International journal of disaster risk reduction最新文献_第3页

Devising wireless flood-sensing networks for critical infrastructure facilities 为关键基础设施设计无线洪水感应网络

IF 4.5 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106026

Shenghua Zhou , Yaqin Wang , Zhengyi Chen , Dezhi Li , Xiaoyun Du , Xiaer Xiahou , Yifan Yang

The Wireless Flood Sensing Network (WFSN), comprising Flood Detection Nodes (FDNs) and Wireless Access Nodes (WANs), is essential for reducing flooding risk to infrastructure facilities. However, existing studies on FDN and WAN placements remain largely disconnected. Moreover, FDN placement often overlooks joint indoor-outdoor deployment, while WAN placement relies on manually created Signal Coverage Models (SCMs). This study develops an Identification-Development-Optimization (IDO) framework for designing WFSNs of building-type critical infrastructure facilities, including (i) identifying indoor-outdoor FDN placement areas, (ii) developing the SCM of WANs using Building Information Modeling (BIM), and (iii) optimizing WAN placements with FDN considerations. Using an electrical substation in Wan Chai, Hong Kong, as a case study, the WFSN scheme from the IDO framework outperforms 7 baseline schemes from expertise-based methods, numerical optimizations, and FDN-unaware optimizations, with a minimum of 8.4 % improvement in signal coverage performance across the facility. In high-priority areas (FDN-placed areas and key functional areas), the signal coverage performance improves by 12.1 % relative to the best baseline. This study contributes to a WFSN design framework, which orchestrates indoor and outdoor FDNs, provides a reusable function library converting BIM into SCM, and enables automated FDN-aware WAN optimization.

无线洪水感应网络（WFSN）由洪水探测节点（fdn）和无线接入节点（wan）组成，对于减少基础设施的洪水风险至关重要。然而，现有的关于FDN和WAN放置的研究在很大程度上仍然是脱节的。此外，FDN的放置通常忽略了室内室外的联合部署，而广域网的放置依赖于手动创建的信号覆盖模型（scm）。本研究开发了一个识别-开发-优化（IDO）框架，用于设计建筑类型关键基础设施的wfdn，包括(i)确定室内-室外FDN放置区域，（ii）使用建筑信息模型（BIM）开发广域网的SCM，以及（iii）优化考虑FDN的广域网放置。以香港湾仔的一个变电站为例，IDO框架中的WFSN方案优于基于专业知识的方法、数值优化和不考虑fdn的优化的7个基准方案，在整个设施的信号覆盖性能方面至少提高了8.4%。在高优先级区域（放置fdn的区域和关键功能区），信号覆盖性能相对于最佳基线提高了12.1%。该研究为WFSN设计框架做出了贡献，该框架协调了室内和室外fdn，提供了一个可重用的功能库，将BIM转换为SCM，并实现了fdn感知的自动化广域网优化。

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引用次数: 0

Resilience assessment of interdependent urban infrastructure systems under intensifying typhoon scenarios: Comparing recovery strategies for coupled networks 台风加剧情景下相互依赖的城市基础设施系统恢复力评估：耦合网络恢复策略比较

IF 4.5 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106050

Ting-Yau Wang, Chi-Ying Lin

This study assesses the resilience of interdependent traffic and power infrastructure systems under intensifying typhoon scenarios and systematically compares recovery strategies for these coupled networks. Using Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, as a case study, we developed a comprehensive simulation framework incorporating Monte Carlo analysis to evaluate system performance under wind speed increases of 5%–20%, representing potential future typhoon intensification patterns. The framework explicitly models functional, spatial, and restoration interdependencies between traffic and power networks, quantifying cascading failure mechanisms and their propagation dynamics across systems. Results demonstrate that interdependencies dramatically amplify disaster impacts, extending traffic network recovery time by 239% and power network by 18.3%. Under 20% wind speed increases, system robustness decreases by 3.53% for traffic and 2.87% for power networks, with recovery durations extending approximately 20 additional days for both systems. Comparative analysis of four distinct recovery strategies reveals that facility importance-oriented approaches achieve optimal performance, reducing power network recovery time by 26.8% compared to shortest repair time strategies, while traffic networks show the highest resilience under long repair time-oriented strategies. Multi-typhoon simulations reveal that systems frequently operate below full capacity during peak typhoon season (June–October), with incomplete recovery between successive events creating compound vulnerabilities. These quantified findings provide critical evidence for prioritizing infrastructure investments and developing integrated recovery strategies that effectively account for complex system interdependencies under increasing typhoon intensities.

本研究评估了在台风加剧情景下相互依赖的交通和电力基础设施系统的恢复能力，并系统地比较了这些耦合网络的恢复策略。以台湾高雄市为例，我们开发了一个综合的模拟框架，结合蒙特卡罗分析来评估风速增加5%-20%时系统的性能，代表了未来台风增强的潜在模式。该框架明确地模拟了交通和电力网络之间的功能、空间和恢复相互依赖关系，量化了级联故障机制及其在系统中的传播动态。结果表明，相互依赖极大地放大了灾害影响，交通网络恢复时间延长了239%，电网恢复时间延长了18.3%。风速增加20%时，交通系统鲁棒性下降3.53%，电网系统鲁棒性下降2.87%，两个系统的恢复时间都延长了大约20天。四种不同恢复策略的对比分析表明，以设施重要性为导向的恢复策略达到了最优的性能，与最短修复时间策略相比，电网恢复时间减少了26.8%，而交通网络在以长修复时间为导向的策略下表现出最高的恢复能力。多台风模拟表明，在台风高峰期（6 - 10月），系统经常低于满负荷运行，连续事件之间的不完全恢复造成复合脆弱性。这些量化的发现为基础设施投资的优先排序和制定综合恢复战略提供了重要证据，这些战略有效地解释了台风强度增加下复杂系统的相互依赖性。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamics of population exposure to landslides under climate change scenarios 气候变化情景下人口对滑坡的暴露动态

IF 4.5 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106041

Pritha Ghosh , Somnath Bera , Swapan Talukdar , Shivam Priyadarshi , Raquel Melo

Mountain regions are experiencing more frequent disasters, likely driven by increased landslide activity under climate change and rapid population growth. However, the interaction between population dynamics and landslide processes remains insufficiently studied. We address this gap by proposing a spatial, dynamic framework to estimate current and future populations exposed to landslides. The methodological framework comprises: (i) construction of a landslide susceptibility index; (ii) projection of future landslide scenarios using state-of-the-art climate change projections; and (iii) estimation of exposed population. We generate landslide susceptibility scenarios by integrating a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). Four landslide scenarios are projected for 2050 and 2100 using rainfall under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5. We then produce fifty exposure scenarios by combining the landslide susceptibility with five SSP-based demographic trajectories for 2050 and 2100. The framework is applied to the Darjeeling Himalayas, India, a recognized landslide hotspot. Results indicate substantial spatial shifts in landslide susceptibility under different rainfall scenarios within the same modeling setup. Overall, exposed population tends to increase, although not linearly across scenarios. Scenarios aligned with SSP3 and SSP4 show marked growth of exposed population in landslide-sensitive zones. Notably, the combination of SSP3 (2100) population with the SSP2-4.5 (2050) susceptibility scenario yields the highest number of people at risk. These findings provide actionable evidence for planning, risk-informed land-use, and assessing the region’s carrying capacity, while the framework itself is scalable to other mountain areas with comparable geohydrological settings.

山区正在经历更频繁的灾害，可能是由于气候变化和人口快速增长导致滑坡活动增加。然而，人口动态与滑坡过程之间的相互作用研究还不够充分。我们通过提出一个空间动态框架来估计当前和未来面临山体滑坡的人口，从而解决了这一差距。方法框架包括：(i)构建滑坡易感性指数；（ii）利用最先进的气候变化预测预测未来的滑坡情景；（三）暴露人群的估计。我们通过集成卷积神经网络（CNN）和可解释人工智能（XAI）来生成滑坡易感性情景。利用共享社会经济路径（SSP） SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5下的降雨预测了2050年和2100年的4种滑坡情景。然后，我们通过将滑坡易感性与2050年和2100年的五个基于ssp的人口轨迹相结合，产生了50个暴露情景。该框架应用于印度大吉岭喜马拉雅山脉，这是一个公认的滑坡热点。结果表明，在相同的模拟设置下，不同降雨情景下的滑坡易感性存在显著的空间变化。总体而言，暴露人口倾向于增加，尽管在不同情况下不是线性的。与SSP3和SSP4一致的情景显示，滑坡敏感区暴露人口明显增加。值得注意的是，SSP3（2100年）人群与SSP2-4.5（2050年）易感性情景的组合产生了最高的风险人群数量。这些发现为规划、风险知情的土地利用和评估该地区的承载能力提供了可操作的证据，而该框架本身可扩展到具有类似地理水文环境的其他山区。

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引用次数: 0

Recent developments in tsunami preparedness in the North-Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean region: Challenges, strengths, and weaknesses 东北大西洋和地中海区域海啸防范工作的最新进展：挑战、优势和弱点

IF 4.5 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2026-02-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106029

Eleni Daskalaki , Ignacio Aguirre Ayerbe , Maria Ana Baptista , Alessandro Amato , Musavver Didem Cambaz , Marinos Charalampakis , Lorenzo Cugliari , Suzan M. El-Gharabawy , Amr Hamouda , Hélène Hebert , Nikos Kalligeris , Juan V. Cantavella Nadal , Nurcan Meral Özel , Matthieu Péroche , Ahmet C. Yalciner

Tsunamis pose a low-frequency but high-impact hazard to coastal communities in the North-Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (NEAM) region. They are destructive, and their occurrence cannot be predicted. However, communities can take measures to decrease their impact. As concern grows for the NEAM region, local and international efforts are beginning to promote a complex legal and operational approach to hazard assessment, evacuation plans, and the establishment of effective Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Early Warning Systems. This study reviews the evolution of tsunami preparedness in the North-Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the adjacent seas, and recommends a shift from technically oriented warning systems to community resilience. Developments in this area are often delayed by inconsistent public awareness and the low priority given to coastal hazards in policy agendas. To address these vulnerabilities, the present paper underscores the need for continuous international cooperation, institutionalized education, and the deployment of innovative technologies.

海啸对东北大西洋和地中海（NEAM）地区的沿海社区构成频率低但影响大的危害。它们是破坏性的，它们的发生是无法预测的。然而，社区可以采取措施减少它们的影响。随着人们对新中东风暴区域的关注日益增加，地方和国际正开始努力促进对危险评估、疏散计划和建立有效的早期预警系统标准作业程序采取复杂的法律和业务办法。本研究回顾了东北大西洋、地中海和邻近海域海啸防备的演变，并建议从以技术为导向的预警系统转向以社区恢复力为导向的预警系统。由于公众意识不一致，以及政策议程对沿海灾害的重视程度较低，这一领域的发展往往被推迟。为了解决这些脆弱性，本文强调需要持续的国际合作、制度化的教育和创新技术的部署。

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引用次数: 0

What keeps women safe from violence during shocks? Review of risk and protective factors in the Indo-Pacific region 是什么使妇女在电击期间免受暴力？审查印太地区的风险和保护因素

IF 4.5 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2026-02-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106027

Phyu Phyu Oo , Helen Stenger , Connie Gan , Sara E. Davies , Jacqui True

Violence against women (VAW) can escalate during and immediately after shocks, thus underscoring the need to better understand and identify the protective factors that mitigate the risks. This scoping review examines the risks and protective factors associated with VAW during shocks – intense, acute or sudden events that include conflicts, financial crises, health emergencies and natural disasters, with a focus on the Indo-Pacific region (46 countries) from 1993 to 2023. We recorded 12 risk factors associated with VAW during shocks from 63 peer-reviewed studies, with financial insecurity presented as the most prominent risk factor. Yet, only three studies identified protective factors that prevent or reduce VAW during shocks. Furthermore, studies have been conducted in only 21 out of 46 countries. With shocks rising across the region, we argue that more research is needed to explore the relationship between risk and protective factors and VAW escalation during different types of shocks, specifically, more studies on a diverse range of affected countries, and the use of feminist informed methodologies to document the structural and social protection responses that mitigate VAW during and after shocks.

暴力侵害妇女行为可能在冲击期间和之后立即升级，因此强调有必要更好地了解和确定减轻风险的保护因素。本范围审查审查了1993年至2023年期间印度-太平洋地区（46个国家）在冲突、金融危机、突发卫生事件和自然灾害等强烈、急性或突发事件期间与暴力侵害行为相关的风险和保护因素。我们从63项同行评议的研究中记录了与冲击期间VAW相关的12个风险因素，其中财务不安全是最突出的风险因素。然而，只有三项研究确定了预防或减少冲击期间VAW的保护因素。此外，在46个国家中，仅在21个国家进行了研究。随着该地区冲击的增加，我们认为需要更多的研究来探索不同类型冲击期间风险和保护因素与暴力侵害行为升级之间的关系，特别是对不同范围的受影响国家进行更多的研究，并使用女权主义知情方法来记录在冲击期间和之后减轻暴力侵害的结构和社会保护措施。

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引用次数: 0

Earthquake-hazard exposure of residents with potential access and functional needs in the United States 美国具有潜在通道和功能需求的居民的地震危险暴露

IF 4.5 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2026-02-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106002

Nathan Wood , Alice Pennaz , Jeanne Jones

Earthquake response plans and earthquake early warning (EEW) systems designed for general populations may not consider potential access and functional needs (AFN) of individuals with physical, sensory, cognitive, or social limitations. Previous efforts to map the distribution of these populations have focused on social-vulnerability indices that ignore or oversimply these limitations. The descriptive and exploratory analysis summarized in this United States (U.S.) case study addresses this gap by identifying and integrating spatially explicit data for AFN-related residential populations, earthquake hazards, and county and county equivalents for the conterminous U.S., Alaska, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii. We focus on 13 AFN-related attributes that relate to an individual's ability to access information contained in an EEW alert, to understand and process earthquake information or observed ground shaking, and to take self-protective actions based on this information and physical cues of an earthquake. Depending on the demographic attribute, there are millions to tens of millions of U.S. residents with AFN-related attributes in areas considered to have varying likelihoods (2%, 10%, and 50%) of exceedance of a damaging earthquake in the next 50 years. Although these amounts represent low percentages at the national level, the percentage of individuals with AFN-related attributes in many counties and county equivalents substantially exceeds national percentages. No one county, county equivalent, U.S. state, or U.S. territory has the highest percentage of individuals in all AFN-related attributes; therefore, future efforts to increase individual resilience to earthquakes may benefit from understanding the local context of individuals with potential access and functional needs.

为一般人群设计的地震响应计划和地震预警（EEW）系统可能没有考虑到具有身体、感官、认知或社会限制的个人的潜在访问和功能需求（AFN）。以前绘制这些人口分布图的努力集中在忽视或过于简单地考虑这些限制的社会脆弱性指数上。本美国案例研究总结的描述性和探索性分析通过识别和整合与afn相关的居住人口、地震灾害以及美国相邻地区、阿拉斯加、波多黎各和夏威夷的县和县等价物的空间明确数据，解决了这一差距。我们将重点放在13个与afn相关的属性上，这些属性与个人获取EEW警报中包含的信息、理解和处理地震信息或观察地面震动的能力有关，并基于这些信息和地震的物理线索采取自我保护行动。根据人口统计属性，在未来50年内，有数百万到数千万具有afn相关属性的美国居民被认为有不同的可能性（2%、10%和50%）发生破坏性地震。虽然这些数字在全国范围内所占的百分比很低，但在许多县和同等县，具有afn相关属性的个人百分比大大超过了全国百分比。在所有afn相关属性中，没有一个县、同等县、美国州或美国领土的个人比例最高；因此，未来提高个人抗灾能力的努力可能受益于了解具有潜在通道和功能需求的个人的当地环境。

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引用次数: 0

Framework for predicting multi-sector business interruption losses solely from earthquake scenarios 预测地震情景下多部门业务中断损失的框架

IF 4.5 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2026-02-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106034

Quan Mao , Junhan Du , Nan Li

Businesses in nearly all economic sectors may suffer significant business interruption losses (BILs) after an earthquake. Although existing studies have proposed various models for assessing BILs, they fail to integrate earthquake scenarios with the mechanisms underlying post-earthquake business interruption, thus preventing pre-earthquake prediction and mitigation. To address this gap, this study proposes a multi-sector BIL prediction framework solely taking earthquake scenarios as inputs, by integrating the failure and recovery of operation factors as well as changes in final demand. By modeling multiple stages of business closure, reduction and recovery, the proposed framework enables BIL prediction under any hypothetical earthquake scenario, while also supporting the evaluation of disaster mitigation measures such as temporary building construction and contingency infrastructure resources. A case study of a severely stricken county during the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake was conducted to validate the proposed framework by comparing predicted and observed BILs. The results indicate acceptable prediction accuracy for business-group BIL distributions and sector-level BILs, despite substantial individual business-level uncertainties. Meanwhile, it was also proved that the proposed framework enables capturing multi-stage earthquake impacts on businesses and sectors, and testing the effectiveness of disaster mitigation measures in reducing BILs.

地震后，几乎所有经济部门的企业都可能遭受重大的业务中断损失。尽管现有研究提出了各种评估bil的模型，但它们未能将地震情景与地震后业务中断的潜在机制结合起来，从而阻碍了地震前的预测和减灾。为了弥补这一不足，本研究提出了一个仅以地震情景为输入，综合运行因素失效和恢复以及最终需求变化的多部门BIL预测框架。通过对业务关闭、减少和恢复的多个阶段进行建模，提议的框架能够在任何假设的地震情景下进行BIL预测，同时还支持对临时建筑物建设和应急基础设施资源等减灾措施的评估。以2008年汶川地震重灾区为例，通过对比预测和观测到的BILs，验证了该框架的有效性。结果表明，尽管存在大量的个体业务层面的不确定性，但企业集团业务成本分布和行业层面业务成本的预测精度仍可接受。与此同时，亦证明拟议的框架能够捕捉地震对企业和部门的多阶段影响，并测试减灾措施在减少灾害损失方面的有效性。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing residual flood risk assessment through response capacity quantification: Case study of the Sefidroud river, Iran 通过响应能力量化加强剩余洪水风险评估：以伊朗塞菲德鲁德河为例

IF 4.5 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2026-02-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106019

Khabat Amani, Seiyed Mossa Hosseini

This study develops a response-adjusted flood risk assessment framework that incorporates physical accessibility to emergency services as a first approximation of community mitigation capacity. The framework is applied to three reaches of the Sefidroud River in northwestern Iran, a region frequently affected by severe flooding. Flood hazard was estimated using the HEC-RAS hydraulic model by integrating water depth and flow velocity across return periods from 2 to 1000 years, while vulnerability was assessed by overlaying land-use exposure with flood damage functions. A response factor—based on proximity to ten critical infrastructures including transport routes, emergency facilities, and healthcare services—was used to represent the accessible component of response capacity in a data-scarce setting. The resulting hydraulic simulations were validated qualitatively against available geomorphological evidence, as quantitative flood-extent data for these extreme return periods was not available. Incorporating this factor reduced the residual risk by approximately 7 % for the 100-year flood and 1 % for the 1000-year flood, indicating the limited moderating influence of local accessibility under extreme events. This work demonstrates how response-related indicators can be integrated into the conventional hazard–exposure–vulnerability paradigm, and outlines a pathway for expanding the framework to include broader social and institutional dimensions in future research.

本研究开发了一个响应调整的洪水风险评估框架，该框架将应急服务的物理可及性作为社区减灾能力的初步近似值。该框架应用于伊朗西北部塞菲德鲁德河的三个河段，该地区经常受到严重洪水的影响。利用HEC-RAS水力模型，通过综合2 - 1000年汛期的水深和流速来估计洪水危害，而通过将土地利用暴露与洪水破坏函数叠加来评估脆弱性。在数据匮乏的情况下，响应因子是基于对10个关键基础设施（包括运输路线、应急设施和医疗服务）的接近程度来表示响应能力的可访问部分。由于没有这些极端回归期的定量洪水范围数据，因此根据现有的地貌证据，对所得的水力模拟进行了定性验证。考虑到这一因素，100年洪水的剩余风险降低了约7%，1000年洪水的剩余风险降低了1%，表明极端事件下当地可达性的调节作用有限。这项工作展示了如何将与响应相关的指标整合到传统的危险暴露-脆弱性范式中，并概述了在未来的研究中扩展框架以包括更广泛的社会和制度维度的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Business recovery of female-owned enterprises after urban floods: A propensity score matching analysis in the Bangkok metropolitan region 城市洪水后女性企业的业务恢复：曼谷都市圈的倾向得分匹配分析

IF 4.5 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2026-02-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106022

Siriporn Darnkachatarn , Yoshio Kajitani

引用次数: 0

Social practices in community responses to disasters in Fiji 斐济社区应对灾害的社会实践

IF 4.5 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2026-02-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106014

Mallee Smith , Thomas Birtchnell , Tillmann Böhme , Andreas Kopf

When a disaster strikes, citizens are expected to respond by following carefully prepared procedures implemented by emergency services and personnel that run in tandem, and at times in conflict with, their established social practices. This paper examines how disasters in Fiji impact community gender norms, which are rapidly unsettled during an emergency. Communities under duress are compelled by government interventions to interact with the standardised routines and behaviours requisite for a disaster setting. The role obdurate social practices play in disaster management is the focus of this paper. A novel reinterpretation of obduracy as resilience is made through an appraisal of the reflections and insights of NGO and charity workers interviewed in Suva, Fiji about community responses across the gendered social practices of comfort, convenience and cleanliness as these are negotiated during emergencies. We conclude by emphasising the need for emergency workers and policymakers alike to be abreast of cultural and community norms and to be attuned to the underlying social practices communities adhere to during disasters.

当灾难发生时，人们期望公民按照紧急服务机构和工作人员制定的精心准备的程序作出反应，这些程序与他们的既定社会习俗相辅相成，有时甚至相互冲突。本文探讨了斐济的灾害如何影响社区性别规范，这些规范在紧急情况下会迅速动摇。受胁迫的社区在政府干预下被迫与灾难环境所需的标准化惯例和行为进行互动。顽固的社会实践在灾害管理中的作用是本文研究的重点。通过对在斐济苏瓦接受采访的非政府组织和慈善工作者的反思和见解进行评估，对社区在紧急情况下协商的舒适、便利和清洁等性别社会实践的反应进行了新的重新诠释，将顽固视为复原力。最后，我们强调，紧急救援人员和政策制定者都需要了解文化和社区规范，并适应社区在灾难期间坚持的基本社会实践。

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引用次数: 0