-CaCO3复合膜对细胞生长和增殖的影响最为积极,其中(PAH/PAMAM)15-CaCO3复合膜具有显著的低阻抗离子传输行为,有利于细胞间的体内快速通信。因此,(PAH/PAMAM)7.5-CaCO3和(PAH/PAMAM)15-CaCO3复合膜是潜在的组织工程生物材料,但需要进一步的研究来获得更多的数据来评估这些复合材料在这一和其他生物医学功能上的适用性。
{"title":"Layer-by-Layer Fabrication of PAH/PAMAM/Nano-CaCO<sub>3</sub> Composite Films and Characterization for Enhanced Biocompatibility.","authors":"Naemi Tonateni Shifeta, Shindume Lomboleni Hamukwaya, Qi An, Huiying Hao, Melvin Mununuri Mashingaidze","doi":"10.1155/2022/6331465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6331465","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanoparticle production and functionalization for various biomedical uses are still challenging. Polymer composites constituted of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM), polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH), and calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) nanoparticles have good biocompatibility with physiological tissue and fluids, making them excellent candidates for biomedical applications. This study investigated the characteristics of polymeric/nano-CaCO<sub>3</sub> composite films based on a PAH/PAMAM matrix, which were fabricated through layer-by-layer synthesis on quartz glass substrates. It was found that the as-prepared elastic moduli of the resultant (PAH/PAMAM) <sub><i>n</i></sub> -CaCO<sub>3</sub> (where <i>n</i> represents the number of bilayers) composite films varied from 1.40 to 23.70 GPa for different degrees of cross-linking when 0.1 M nano-CaCO<sub>3</sub> particles were incorporated into the polymer matrix. The highly cross-linked (PAH/PAMAM)<sub>15</sub>-CaCO<sub>3</sub> composite film had the highest recorded elastic modulus of 23.70 GPa, while it was observed that for all the composite films fabricated for the present study, the addition of the nano-CaCO<sub>3</sub> particles approximately doubled the elastic modulus regardless of the degree of polymerization. Live/Dead assays were used to determine whether the produced composite films were compatible with human lung fibroblast cells. The findings indicate that the (PAH/PAMAM)<sub>7.5</sub>-CaCO<sub>3</sub> composite film had the most positive effect on cell growth and proliferation, with the (PAH/PAMAM)<sub>15</sub>-CaCO<sub>3</sub> composite film demonstrating significant ion transport behavior with low impedance, which was considered good for in vivo rapid cell-to-cell communication. Therefore, the (PAH/PAMAM)<sub>7.5</sub>-CaCO<sub>3</sub> and (PAH/PAMAM)<sub>15</sub>-CaCO<sub>3</sub> composite films are potential tissue engineering biomaterials, but further studies are essential to generate more data to evaluate the suitability of these composites for this and other biomedical functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40358001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-22eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2022/4427804
Sergey V Shilov, Gulbaram O Ustenova, Lashyn N Kiyekbayeva, Ilya S Korotetskiy, Natalia V Kudashkina, Natalya V Zubenko, Raikhan A Parenova, Ardak B Jumagaziyeva, Zhanar A Iskakbayeva, Sabina T Kenesheva
Onosma roots are widely used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases throughout the world. In this study, for the first time, we investigated the component composition and biological activity of various extracts from the roots of Onosma gmelinii collected in the highlands of the Kakpakty Mountains of the Almaty region (Republic of Kazakhstan). Extracts were obtained by three different methods: percolation extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The component composition of the extracts was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), naphthoquinones by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and spectrophotometric method. In this study, the presence of shikonin and its derivatives in the extracts was confirmed. The concentration of naphthoquinones during CO2 extraction was about 40%, during ultrasonic extraction about 3%, and during percolation extraction about 1.3%. The GC-MS method identified 69 chemical compounds in the ultrasonic extract, 46 compounds in the CO2 extract, and 51 compounds in the percolation extract. The extracts were tested on a panel of bacteria and viruses: two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027); nine Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-39, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 51625, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC BAA-660, Enterococcus hirae ATCC 10541, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51575, Enterococcus faecium ATCC 700221); and two fungal species (Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida albicans ATCC 2091); five subtypes of influenza virus A (A/FPV/Weybridge/78 (H7N7), A/Swine/Iowa/15/30 (H1N1), A/black-headed gull/Atyrau/743/04 (H13N6), A/FPV/Rostock/1934 (H7N1), A/Almaty/8/98 (H3N2)). The root extracts of Onosma gmelinii showed antibacterial activity in different degrees against all tested Gram-positive bacterial strains, while no inhibitory effect on Gram-negative bacteria was observed. The results indicated that the ultrasonic extract effectively inhibits the growth of the majority of tested Gram-positive bacteria (MBC from 18.3 to 293.0 µg/mL). CO2 extract had the greatest bactericidal activity (MBC from 0.1 to 24.4 µg/mL). Percolation extract insignificantly inhibited bacterial growth (MBC from 2343.8 to 4687.5 µg/mL). CO2 extract and ultrasonic extract significantly reduced the activity of C. albicans. The results of the antiviral action showed that the ultrasonic extract has the greatest effectiveness against different subtypes of the influenza virus A, while other extracts did not show significant activity.
{"title":"Component Composition and Biological Activity of Various Extracts of <i>Onosma gmelinii</i> (Boraginaceae).","authors":"Sergey V Shilov, Gulbaram O Ustenova, Lashyn N Kiyekbayeva, Ilya S Korotetskiy, Natalia V Kudashkina, Natalya V Zubenko, Raikhan A Parenova, Ardak B Jumagaziyeva, Zhanar A Iskakbayeva, Sabina T Kenesheva","doi":"10.1155/2022/4427804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4427804","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Onosma</i> roots are widely used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases throughout the world. In this study, for the first time, we investigated the component composition and biological activity of various extracts from the roots of <i>Onosma gmelinii</i> collected in the highlands of the Kakpakty Mountains of the Almaty region (Republic of Kazakhstan). Extracts were obtained by three different methods: percolation extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The component composition of the extracts was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), naphthoquinones by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and spectrophotometric method. In this study, the presence of shikonin and its derivatives in the extracts was confirmed. The concentration of naphthoquinones during CO<sub>2</sub> extraction was about 40%, during ultrasonic extraction about 3%, and during percolation extraction about 1.3%. The GC-MS method identified 69 chemical compounds in the ultrasonic extract, 46 compounds in the CO<sub>2</sub> extract, and 51 compounds in the percolation extract. The extracts were tested on a panel of bacteria and viruses: two Gram-negative bacteria (<i>Escherichia coli</i> ATCC 8739, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> ATCC 9027); nine Gram-positive bacteria (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> ATCC 6538-P, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> ATCC BAA-39, <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> ATCC 51625, <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> ATCC 12228, <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> ATCC 19615, <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> ATCC BAA-660, <i>Enterococcus hirae</i> ATCC 10541, <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> ATCC 51575, <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> ATCC 700221); and two fungal species (<i>Candida albicans</i> ATCC 10231, <i>Candida albicans</i> ATCC 2091); five subtypes of influenza virus A (A/FPV/Weybridge/78 (H7N7), A/Swine/Iowa/15/30 (H1N1), A/black-headed gull/Atyrau/743/04 (H13N6), A/FPV/Rostock/1934 (H7N1), A/Almaty/8/98 (H3N2)). The root extracts of <i>Onosma gmelinii</i> showed antibacterial activity in different degrees against all tested Gram-positive bacterial strains, while no inhibitory effect on Gram-negative bacteria was observed. The results indicated that the ultrasonic extract effectively inhibits the growth of the majority of tested Gram-positive bacteria (MBC from 18.3 to 293.0 <i>µ</i>g/mL). CO<sub>2</sub> extract had the greatest bactericidal activity (MBC from 0.1 to 24.4 <i>µ</i>g/mL). Percolation extract insignificantly inhibited bacterial growth (MBC from 2343.8 to 4687.5 <i>µ</i>g/mL). CO<sub>2</sub> extract and ultrasonic extract significantly reduced the activity of <i>C. albicans.</i> The results of the antiviral action showed that the ultrasonic extract has the greatest effectiveness against different subtypes of the influenza virus A, while other extracts did not show significant activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9337954/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40574995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2022/4839913
Murugesan Manikkampatti Palanisamy, Minar Mohamed Lebbai, M Venkata Ratnam
The municipal wastewater may be treated using a number of different types of fixed beds that have a larger surface area. Since the fibrous materials have such a large specific surface area, they are frequently considered to be the best option for greater microbiological support and treatment efficacy. In this research, natural fibre materials such as coir fibre and areca husk were investigated for their potential to function as fixed aerated beds for the treatment of municipal wastewater. During the experiment, variations in the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS) of the effluent were used to determine how well the aerated fixed bed work in treating the wastewater. The most efficient operating parameters for the successful treatment of wastewater were determined to be a contact period of 72 hrs, a filter medium depth of 5 cm, and a packing density of 10 kg/m3. The reductions in BOD, COD, TDS, and TSS for coir fibre are 55%, 58.8%, 57.8%, and 51.89%, respectively, whereas the reductions for areca husk are 38.3%, 37.78%, 31.76%, and 30.56%, respectively. In the course of this experiment, the coir fibre was discovered to be marginally more effective in comparison to the areca husk.
{"title":"Treatment of Municipal Wastewater in a Fixed Aerated Bed: Use of Natural Fibrous Materials.","authors":"Murugesan Manikkampatti Palanisamy, Minar Mohamed Lebbai, M Venkata Ratnam","doi":"10.1155/2022/4839913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4839913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The municipal wastewater may be treated using a number of different types of fixed beds that have a larger surface area. Since the fibrous materials have such a large specific surface area, they are frequently considered to be the best option for greater microbiological support and treatment efficacy. In this research, natural fibre materials such as coir fibre and areca husk were investigated for their potential to function as fixed aerated beds for the treatment of municipal wastewater. During the experiment, variations in the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS) of the effluent were used to determine how well the aerated fixed bed work in treating the wastewater. The most efficient operating parameters for the successful treatment of wastewater were determined to be a contact period of 72 hrs, a filter medium depth of 5 cm, and a packing density of 10 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. The reductions in BOD, COD, TDS, and TSS for coir fibre are 55%, 58.8%, 57.8%, and 51.89%, respectively, whereas the reductions for areca husk are 38.3%, 37.78%, 31.76%, and 30.56%, respectively. In the course of this experiment, the coir fibre was discovered to be marginally more effective in comparison to the areca husk.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9325608/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40574405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-09eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2022/6583084
Shaimaa M Fouda, Mohammed M Gad, Passent Ellakany, Maram A Al Ghamdi, Soban Q Khan, Sultan Akhtar, Mohamed S Ali, Fahad A Al-Harbi
Purpose: Investigate the effect of low nanodiamond (ND) addition and autoclave polymerization on the flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) denture base.
Methods: A total of 240 heat polymerized PMMA were fabricated with low ND concentrations of 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5%, and unmodified as control. The specimens were divided equally into group I: conventionally polymerized PMMA by water bath and group II: polymerized by the autoclave. The impact strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus were tested using the Charpy-type impact-testing machine and three-point bending test, respectively. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the fractured surfaces. Surface hardness was measured by a hardness tester with a Vickers diamond. The bonding and interaction between the PMMA and ND particles were analyzed by the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscope. ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test were used for data analysis (α = 0.05).
Results: ND addition significantly increased the flexural strength of groups I and II (p < 0.001, p=0.003); it was highest (128.8 MPa) at 0.25% ND concentration for group I and at 0.1% for group II. Elastic modulus increased at 0.1% ND for both groups (p=0.004, p=0.373), but the increase was statistically significant for group I only. Impact strength showed no significant change with the addition of ND in groups I and II (p=0.227, p=0.273), as well as surface hardness in group I (p=0.143). Hardness decreased significantly with 0.25%ND in group II.
Conclusion: The addition of ND at low concentration increased the elastic modulus and flexural strength of conventionally and autoclave polymerized denture base resin. Autoclave polymerization significantly increased the flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness of unmodified PMMA and hardness of 0.5% ND group.
{"title":"Flexural Properties, Impact Strength, and Hardness of Nanodiamond-Modified PMMA Denture Base Resin.","authors":"Shaimaa M Fouda, Mohammed M Gad, Passent Ellakany, Maram A Al Ghamdi, Soban Q Khan, Sultan Akhtar, Mohamed S Ali, Fahad A Al-Harbi","doi":"10.1155/2022/6583084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6583084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Investigate the effect of low nanodiamond (ND) addition and autoclave polymerization on the flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) denture base.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 240 heat polymerized PMMA were fabricated with low ND concentrations of 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5%, and unmodified as control. The specimens were divided equally into group I: conventionally polymerized PMMA by water bath and group II: polymerized by the autoclave. The impact strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus were tested using the Charpy-type impact-testing machine and three-point bending test, respectively. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the fractured surfaces. Surface hardness was measured by a hardness tester with a Vickers diamond. The bonding and interaction between the PMMA and ND particles were analyzed by the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscope. ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test were used for data analysis (<i>α</i> = 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ND addition significantly increased the flexural strength of groups I and II (<i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>p</i>=0.003); it was highest (128.8 MPa) at 0.25% ND concentration for group I and at 0.1% for group II. Elastic modulus increased at 0.1% ND for both groups (<i>p</i>=0.004, <i>p</i>=0.373), but the increase was statistically significant for group I only. Impact strength showed no significant change with the addition of ND in groups I and II (<i>p</i>=0.227, <i>p</i>=0.273), as well as surface hardness in group I (<i>p</i>=0.143). Hardness decreased significantly with 0.25%ND in group II.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The addition of ND at low concentration increased the elastic modulus and flexural strength of conventionally and autoclave polymerized denture base resin. Autoclave polymerization significantly increased the flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness of unmodified PMMA and hardness of 0.5% ND group.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9288300/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40521000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2022/2135927
Sumaiya Naeema Hawar
Endophytic fungi live inside plants or any part of them without creating any visible pathogenic signs. Endophytic fungi are found within medicinal plants and have shown strong biologic activity, such as anticancer and antioxidant activities, as well as producing extracellular enzymes. In this study, different fungal strains were isolated from the leaves of the medicinal plant Ziziphus spina, including Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sp., Rhizopus sp., and Mucor sp. Extracellular enzymes have been quantified using agar plate-based methods in which fungi were grown in specified growth media to detect the enzymes produced. The results showed that A. niger has the highest ability to produce amylase, Cladosporium sp. has the highest ability to produce protease and pectinase, Rhizopus and Mucor sp. have the highest ability to produce cellulase, and A. niger and Cladosporium sp. have the same ability to produce lipase and laccase. The ability of medicinal plant endophytic fungi to produce extracellular enzymes has great therapeutic potential in clinical microbiology. Some of the isolates showed great activity in secreting particular enzymes, indicating that the enzymes of these fungi could be used in a variety of applications.
{"title":"Extracellular Enzyme of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from <i>Ziziphus spina</i> Leaves as Medicinal Plant.","authors":"Sumaiya Naeema Hawar","doi":"10.1155/2022/2135927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2135927","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endophytic fungi live inside plants or any part of them without creating any visible pathogenic signs. Endophytic fungi are found within medicinal plants and have shown strong biologic activity, such as anticancer and antioxidant activities, as well as producing extracellular enzymes. In this study, different fungal strains were isolated from the leaves of the medicinal plant Ziziphus spina, including <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>, <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>, <i>Aspergillus niger</i>, <i>Cladosporium</i> sp., <i>Rhizopus</i> sp., and <i>Mucor</i> sp. Extracellular enzymes have been quantified using agar plate-based methods in which fungi were grown in specified growth media to detect the enzymes produced. The results showed that <i>A. niger</i> has the highest ability to produce amylase, <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. has the highest ability to produce protease and pectinase, <i>Rhizopus</i> and <i>Mucor</i> sp. have the highest ability to produce cellulase, and <i>A. niger</i> and <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. have the same ability to produce lipase and laccase. The ability of medicinal plant endophytic fungi to produce extracellular enzymes has great therapeutic potential in clinical microbiology. Some of the isolates showed great activity in secreting particular enzymes, indicating that the enzymes of these fungi could be used in a variety of applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9279100/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40513286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-05eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2022/1165431
Emad Azmy, Mohamed Reda Zaki Al-Kholy, Mohamed Fattouh, Laila Mohamed Mohamed Kenawi, Mohamed Ahmed Helal
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nanoparticles, zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and silicon dioxide (SiO2), on flexural strength (FS), hardness, and wear resistance of light cured dental composite resin.
Materials and methods: 210 rectangular and disc-shaped composite resin specimens were fabricated with dimensions (25 × 2 × 2 ± 0.03 mm) and (6×4 ± 0.03 mm) for FS, hardness, and wear resistance, respectively (70/test). Specimens of each test were divided according to nanofillers into four groups, unmodified as control, ZrO2 (Z), TiO2 (T), and SiO2 (S) groups; each one was further subdivided into two subgroups according to nanoparticles concentration, 3wt.% and 7wt.% (Z3, Z7, T3, T7, S3, and S7), 10 specimens of each subgroup. A3-point bending test and Vickers hardness test were used for FS and hardness measurements, respectively. Wear resistance was evaluated by the differences in surface roughness of tested specimens before and after wear test. Two-way and 1-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc tests were done for data analysis (α = 0.05).
Results: Two-way ANOVA for FS and wear resistance showed that there was a significant interaction between type of nanoparticles and concentration of nanoparticles (p < 0.001) while two-way ANOVA for hardness showed that both type of nanoparticles and concentration of nanoparticles had a significant effect (p < 0.001), while the effect of their interaction was not statistically significant (p=0.142). 1-way-ANOVA test showed significant increase in FS and wear resistance for all tested groups (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) except T7 and S7. Also, there was a significant enhancement in hardness for all tested groups (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Modification of light cured composite resin with certain amounts of nanoparticles (3% and 7% of ZrO2 and 3% of TiO2 and SiO2) can be beneficial in improving flexural strength and wear resistance while hardness of composite resin was increased with all NPs additions.
{"title":"Impact of Nanoparticles Additions on the Strength of Dental Composite Resin.","authors":"Emad Azmy, Mohamed Reda Zaki Al-Kholy, Mohamed Fattouh, Laila Mohamed Mohamed Kenawi, Mohamed Ahmed Helal","doi":"10.1155/2022/1165431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1165431","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nanoparticles, zirconium dioxide (ZrO<sub>2</sub>), titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>), and silicon dioxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>), on flexural strength (FS), hardness, and wear resistance of light cured dental composite resin.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>210 rectangular and disc-shaped composite resin specimens were fabricated with dimensions (25 × 2 × 2 ± 0.03 mm) and (6×4 ± 0.03 mm) for FS, hardness, and wear resistance, respectively (70/test). Specimens of each test were divided according to nanofillers into four groups, unmodified as control, ZrO<sub>2</sub> (Z), TiO<sub>2</sub> (T), and SiO<sub>2</sub> (S) groups; each one was further subdivided into two subgroups according to nanoparticles concentration, 3wt.% and 7wt.% (Z3, Z7, T3, T7, S3, and S7), 10 specimens of each subgroup. A3-point bending test and Vickers hardness test were used for FS and hardness measurements, respectively. Wear resistance was evaluated by the differences in surface roughness of tested specimens before and after wear test. Two-way and 1-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc tests were done for data analysis (<i>α</i> = 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two-way ANOVA for FS and wear resistance showed that there was a significant interaction between type of nanoparticles and concentration of nanoparticles (<i>p</i> < 0.001) while two-way ANOVA for hardness showed that both type of nanoparticles and concentration of nanoparticles had a significant effect (<i>p</i> < 0.001), while the effect of their interaction was not statistically significant (<i>p</i>=0.142). 1-way-ANOVA test showed significant increase in FS and wear resistance for all tested groups (<i>p</i> < 0.001 and <i>p</i> < 0.001, respectively) except T7 and S7. Also, there was a significant enhancement in hardness for all tested groups (<i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Modification of light cured composite resin with certain amounts of nanoparticles (3% and 7% of ZrO<sub>2</sub> and 3% of TiO<sub>2</sub> and SiO<sub>2</sub>) can be beneficial in improving flexural strength and wear resistance while hardness of composite resin was increased with all NPs additions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9277218/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40513285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}