The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, especially T2DM is on the increase worldwide and in a developing country like india, as of date approximately 30 – 40% of population are identified as having DM. Sedentary life style, obesity, increased BMI, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, delayed diagnosis and metabolic syndrome are some of the factors that lead to the development of DM. Extensive research have been conducted in this field and still more studies are being undertaken. The first organ affected in all uncontrolled DM patients is the kidney, followed by liver and cardiac. Kidney disease predominantly account for increased mortality among T2DM and is the main cause of CKD as well as DN. Treatment of CKD due to uncontrolled T2DM is still controversial because of the scarcity of evidence available. MA plays a significant role in screening pre and established DM. Increased levels of urate is identified as one of the metabolic disturbances in T2DM. This review article summaries the research findings during the last two decades on the manifestations of kidney disease in T2DM.
{"title":"Kidney manifestations of diabetes mellitus – A Review","authors":"S. Swaminathan, S. Rajeswari, Wasim Mohideen","doi":"10.7439/ijbr.v9i4.4657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/ijbr.v9i4.4657","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, especially T2DM is on the increase worldwide and in a developing country like india, as of date approximately 30 – 40% of population are identified as having DM. Sedentary life style, obesity, increased BMI, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, delayed diagnosis and metabolic syndrome are some of the factors that lead to the development of DM. Extensive research have been conducted in this field and still more studies are being undertaken. The first organ affected in all uncontrolled DM patients is the kidney, followed by liver and cardiac. Kidney disease predominantly account for increased mortality among T2DM and is the main cause of CKD as well as DN. Treatment of CKD due to uncontrolled T2DM is still controversial because of the scarcity of evidence available. MA plays a significant role in screening pre and established DM. Increased levels of urate is identified as one of the metabolic disturbances in T2DM. This review article summaries the research findings during the last two decades on the manifestations of kidney disease in T2DM.","PeriodicalId":13909,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biomedical research","volume":"8 1","pages":"126-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75458166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aditi Bansal, S. Surbhi, Ankita Srivastava, Lata Rajoria, Gangal Shweta
The aim of this study was to determine the elements of fatigue in occupations which constitute possible risk factors for the course of a pregnancy, and, in particular, that could cause premature birth. A total of 400 women with singleton pregnancies at ≥ 28 weeks’ gestation were enrolled in the study conducted at the Labor room, Zenana Hospital , Jaipur. Patients reported the number of hours worked per week and answered specific questions designed to determine the following 5 sources of occupational fatigue: posture, work with industrial machines, physical exertion, mental stress, and environmental stress. Fatigue was quantified (0-5 index) according to the number of these sources positively reported. Simple and Mantel-Haenszel χ2 tests were used to test the univariate association and hypothesis of a linear trend between sources of occupational fatigue and spontaneous preterm delivery. Covariables were considered by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Women who did not work outside the home were considered separately from those who worked but did not report any sources of occupational fatigue. Result: women with sternous activity had higher occurrence of preterm birth. 18 % preterm mothers had high occupational fatigue index as compared to 75% term mothers, with p value <0.1,which was significant.
{"title":"Occupational fatigue score and risk of preterm birth","authors":"Aditi Bansal, S. Surbhi, Ankita Srivastava, Lata Rajoria, Gangal Shweta","doi":"10.7439/ijbr.v9i4.4754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/ijbr.v9i4.4754","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the elements of fatigue in occupations which constitute possible risk factors for the course of a pregnancy, and, in particular, that could cause premature birth. A total of 400 women with singleton pregnancies at ≥ 28 weeks’ gestation were enrolled in the study conducted at the Labor room, Zenana Hospital , Jaipur. Patients reported the number of hours worked per week and answered specific questions designed to determine the following 5 sources of occupational fatigue: posture, work with industrial machines, physical exertion, mental stress, and environmental stress. Fatigue was quantified (0-5 index) according to the number of these sources positively reported. Simple and Mantel-Haenszel χ2 tests were used to test the univariate association and hypothesis of a linear trend between sources of occupational fatigue and spontaneous preterm delivery. Covariables were considered by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Women who did not work outside the home were considered separately from those who worked but did not report any sources of occupational fatigue. Result: women with sternous activity had higher occurrence of preterm birth. 18 % preterm mothers had high occupational fatigue index as compared to 75% term mothers, with p value <0.1,which was significant.","PeriodicalId":13909,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biomedical research","volume":"16 1","pages":"158-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88150591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: To assess the hyperpigmentation after fever and joint pain as a cutaneous marker of chikungunya fever and to assess with serological correlation.Methods: A total of 15 patients comprised of 9 males, 6 females and neonate have aged between 14 days to 60 years presented with the pigmentation after the fever subsided were enrolled in the study. The diagnosis of chikungunya was made by detecting virus specific IgM ELISA in the serum.Results: Serological immunoglobulin M enzyme – linked immunosorbent assay (IgM ELISA) test or chikungunya virus was positive in all the patients. Generalized dark coloured pigmentation was the most common finding after the fever subsided. On examination, out of 15 cases, in most of the cases, hyperpigmentation was observed all over the body with the facial involvement. Few cases showed pigmentation over nose, centre of upper lip, on palm, sole, eyelid, dorsum, centrofacial, reticulate pattern on the face and blotchy pigmentation.Conclusion: The presence of pigmentation after fever and joint pain helps to make a retrospective diagnosis of chikungunya fever and this may be considered as a cutaneous marker of chikungunya fever in recent past.
{"title":"Study of cutaneous manifestation of chikungunya and its serological correlation","authors":"G. B. Shinde, Sanjay V. Popere","doi":"10.7439/IJBR.V9I4.4747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJBR.V9I4.4747","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To assess the hyperpigmentation after fever and joint pain as a cutaneous marker of chikungunya fever and to assess with serological correlation.Methods: A total of 15 patients comprised of 9 males, 6 females and neonate have aged between 14 days to 60 years presented with the pigmentation after the fever subsided were enrolled in the study. The diagnosis of chikungunya was made by detecting virus specific IgM ELISA in the serum.Results: Serological immunoglobulin M enzyme – linked immunosorbent assay (IgM ELISA) test or chikungunya virus was positive in all the patients. Generalized dark coloured pigmentation was the most common finding after the fever subsided. On examination, out of 15 cases, in most of the cases, hyperpigmentation was observed all over the body with the facial involvement. Few cases showed pigmentation over nose, centre of upper lip, on palm, sole, eyelid, dorsum, centrofacial, reticulate pattern on the face and blotchy pigmentation.Conclusion: The presence of pigmentation after fever and joint pain helps to make a retrospective diagnosis of chikungunya fever and this may be considered as a cutaneous marker of chikungunya fever in recent past.","PeriodicalId":13909,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biomedical research","volume":"9 1","pages":"137-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84161964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Afolaranmi, Hassan I Zuwaira, N. NianglongEnoch, I. AdemIssac, B. AtsiAzi, I. OnyedibeKenneth, A. BelloDanjuma
Background: Effective hand hygiene is the simplest proven and most cost effective means of reducing hospital acquired infections both among the health care providers and the receipts of health care services. Hospital acquired infections have currently been identified as one of the challenges of health care delivery worldwide in view of its contribution to morbidity and mortality. Hence, it became imperative to assess the knowledge and practices of hand hygiene as well as its determinant among frontline health care workers in tertiary health institutions in Jos Plateau state Nigeria.Methodology: This was a cross sectional study conducted among 236 health care workers in two tertiary health institutions using quantitative method of data collection. Epi info version 7 was used for data analysis, Chi square test was used with odds ratio as point estimates and 95% confidence interval as the interval estimate. A probability value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The mean age of the respondents was 37.1 ± 7.2 years while 121 (51.3%) of the respondents had good knowledge of hand hygiene and self reported good hand hygiene practice found among 134 (56.8%) of the health care workers.Conclusion: This study has brought to light the unsatisfactory level of practice of hand hygiene among health workers and the need to urgently provide interventions to addressing it.
背景:有效的手部卫生是减少卫生保健提供者和卫生保健服务收据中医院获得性感染的最简单且最具成本效益的方法。鉴于医院获得性感染对发病率和死亡率的影响，目前已被确定为全世界保健服务面临的挑战之一。因此，必须评估尼日利亚乔斯高原州三级卫生机构一线卫生保健工作者的手卫生知识和做法及其决定因素。方法:这是一项横断面研究，在两所三级卫生机构的236名卫生保健工作者中使用定量数据收集方法。使用Epi info version 7进行数据分析，采用卡方检验，以优势比作为点估计，95%置信区间作为区间估计。概率值小于0.05被认为具有统计学意义。结果:调查对象的平均年龄为37.1±7.2岁，有121人(51.3%)有良好的手卫生知识，134人(56.8%)有良好的手卫生习惯。结论:本研究揭示了卫生工作者的手卫生实践水平不理想，迫切需要提供干预措施来解决这一问题。
{"title":"Hand hygiene: A self reported practice among health care workers in tertiary health institutions in Plateau State, Nige","authors":"T. Afolaranmi, Hassan I Zuwaira, N. NianglongEnoch, I. AdemIssac, B. AtsiAzi, I. OnyedibeKenneth, A. BelloDanjuma","doi":"10.7439/IJBR.V9I4.4743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJBR.V9I4.4743","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Effective hand hygiene is the simplest proven and most cost effective means of reducing hospital acquired infections both among the health care providers and the receipts of health care services. Hospital acquired infections have currently been identified as one of the challenges of health care delivery worldwide in view of its contribution to morbidity and mortality. Hence, it became imperative to assess the knowledge and practices of hand hygiene as well as its determinant among frontline health care workers in tertiary health institutions in Jos Plateau state Nigeria.Methodology: This was a cross sectional study conducted among 236 health care workers in two tertiary health institutions using quantitative method of data collection. Epi info version 7 was used for data analysis, Chi square test was used with odds ratio as point estimates and 95% confidence interval as the interval estimate. A probability value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The mean age of the respondents was 37.1 ± 7.2 years while 121 (51.3%) of the respondents had good knowledge of hand hygiene and self reported good hand hygiene practice found among 134 (56.8%) of the health care workers.Conclusion: This study has brought to light the unsatisfactory level of practice of hand hygiene among health workers and the need to urgently provide interventions to addressing it.","PeriodicalId":13909,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biomedical research","volume":"411 1","pages":"148-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78088145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shyam Agarwal, M. Ghosh, S. Afroze, A. Palit, Aniruddha Ghosh, K. Nayek
{"title":"Neuroimaging evaluation of pattern of brain involvement in Japanese encephalitis and other viral encephalitis in paediatric age group","authors":"Shyam Agarwal, M. Ghosh, S. Afroze, A. Palit, Aniruddha Ghosh, K. Nayek","doi":"10.7439/IJBR.V9I4.4694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJBR.V9I4.4694","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13909,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biomedical research","volume":"13 1","pages":"132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86928846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adediji Isaac Oluwole, A. Adelakun, Afolabi Joy Oluwaseyifunmi, A. AkinleyeWaheed, Taiwo Timilehin Darasimi
Background: Type II DM and obesity are metabolic disorders characterized by insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, and metabolic stress. These features were assessed in patients using fasting plasma glucose, fasting lipid profile and serum cortisol as their markers. Materials and methods: Ninety participants were recruited and classified into 3 groups of thirty each – Obese with type II DM, Non-obese with type II DM, non-obese and non-diabetics who served as controls. Anthropometric measures of weight and height were taken using standard procedures and body mass index was calculated thereafter. Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast for the in vitro assay of serum cortisol, plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and colorimetry as appropriate. Data obtained were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and post hoc test for comparison of variables between groups. Pearson’s correlation was performed to assess the relationship between variables and p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Serum cortisol, plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol were elevated while HDL-cholesterol was reduced in both obese and non-obese subjects with type II diabetes mellitus when compared with controls. Cortisol had a significant positive association with plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol in obese subjects with type II diabetes mellitus while cortisol had a significant inverse relationship with HDL-cholesterol in both obese and non-obese subjects with type II diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: From this study, we conclude that elevated serum cortisol, a consequence of type II DM, accompanies dyslipidaemia in both obese and non-obese type II DM patients. It could therefore be inferred that ‘diabetic stress’ is the underlying factor of elevated cortisol in this group.
{"title":"Hypercortisolaemia and dyslipidaemia in a selected diabetic population","authors":"Adediji Isaac Oluwole, A. Adelakun, Afolabi Joy Oluwaseyifunmi, A. AkinleyeWaheed, Taiwo Timilehin Darasimi","doi":"10.7439/IJBR.V9I4.4538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJBR.V9I4.4538","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Type II DM and obesity are metabolic disorders characterized by insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, and metabolic stress. These features were assessed in patients using fasting plasma glucose, fasting lipid profile and serum cortisol as their markers. Materials and methods: Ninety participants were recruited and classified into 3 groups of thirty each – Obese with type II DM, Non-obese with type II DM, non-obese and non-diabetics who served as controls. Anthropometric measures of weight and height were taken using standard procedures and body mass index was calculated thereafter. Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast for the in vitro assay of serum cortisol, plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and colorimetry as appropriate. Data obtained were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and post hoc test for comparison of variables between groups. Pearson’s correlation was performed to assess the relationship between variables and p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Serum cortisol, plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol were elevated while HDL-cholesterol was reduced in both obese and non-obese subjects with type II diabetes mellitus when compared with controls. Cortisol had a significant positive association with plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol in obese subjects with type II diabetes mellitus while cortisol had a significant inverse relationship with HDL-cholesterol in both obese and non-obese subjects with type II diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: From this study, we conclude that elevated serum cortisol, a consequence of type II DM, accompanies dyslipidaemia in both obese and non-obese type II DM patients. It could therefore be inferred that ‘diabetic stress’ is the underlying factor of elevated cortisol in this group.","PeriodicalId":13909,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biomedical research","volume":"27 1","pages":"143-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78464630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mycetoma, an uncommon chronic infection of skin and subcutaneous tissues commonly seen in tropical and subtropical countries. It is caused by true mycetes named eumycetoma and filamentous bacteria belonging to group actinomycetes. The incidence is more common in agricultural workers walking in bare foot. Foot is most commonly affected. Other less commonly affected sites includes hand, knee, chest and head and neck region. Both forms of mycetoma present as a progressive, subcutaneous multiple nodular swelling with discharging sinuses containing black colour granules. The treatment of these two etiologies is entirely different, a definite diagnosis after histopathological examination is mandatory. We here by present a case of eumycetoma affecting knee joint.
{"title":"Eumycetoma on histopathology presenting at unusual site: A rare entity.","authors":"Rajan Shah, S. Karki, U. Rai, Shankar Kafle","doi":"10.7439/IJBR.V9I4.4708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJBR.V9I4.4708","url":null,"abstract":"Mycetoma, an uncommon chronic infection of skin and subcutaneous tissues commonly seen in tropical and subtropical countries. It is caused by true mycetes named eumycetoma and filamentous bacteria belonging to group actinomycetes. The incidence is more common in agricultural workers walking in bare foot. Foot is most commonly affected. Other less commonly affected sites includes hand, knee, chest and head and neck region. Both forms of mycetoma present as a progressive, subcutaneous multiple nodular swelling with discharging sinuses containing black colour granules. The treatment of these two etiologies is entirely different, a definite diagnosis after histopathological examination is mandatory. We here by present a case of eumycetoma affecting knee joint.","PeriodicalId":13909,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biomedical research","volume":"24 1","pages":"164-167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77318966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: ToRCH infection ( Toxoplasma gondii , Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus) causes severe consequences in child in ongoing pregnancy. Screening for ToRCH etiologies are sought for those females who have had bad obstetrics history and in children born with birth defects. Such screening helps the couple and the clinicians to develop a consensus for preparedness of adverse fetal outcome, future prevention and planning for next conception. Objectives : This retrospective study was conducted to have an understanding on the burden of ToRCH infection in various clinically suspected cases encountered in BPKIHS. Methods : Laboratory record of 52 serum samples submitted from August 2012 to July 2013 for screening of ToRCH infections was analyzed. Result : Among 52 adult female serums, most (50) were positive for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG, but none were reactive for Rubella IgM. Both IgG and IgM were positive for CMV in 10 cases, Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) in 1 case and Toxoplasma in 1 case. Conclusion : This study shows, CMV as the most common and Toxoplasma as the least common etiology among the ToRCH profile, in our setup.
{"title":"Seroprevalance of ToRCH Infection –A Laboratory Profile","authors":"A. Poudyal, N. Poudyal, B. Khanal","doi":"10.7439/IJBR.V9I4.4734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJBR.V9I4.4734","url":null,"abstract":"Background: ToRCH infection ( Toxoplasma gondii , Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus) causes severe consequences in child in ongoing pregnancy. Screening for ToRCH etiologies are sought for those females who have had bad obstetrics history and in children born with birth defects. Such screening helps the couple and the clinicians to develop a consensus for preparedness of adverse fetal outcome, future prevention and planning for next conception. Objectives : This retrospective study was conducted to have an understanding on the burden of ToRCH infection in various clinically suspected cases encountered in BPKIHS. Methods : Laboratory record of 52 serum samples submitted from August 2012 to July 2013 for screening of ToRCH infections was analyzed. Result : Among 52 adult female serums, most (50) were positive for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG, but none were reactive for Rubella IgM. Both IgG and IgM were positive for CMV in 10 cases, Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) in 1 case and Toxoplasma in 1 case. Conclusion : This study shows, CMV as the most common and Toxoplasma as the least common etiology among the ToRCH profile, in our setup.","PeriodicalId":13909,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biomedical research","volume":"42 1","pages":"154-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78685434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meralgia paraesthetica (MP) is a clinical syndrome produced by entrapment mono-neuropathy of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN). It classically presents as numbness, paresthesia or dysesthesia of anterolateral aspect of thigh but sometime it may mimic conditions like lumbar radiculopathy, femoro-acetabular impingement, trochanteric bursitis, etc. Since it has wide spectrum of clinical presentation, it should be the diagnosis of exclusion when causes of anterolateral thigh pain is not explained by other known causes. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of this clinical condition with the emphasis on various clinical presentations and anatomical variations of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Different methods of diagnosis and treatment are also explored and discussed in this paper.
{"title":"Meralgia paresthetica – Solving the diagnostic dilemma","authors":"B. Pokharel, R. P. S. Kalawar, G. Khanal","doi":"10.7439/IJBR.V9I3.4642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJBR.V9I3.4642","url":null,"abstract":"Meralgia paraesthetica (MP) is a clinical syndrome produced by entrapment mono-neuropathy of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN). It classically presents as numbness, paresthesia or dysesthesia of anterolateral aspect of thigh but sometime it may mimic conditions like lumbar radiculopathy, femoro-acetabular impingement, trochanteric bursitis, etc. Since it has wide spectrum of clinical presentation, it should be the diagnosis of exclusion when causes of anterolateral thigh pain is not explained by other known causes. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of this clinical condition with the emphasis on various clinical presentations and anatomical variations of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Different methods of diagnosis and treatment are also explored and discussed in this paper.","PeriodicalId":13909,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biomedical research","volume":"278 1","pages":"96-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75029141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Backgrounds: HIV infection has become a pandemic affecting both industrialized and developing countries. The increase in pediatric HIV infection has had a substantial impact on childhood mortality both in industrialized countries and developing countries. The present research was carried out to study the clinical profile of pediatric patients admitted with HIV infection. Method: Total 55 cases of aged 1 month to 12 years, detected to be HIV-positive (on triple ELISA test) were enrolled in the study. HIV status of patients 18 months of age was confirmed by DNA-PCR testing. The demographic data of the patients, clinical features, investigations and outcome were recorded. Results: The majority [34 (61.81%)] of cases were in below 5 years of age with male predominant 38 (69.09%). The predominant route of transmission of HIV to the child was by perinatal transmission [51 (92.72%)] while four cases (7.27%) were infected via blood transfusion. Clinical features at presentation in 49 symptomatic cases included protein-energy malnutrition (89.79%), fever ˃1 month (55.10%), weight loss ˃1 month (51.02%), persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (22.44%) and skin manifestations (75.51%). The gastrointestinal (61.22%) and respiratory (57.14%) were the most commonly involved organ systems. Opportunistic infections were tuberculosis (21 cases), candidiasis (8 cases), Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (3 cases), herpes zoster (4 cases) and giardiasis (1case). The mortality of the study was 9.09%. Conclusions: Perinatal transmission is the most common mode of acquiring HIV in the pediatric age group. Most patients have protein-energy malnutrition. Tuberculosis should be regarded as the indicator disease for HIV infection in children.
{"title":"Clinical profile of HIV positive children","authors":"Swati M. Bapat","doi":"10.7439/IJBR.V9I3.4723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJBR.V9I3.4723","url":null,"abstract":"Backgrounds: HIV infection has become a pandemic affecting both industrialized and developing countries. The increase in pediatric HIV infection has had a substantial impact on childhood mortality both in industrialized countries and developing countries. The present research was carried out to study the clinical profile of pediatric patients admitted with HIV infection. Method: Total 55 cases of aged 1 month to 12 years, detected to be HIV-positive (on triple ELISA test) were enrolled in the study. HIV status of patients 18 months of age was confirmed by DNA-PCR testing. The demographic data of the patients, clinical features, investigations and outcome were recorded. Results: The majority [34 (61.81%)] of cases were in below 5 years of age with male predominant 38 (69.09%). The predominant route of transmission of HIV to the child was by perinatal transmission [51 (92.72%)] while four cases (7.27%) were infected via blood transfusion. Clinical features at presentation in 49 symptomatic cases included protein-energy malnutrition (89.79%), fever ˃1 month (55.10%), weight loss ˃1 month (51.02%), persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (22.44%) and skin manifestations (75.51%). The gastrointestinal (61.22%) and respiratory (57.14%) were the most commonly involved organ systems. Opportunistic infections were tuberculosis (21 cases), candidiasis (8 cases), Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (3 cases), herpes zoster (4 cases) and giardiasis (1case). The mortality of the study was 9.09%. Conclusions: Perinatal transmission is the most common mode of acquiring HIV in the pediatric age group. Most patients have protein-energy malnutrition. Tuberculosis should be regarded as the indicator disease for HIV infection in children.","PeriodicalId":13909,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biomedical research","volume":"39 1","pages":"117-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79305937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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