International journal of disaster risk reduction最新文献_第3页

Normative learning generates behaviour change: The case of drowning prevention 规范学习促成行为改变：预防溺水案例

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104942

Brian R. Cook , Peter Kamstra , Nicholas Harrigan , Jasmin Lawes , Robert Brander , James Bond , Tom Kompas

Drowning is a risk governance issue of global significance. The majority of coastal drownings occur at unpatrolled beaches. Interventions designed to influence public behaviours are measured in terms of ‘awareness raised’ and ‘intentions to act’ rather than actual ‘behaviours adopted’. As a result, up-scaling impacts defaults to the dubious assumption that the communication of information can raise societal-scale awareness that will result in societal-scale behaviour change. No interventions into coastal drowning prevention, though, have determined the impacts of raised awareness on actual behaviours and, as a result, interventions are presently blind to whether changed behaviours ‘spillover’ to unpatrolled locations; further, no research has applied mixed methods to explain the mechanisms of behaviour changes or spillover effects. We conducted an intervention that combines a 20-min safety lesson with a meaningful engagement involving active reflection. This intervention was paired with a control that involved the engagement only. The study was conducted at Lorne, Australia, and involved 12 lessons with approximately 600 participants; 4–6 months later, participants were contacted to measure impact. After screening for those who had returned to a beach and had had opportunity to alter their behaviours, statistical modelling shows that, relative to the control, the intervention significantly increased the number of risk mitigation behaviours adopted, the number of non-participants told, and the number of behaviour changes adopted at unpatrolled beaches. The major impact pathway of the intervention was normative learning rather than awareness raising. Qualitative analysis explains how the intervention supported normative learning (i.e., through reflection) and the mechanisms through which normative learning supported behaviour change (i.e., self-efficacy and altered worldview). We demonstrate a participatory methodology and innovative mixed-methods approach that results in actual behaviour changes that spillover to non-participants and to the locations where drownings concentrate. More broadly, the implications challenge awareness raising as the basis of risk management.

溺水是一个具有全球意义的风险治理问题。大多数沿海溺水事件都发生在没有巡逻的海滩上。旨在影响公众行为的干预措施是以 "提高意识 "和 "行动意愿 "而非实际 "采取的行为 "来衡量的。因此，扩大影响的假设是，信息传播可以提高全社会的意识，从而改变全社会的行为。但是，目前还没有任何预防沿海溺水的干预措施能确定提高意识对实际行为的影响，因此，干预措施目前还无法确定改变后的行为是否会 "溢出 "到未受监控的地点；此外，也没有任何研究采用混合方法来解释行为改变或溢出效应的机制。我们进行了一项干预，将 20 分钟的安全课程与涉及积极反思的有意义的参与结合起来。该干预措施与仅涉及参与的对照组配对。这项研究在澳大利亚洛恩进行，共有 12 节课，约 600 人参加；4-6 个月后，我们与参加者取得联系，以衡量其影响。在筛选出返回海滩并有机会改变行为的参与者后，统计模型显示，与对照组相比，干预措施显著增加了采用风险缓解行为的人数、未被告知的非参与者人数，以及在无人看守海滩采用行为改变的人数。干预措施的主要影响途径是规范性学习，而不是提高认识。定性分析解释了干预措施如何支持规范性学习（即通过反思），以及规范性学习支持行为改变的机制（即自我效能和改变世界观）。我们展示了一种参与式方法和创新的混合方法，这种方法导致了实际的行为改变，并波及到非参与者和溺水事件集中的地点。从更广泛的意义上讲，这对将提高认识作为风险管理的基础提出了挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Spatial and temporal analysis of vulnerability disparity of minorities to wildfires in California 对加利福尼亚州少数族裔易受野火影响程度差异的时空分析

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104949

Weiwei Xie, Qingmin Meng

Wildfires typically have devastating impacts on communities, both in urban and rural areas, resulting in property loss, psychological distress, physical injuries, and loss of life. A notable gap in the literature is the spatial and temporal disproportionate impact of wildfires on underrepresented communities. This lack of attention is concerning, as these underrepresented populations are likely to be more vulnerable to the devastating consequences of wildfire disasters, exacerbating pre-existing social, economic, and environmental disparities. This study aims to address this gap by conducting a comprehensive spatial and temporal analysis of the vulnerability of underrepresented communities such as the Black, Asian, Hispanic, Native American, among others, in the State of California. We deploy methodological tools such as Getis-Ord Gi∗ to identify areas exhibiting heightened vulnerability across diverse minority groups. Additionally, disparity degrees are measured using Location Amplitude Index among these minority populations. Our findings reveal significant spatial and temporal shifts in vulnerability disparities for Native American communities in Los Angeles County, the Black communities in Orange County, and all minority groups in San Diego County. Shedding light on the underrepresented communities' vulnerabilities to wildfires, this research contributes to the development of targeted and equitable strategies for wildfire preparedness, response, and recovery efforts. Furthermore, this study highlights the urgent need for addressing the environmental justice implications of wildfire disasters and considering minorities’ disparity in wildfire risk management and climate change adaptation planning.

野火通常会对城市和农村地区的社区造成破坏性影响，导致财产损失、心理压力、身体伤害和生命损失。文献中一个明显的空白是野火对代表性不足的社区造成的空间和时间上不成比例的影响。这种关注的缺失令人担忧，因为这些代表性不足的人群可能更容易受到野火灾害破坏性后果的影响，从而加剧原有的社会、经济和环境差异。本研究旨在通过对加利福尼亚州黑人、亚裔、西班牙裔、美国原住民等代表性不足的群体的脆弱性进行全面的时空分析来弥补这一不足。我们采用 Getis-Ord Gi∗ 等方法工具来识别不同少数群体中表现出高度脆弱性的地区。此外，我们还使用位置振幅指数测量了这些少数族裔群体的差异程度。我们的研究结果表明，洛杉矶县的美国原住民社区、橙县的黑人社区以及圣迭戈县的所有少数族裔群体的脆弱性差异在空间和时间上都发生了重大变化。这项研究揭示了代表性不足的社区在野火面前的脆弱性，有助于为野火防备、应对和恢复工作制定有针对性的公平战略。此外，本研究还强调了解决野火灾害对环境正义的影响以及在野火风险管理和气候变化适应规划中考虑少数群体差异的迫切需要。

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引用次数: 0

Household evacuation decision making during simultaneous events: Hurricane Ida and the COVID-19 pandemic 同时发生事件时的家庭疏散决策：伊达飓风和 COVID-19 大流行

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104914

Laura K. Siebeneck , Zengxiang Lei , Prabin Sharma , Rajat Verma , Mac Osazuwa-Peters , Satish V. Ukkusuri

Protective action decisions are complex and require households to consider a variety of factors including hazard risks, household characteristics, location, and experience. Previous research has examined these decisions in the context of a single hazard; however, it is also necessary to consider scenarios whereby two coupled hazards pose simultaneous risks. This paper examines the decision-making of households when making evacuation and shelter-in-place decisions during two simultaneous events: the 2021 Hurricane Ida and the COVID-19 pandemic. Survey data gathered from six parishes eight months after the storm were used to analyze risk perception tradeoffs and protective action decisions of households before Hurricane Ida made landfall. The results indicate that higher perceived risks of the hurricane causing injury or death, being vaccinated, having a higher income, having children residing in the home, and having previous experience of evacuating increased the odds of evacuating. Likewise, variables such as higher perceived risks related to being hospitalized or killed by COVID-19, being elderly, and being located further away from the storm track all decreased the likelihood of a household undertaking evacuation. The findings of this study improve understanding of how households consider competing risks during simultaneous hazard events, which in turn can help inform strategies for managing future disaster events involving multiple hazards and risks.

保护行动决策非常复杂，需要家庭考虑多种因素，包括灾害风险、家庭特征、地点和经验。以往的研究都是在单一灾害的背景下对这些决策进行研究，但也有必要考虑两种耦合灾害同时带来风险的情况。本文研究了家庭在 2021 年飓风 "艾达 "和 COVID-19 大流行这两个同时发生的事件中做出疏散和就地避难决策时的决策情况。在风暴发生八个月后从六个教区收集的调查数据被用来分析飓风 "艾达 "登陆前家庭的风险认知权衡和保护行动决策。结果表明，对飓风造成人员伤亡的风险感知较高、接种过疫苗、收入较高、家中有孩子以及有过撤离经验的家庭会增加撤离的几率。同样，认为 COVID-19 会导致住院或死亡的风险较高、年长者、距离风暴轨道较远等变量都会降低家庭撤离的可能性。这项研究的结果加深了人们对家庭在同时发生灾害事件时如何考虑相互竞争的风险的理解，这反过来又有助于为未来涉及多种灾害和风险的灾害事件的管理策略提供参考。

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引用次数: 0

Cooperative community wildfire response: Pathways to First Nations’ leadership and partnership in British Columbia, Canada 合作应对社区野火：加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省原住民领导力和伙伴关系之路

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104933

Kelsey Copes-Gerbitz , Dave Pascal , Vanessa M. Comeau , Lori D. Daniels

With the growing scale of wildfires, many First Nations are demanding a stronger role in wildfire response. Disproportionate impacts on Indigenous communities (including First Nations, Métis, and Inuit) in Canada are motivating these demands: although approximately 5 % of the population identifies as Indigenous, about 42 % of wildfire evacuation events occur communities that are more than half Indigenous. In what is now known as British Columbia, Canada, new pathways for cooperative wildfire response between First Nations and provincial agencies are emerging. Drawing from semi-structured interviews with 15 experts from First Nations communities and agencies, and a review of 42 documents on wildfire response, our research highlights the diverse existing capacities, priority opportunities, and processes required to enhance cooperative pathways. Within First Nations communities, existing capacities include local knowledge, firefighting experience, equipment, funding, relationships, and leadership – an overlooked but fundamental capacity. Priority opportunities include ways to build capacity within and beyond wildfire response, such as fully equipped response crews, full-time year-round wildfire management crews, Emergency Management Coordinators, First Nations Liaisons, and cross-trained wildland and structural crews. Translating existing capacities into priority opportunities requires an ongoing focus on cooperative processes, including relationship-building, respecting Rights and Title, streamlining funding, and enabling “cultural safety” to overcome racism. These cooperative pathways can help transform wildfire governance toward First Nations-led partnerships.

随着野火规模的不断扩大，许多原住民要求在野火应对中发挥更大的作用。加拿大原住民社区（包括原住民、梅蒂斯人和因纽特人）所受到的不成比例的影响促使他们提出这些要求：尽管约有 5% 的人口自称是原住民，但约 42% 的野火疏散事件发生在原住民占一半以上的社区。在现在的加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省，原住民和省级机构之间正在出现合作应对野火的新途径。通过对来自原住民社区和机构的 15 位专家进行半结构化访谈，以及对 42 份有关野火应对的文件进行审查，我们的研究强调了现有的各种能力、优先机会以及加强合作途径所需的程序。在原住民社区内，现有能力包括当地知识、灭火经验、设备、资金、关系和领导力--这是一种被忽视的基本能力。优先机会包括在野火响应内外建设能力的方法，例如装备齐全的响应人员、全年全职的野火管理人员、应急管理协调员、原住民联络员以及经过交叉培训的野地和结构性人员。将现有能力转化为优先机会需要持续关注合作过程，包括建立关系、尊重权利和所有权、精简资金以及实现 "文化安全 "以克服种族主义。这些合作途径有助于将野火治理转变为由原住民主导的伙伴关系。

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引用次数: 0

Fostering civic participation and collective actions for disaster risk reduction: Insights from Aotearoa New Zealand case studies 促进公民参与和集体行动，减少灾害风险：新西兰奥特亚罗瓦案例研究的启示

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104954

Manomita Das , Julia Becker , Emma E H Doyle

This paper explores how community members collaborate with emergency management organizations in the pre-disaster stage and engage in collective actions for reducing disaster risks in their communities. Utilizing four qualitative case studies from New Zealand, we examined how local groups interested in reducing community level disaster risks form, the nature of their collective actions and collaboration with emergency management organizations, their facilitators and barriers and the outcomes of the processes. The findings suggest that people's involvement, collaboration, and collective action in the pre-disaster stage entails participating in programmes administered by emergency management organizations through diverse community groups, informal emergency response teams, and specialized volunteer groups. The two primary goals are to have a group of people ready to provide immediate support in an event by maintaining community response teams and making prior arrangements that support people to spontaneously volunteer in an emergency, through community emergency hub approach. These groups engage in tasks such as creating community response plans, maintaining resources, and fostering communication and social capital. The factors facilitating these efforts include hazard awareness, community conversations, institutional support and active DRR organizations, clear objectives, skilled facilitators, and ensuring community solutions are supported. However, currently, community involvement in the pre-disaster stage is narrowly focused on improving response outcomes, lacking a broader perspective of addressing developmental and environmental issues that create risks. They are also rooted in the idea of a solidaristic community and rely on social capital. We discuss the implications of the current practices and the way forward.

本文探讨了社区成员如何在灾前阶段与应急管理组织合作，并参与降低社区灾害风险的集体行动。通过对新西兰四个定性案例的研究，我们探讨了对降低社区灾害风险感兴趣的地方团体是如何形成的、他们的集体行动和与应急管理组织合作的性质、他们的促进因素和障碍以及这些过程的结果。研究结果表明，人们在灾前阶段的参与、合作和集体行动需要通过不同的社区团体、非正式应急小组和专业志愿者团体参与应急管理组织管理的计划。这两个主要目标是，通过维持社区应急小组和事先作出安排，支持人们在紧急情况下自发提供志愿服务，从而使一群人随时准备在事件发生时提供即时支持。这些小组的任务包括制定社区应急计划、维护资源、促进沟通和社会资本。促进这些工作的因素包括危险意识、社区对话、机构支持和活跃的减灾组织、明确的目标、熟练的主持人，以及确保社区解决方案得到支持。然而，目前社区在灾前阶段的参与仅局限于改善应对结果，缺乏解决造成风险的发展和环境问题的更广阔视角。这些做法还植根于团结社区的理念，依赖于社会资本。我们将讨论当前做法的影响和未来发展方向。

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引用次数: 0

Stakeholder engagement in disaster recovery: Insights into roles and power dynamics from the Ahr Valley, Germany 利益相关者参与灾后恢复：从德国阿赫河谷洞察角色和权力动态

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104960

Olasunkanmi Habeeb Okunola

Stakeholder engagement is increasingly important in disaster risk management, serving as an effective approach to consensus-building and improved management. However, practical implementation encounters challenges and conflicts between political leaders and stakeholders. This paper provides an overview of participatory and collaborative governance in disaster recovery, drawing on the institutional interaction framework. Through qualitative methods including 32 semi-structured interviews with government agencies, NGOs, community organizations, and volunteers involved in post-flood recovery in the Ahr Valley, Germany, the study examines stakeholder roles and power dynamics and their impact on recovery process. The findings illustrate multiple scenarios of community stakeholder interactions, highlighting how these interactions shape recovery. Power struggles and hidden power dynamics are revealed to significantly influence decision-making, with pre-existing stakeholder conflicts playing a role. I argue that recognizing stakeholder roles and relationships and fostering community leadership can establish trusted connections, enabling sustained engagement and resilience-building beyond immediate recovery efforts.

利益相关方的参与在灾害风险管理中日益重要，是建立共识和改善管理的有效方法。然而，在实际执行过程中，政治领导人和利益相关者之间会遇到挑战和冲突。本文以机构互动框架为基础，概述了灾后恢复中的参与式协作治理。研究采用定性方法，包括对参与德国阿赫河谷洪灾后恢复工作的政府机构、非政府组织、社区组织和志愿者进行 32 次半结构式访谈，考察了利益相关者的角色和权力动态及其对恢复过程的影响。研究结果说明了社区利益相关者互动的多种情况，强调了这些互动是如何影响灾后恢复的。研究发现，权力斗争和隐藏的权力动态对决策产生了重大影响，而利益相关者之间预先存在的冲突也在其中发挥了作用。我认为，认识到利益相关者的角色和关系并培养社区领导力，可以建立可信赖的联系，从而在立即开展恢复工作之后，还能持续参与并建设复原力。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring Indonesian coastal communities' responses to the 2019 Ambon earthquake and preparedness for future disasters 探索印度尼西亚沿海社区对 2019 年安汶地震的应对措施以及对未来灾害的准备情况

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104961

Wiesye Violent Pelupessy , Robert Mark Silverman

Since the seventeenth century, megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis have been recorded in Maluku Province, Indonesia. Most of Maluku's communities live on alluvial soils where tsunamis have occurred on active seismic paths, which will negatively impact them during disasters. Therefore, learning from past communities' responses and experiences is vital to decrease the risk associated with potential future disasters. However, studies about Indonesian coastal communities’ seismic responses and preparedness at the grassroots level, particularly in Maluku Province, have yet to be done. Thirty survivors of the Mw 6.5 Ambon earthquake in 2019 with over a thousand aftershocks, living in the three coastal villages on Ambon Island, were selected as respondents in the semi-structured interviews. The research results showed that the survivors had various responses to the earthquake and its aftershocks. Religious belief was a critical factor for their capability to respond to calamities, besides social support that has helped them survive. The 2019 earthquake has also enhanced their creativity, engagement, and participation. Some disaster preparedness gaps still exist, although their experiences have taught them to be more aware and prepared for future disasters. These problematic gaps are the availability of early warning systems, public education and information, risk transfer capability, protection development, humanitarian aid protocols and procedures, and health recovery. With its crucial recommendations, this study strengthens disaster governance in archipelagic countries like Indonesia and adds to the literature on how coastal communities handle multiple seismic disasters.

自十七世纪以来，印度尼西亚马鲁古省一直有大地壳地震和海啸的记录。马鲁古省的大多数社区都生活在冲积土上，海啸发生在活跃的地震路径上，这将在灾害发生时对他们造成负面影响。因此，学习过去社区的应对措施和经验对于降低未来潜在灾害的风险至关重要。然而，有关印尼沿海社区（尤其是马鲁古省）基层地震应对和准备工作的研究尚待开展。研究人员选取了生活在安汶岛三个沿海村庄的 30 名在 2019 年发生的安汶 6.5 级地震（余震超过 1000 次）中的幸存者作为半结构化访谈的受访者。研究结果显示，幸存者对地震及其余震的反应各不相同。除了帮助他们生存的社会支持外，宗教信仰也是他们应对灾难能力的关键因素。2019 年的地震也提高了他们的创造力、参与度和参与度。尽管他们的经历让他们对未来的灾难有了更多的认识和准备，但在备灾方面仍然存在一些差距。这些问题包括预警系统的可用性、公共教育和信息、风险转移能力、保护发展、人道主义援助协议和程序以及健康恢复。本研究提出的重要建议加强了印尼等群岛国家的灾害治理，并为有关沿海社区如何应对多重地震灾害的文献增添了新的内容。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing the influence of self and collective efficacy on volunteering following a natural disaster 评估自我效能和集体效能对自然灾害后志愿服务的影响

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104952

Shaun Thomas , Johanna Thomas , December Maxwell , Lacie Michel Bogen

Following hurricane Katrina, many New Orleanians evacuated to Baton Rouge. Despite a significant outpouring of assistance, not everyone engaged in pro-social behaviors during this time. Some felt an obligation to help yet failed to donate their time to assist those displaced by the storm. Prior studies have examined pro-social behavior following a natural disaster as a product of self or collective efficacy. Analyzing data from interviews with Baton Rouge area residents two months after Katrina, we explore the role of self and collective efficacy on helping activity and volunteering in shelters for evacuees. This study advances the extant literature by exploring an interactive model to provide a more accurate assessment of how self and collective efficacy work contemporaneously to influence different forms of pro-social behavior. Results suggest the likelihood of helping others or volunteering after a disaster are, in part, dependent on a nuanced combination of self and collective efficacy.

卡特里娜飓风过后，许多新奥尔良人撤离到巴吞鲁日。尽管人们纷纷伸出援助之手，但在此期间，并非每个人都有亲社会行为。有些人觉得自己有义务提供帮助，但却没有捐出自己的时间来帮助那些因风暴而流离失所的人。先前的研究将自然灾害后的亲社会行为视为自我或集体效能的产物。通过分析卡特里娜飓风过后两个月对巴吞鲁日地区居民的访谈数据，我们探讨了自我效能感和集体效能感对帮助活动和在避难所志愿服务的影响。本研究通过探索互动模型，对自我效能感和集体效能感如何同时影响不同形式的亲社会行为进行了更准确的评估，从而推动了现有文献的发展。研究结果表明，灾后帮助他人或志愿服务的可能性在一定程度上取决于自我效能感和集体效能感的细微结合。

引用次数: 0

Developing a Digital Disaster Documents System for essential documents: Perspectives of decision-makers in disaster and emergency management in Canada 为重要文件开发数字灾难文件系统：加拿大灾害和应急管理决策者的观点

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104975

Mahed Choudhury , Evalyna Bogdan , Julie Drolet , Kamal Khatiwada

Despite a growing recognition in the literature concerning the intricate relationship between innovation as an adaptive measure to effectively achieve the overarching objectives of disaster risk reduction and resilience, limited studies have examined how social innovation can be tailored to the local context. This study fills this gap by examining decision-makers' perspectives on the Digital Disaster Documents System (D3S), which digitizes vital documents for disaster response and recovery. A web-based survey was completed by 21 decision-makers across Canada, analyzing their responses using thematic analysis and descriptive statistics. Overall, decision-makers exhibit a positive attitude toward the innovation of D3S as a means to enhance disaster preparedness. Moreover, their constructive feedback on various aspects (content, organization, and storage) of the D3S paves the way for necessary adjustments and enhancements tailored to local needs. This research underscores the necessity for social innovations in emergency and disaster preparedness, especially in ways that are inclusive and equitable.

尽管越来越多的文献认识到，创新作为一种适应性措施，与有效实现减少灾害风险和提高抗灾能力的总体目标之间存在着错综复杂的关系，但对社会创新如何因地制宜的研究却十分有限。本研究通过考察决策者对数字灾难文件系统（D3S）的看法填补了这一空白，该系统将灾难响应和恢复所需的重要文件数字化。加拿大各地的 21 位决策者完成了一项基于网络的调查，并利用主题分析和描述性统计对他们的回答进行了分析。总体而言，决策者对 D3S 作为加强备灾手段的创新表现出积极的态度。此外，他们对 D3S 的各个方面（内容、组织和存储）提出了建设性的反馈意见，为根据当地需求进行必要的调整和改进铺平了道路。这项研究强调了在应急和备灾方面进行社会创新的必要性，特别是以包容和公平的方式进行创新。

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引用次数: 0

Cues facilitating collective sensemaking during emergencies: Gaps, inconsistencies, and indicators 紧急情况下促进集体意识形成的线索：差距、不一致和指标

IF 4.2 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International journal of disaster risk reduction

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104897

Rob Grace, Feifei Pang, Jess Kropczynski

In emergency communications centers, call takers gather information from 9-1-1 callers which dispatchers then radio to first responders. This workflow changes, however, when communications specialists are introduced to work alongside call takers and dispatchers to make sense of information gathered from multiple physical and social sensors during emergencies. While the work of cross-functional communications teams stands to improve the timeliness and quality of situational awareness information dispatched to first responders, the sociotechnical requirements for collective sensemaking in next-generation emergency communications work remains understudied.

In this research-through-design study, a prototype dashboard and synthetic datasets were developed to examine how cues—informational features that prompt recognition and response—facilitated collective sensemaking among telecommunicators gathering information from 9-1-1 calls and social media during active assailant and flood emergency exercises. During these exercises, three types of cues—gaps, inconsistencies, and indicators—facilitated collective sensemaking by enabling the team to collaboratively assess and reassess incidents reported during the emergencies. However, these cues facilitated collective sensemaking only when paired with multiple resources and coordination mechanisms, including a common operational picture, domain ontology, and standard operating procedures, that allowed telecommunicators to recognize and respond to cues by seeking information to update and modify representations of events shared among members of the communications team. By theorizing cues as relationships between physical features of the environment and actors capable of recognizing and responding to these features, and conceptually defining types of cues that facilitate collective sensemaking, this study offers implications for the design of technologies and work organizations that support collective sensemaking processes.

在应急通信中心，接线员从 9-1-1 呼叫者那里收集信息，然后由调度员广播给急救人员。然而，当通信专家与接线员和调度员一起工作，对紧急情况下从多个物理和社会传感器收集到的信息进行分析时，这种工作流程就会发生变化。在这项通过设计进行的研究中，我们开发了一个原型仪表盘和合成数据集，以考察在主动攻击和洪水应急演习中，提示--促使识别和响应的信息特征--如何促进电信人员从 9-1-1 电话和社交媒体中收集信息的集体感知。在这些演习中，三种类型的线索--空白、不一致和指示器--通过使团队合作评估和重新评估紧急情况中报告的事件，促进了集体感知的形成。然而，这些线索只有在与多种资源和协调机制（包括共同运行图、领域本体论和标准操作程序）相配合时，才能促进集体感知的形成，从而使电信通讯员能够通过寻求信息来识别和响应线索，以更新和修改通讯团队成员之间共享的事件表述。本研究将线索理论化为环境的物理特征与能够识别和响应这些特征的参与者之间的关系，并从概念上定义了促进集体感知建立的线索类型，从而为设计支持集体感知建立过程的技术和工作组织提供了启示。

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引用次数: 0