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Delay Study in the Construction Project: An Overview 建设项目延迟研究综述
Pub Date : 2017-07-01 DOI: 10.9790/9622-0707012123
Shubham Sharma, M. Pandey, S. Agrawal
Scheduling” is the word when it came in our mind it means the time table and most important thing is that, works should be done in time, but even if we try everything to keep our time table in schedule some of the factors that cause us late by increasing our time, they are called “DELAY FACTOR” and the time increase by them, known as “DELAY”. DELAY is the factor which is responsible for every other factors which cause lose of time, money etc. especially the most prominent loss of time and money causes by delay factors is in construction. Today construction growth in the world is increasing day by day. In every part of the world an ongoing construction can be seen, so it is very important to keep every construction on time, but quite often it is not possible because many sub-factors from different main factors cause delay and keep the construction behind the time in comparison of schedule time. The main focus of this paper is to determine the current and most responsible Delay factors by methods of MCDM and by arranging and listing them, with the recommendation to minimizing them.
“日程安排”这个词出现在我们的脑海里,它的意思是时间表,最重要的是,工作应该按时完成,但即使我们尽一切努力保持我们的时间表在时间表上,一些因素会导致我们迟到,增加我们的时间,他们被称为“延迟因素”和时间增加,被称为“延迟”。延误是造成时间、金钱等损失的所有其他因素的原因,特别是由延误因素引起的时间和金钱损失最突出的是在施工中。今天,世界上的建筑增长日益增加。在世界的每一个地方都可以看到一个正在进行的建设,所以保持每一个建设按时是非常重要的,但往往是不可能的,因为来自不同主要因素的许多子因素导致延误,使建设落后于计划时间。本文的主要重点是通过MCDM方法确定当前和最重要的延迟因素,并通过排列和列出它们,并建议最小化它们。
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引用次数: 0
Organic Wastes Degradation by U.V. Radiation 紫外线辐射降解有机废物
Pub Date : 2017-07-01 DOI: 10.9790/9622-0706067478
Anindita Bhattacharya, A. Tangri
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引用次数: 0
Methyl Jasmonate, a Degreening Alternative for Mandarin (Citrus Reticulata L.) Var. Arrayana Fruits 柑桔(Citrus Reticulata L.)的去脂替代品茉莉酸甲酯Var. Arrayana水果
Pub Date : 2017-07-01 DOI: 10.9790/9622-0707062229
Carlos Gómez, Anibal Herrera, V. Flórez, H. B. López
Mandarin accounts for a significant part of the Colombian citrus fruit production, the postharvest degreening of these products to attain pigmentation being a common practice when they are harvested in the tropics. The endogenous signaling molecules such as methyl jasmonate and ethylene are produced during fruit formation, and they play a key role in postharvest and stress responses. The latter is commonly used to degreen mandarin, which, however, exhibits low sensitivity to this compound. It is therefore important to establish degreening alternatives to ethylene. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of methyl jasmonate on the degreening of Arrayana mandarin (Citrus reticulata L.). For such purpose, respiration rate, weight loss, color index, total chlorophyll, total soluble solids, firmness and total acidity were determined. The treatments applied were: methyl jasmonate (MeJA) 1 μM 24h, Ethylene (ET) 1000 ppm 20 min, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) 0.5 μL L 2h; and the combinations 1-MCP + MeJA, 1MCP + ET. Generally obtained with the MeJA and 1-MCP + MeJA treatments, the most significant results took place at 14 days after treatment implementation (DATI) for total titratable acidity, and at 4 DATI for total chlorophyll and color index. The TSS/acid ratio (maturity ratio) became constant since 7 DATI under the MeJA treatment. Thus, the use of MeJA after 1-MCP pretreatment comes to be an interesting degreening option, all the more when considering that these physiological responses have not been reported in previous studies.
柑橘在哥伦比亚柑橘类水果生产中占很大一部分,在热带地区收获柑橘时,这些产品的采收后去角质以获得色素沉着是一种常见的做法。内源信号分子如茉莉酸甲酯和乙烯在果实形成过程中产生,它们在采后和胁迫反应中起关键作用。后者通常用于去绿柑橘,然而,表现出对这种化合物的低敏感性。因此建立乙烯的脱脂替代品是很重要的。因此,本研究的目的是确定茉莉酸甲酯对柑桔(Citrus reticulata L.)去角质的影响。为此,测定了呼吸速率、失重、显色指数、总叶绿素、总可溶性固形物、硬度和总酸度。处理方法:茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA) 1 μM 24h,乙烯(ET) 1000 ppm 20 min, 1-甲基环丙烯(1- mcp) 0.5 μL L 2h;以及1-MCP + MeJA、1MCP + ET的组合。通常采用MeJA和1-MCP + MeJA处理,在处理实施后14天(DATI)总可滴定酸度的结果最为显著,在4 DATI时总叶绿素和颜色指数的结果最为显著。在MeJA处理下,TSS/酸比(成熟度比)在7 DATI后保持不变。因此,在1-MCP预处理后使用MeJA是一个有趣的去核化选择,尤其是考虑到这些生理反应在以前的研究中没有报道过。
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引用次数: 9
Development and Application of Interactive Virtual Tour to Berdyansk State Pedagogical University 别尔江斯克国立师范大学交互式虚拟导览的开发与应用
Pub Date : 2017-07-01 DOI: 10.9790/9622-0707046269
Anna V. Alekseeva, J. I. Cortez, V. Mezhuyev, G. García, L. Cortez, J. Madrid, C. R. Acevedo, Monserrat Huerta Chiquillo
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引用次数: 0
Generation of copper nanoparticles by electro-exploding wire technique for various pressures of the surrounding medium 利用电爆丝技术制备铜纳米颗粒,以适应周围介质的不同压力
Pub Date : 2017-07-01 DOI: 10.9790/9622-0707026673
R. Das, B. Das, M. Suryanarayana, M. Sankari, Archana Sharma
This paper presents the experimental results on explosion of copper wire at a discharge voltage of 9kV for the generation of Cu nanoparticles in nitrogen environment at different pressures. The current and voltage waveforms for different pressures of the nitrogen gas have been recorded by a current transformer and a high voltage probe. Nanoparticles generated by the electro exploded wire method were characterized by both optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Experiments show that the variation of pressure of nitrogen gas inside the exploding chamber determines the size of the particles formed during the explosion of the copper wire. It is observed that for a pressure of less than 230 mbar of nitrogen gas, the wire does not explode and the copper wire remains intact. Micro particle generation occurred at a pressure of 2.3×10 2 mbar of nitrogen gas and nanoparticles were formed when the pressure was further increased to 1×10 3 mbar. Experimental results show that we could deposit maximum energy into the metal core when the wire was exploded by working in the high pressure regime of the nitrogen gas resulting in the production of nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy reveals the size of the nanoparticles to be in the range of 35 to 75 nm.
本文介绍了在不同压力的氮气环境下,在9kV放电电压下铜线爆炸生成纳米铜粒子的实验结果。用电流互感器和高压探头记录了氮气在不同压力下的电流和电压波形。用光学显微镜和透射电镜对电爆丝法制备的纳米颗粒进行了表征。实验表明,爆炸腔内氮气压力的变化决定了铜线爆炸时形成的颗粒的大小。可以观察到,在低于230毫巴的氮气压力下,铜线不会爆炸,铜线保持完整。当氮气压力为2.3×10 2 mbar时,产生了微颗粒,当压力进一步增加到1×10 3 mbar时,形成了纳米颗粒。实验结果表明,在氮气的高压环境下工作,可以使金属丝爆炸时的能量最大限度地沉积到金属芯中,从而产生纳米颗粒。透射电子显微镜显示纳米颗粒的尺寸在35到75纳米之间。
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引用次数: 1
Convective Heat Transfer Model through Annular Finned Evaporator of a Cold Storage Using Taguchi Regression, S/N Ratio and ANOVA Analysis 基于田口回归、信噪比和方差分析的冷库环形翅片蒸发器对流换热模型
Pub Date : 2017-07-01 DOI: 10.9790/9622-0706063343
N. Mukhopadhyay, T. Mondal
To overcome the energy crisis and increase of cost of electrical energy to operate the cold storage various design of experiments are done to optimize different control factors of a cold storage evaporator space inside the cold room. Here we have use annular fin to maximize the heat absorption by evaporator. Taguchi orthogonal array with regression analysis have been used as a design of experiments. The control factors are Area of the evaporator with annular fin(A), temperature difference of the evaporator space (dT), and relative humidity inside the cold room(RH). The Taguchi S/N ratio analysis have used as an optimization technique. Larger the better type S/N ratio have used for calculating the optimum level of control parameters, because it is a maximization problem. Analysis of variance ANOVA was also performed on the test results to find out the significant control factors.
为了克服冷库运行的能源危机和电能成本的增加,对冷库内冷库蒸发器空间的不同控制因素进行了各种实验设计。在这里,我们使用了环形翅片来最大化蒸发器的吸热。采用回归分析的田口正交法设计试验。控制因素为带环形翅片的蒸发器面积(A)、蒸发器空间温差(dT)和冷室相对湿度(RH)。田口信噪比分析被用作优化技术。在计算控制参数的最优水平时,采用的信噪比越大越好,因为这是一个最大化问题。对检验结果进行方差分析,找出显著控制因素。
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引用次数: 0
A Review on Dental Radiographic Images 牙科放射影像研究综述
Pub Date : 2017-07-01 DOI: 10.9790/9622-0707074953
A. Solanki, P. Mahant
Medical image processing is essential in many fields of medical research and clinical practices because it greatly facilitates early detection and diagnosis of diseases. This paper surveys an add-on approach in the area of medical image analysis for diagnosis of diseases in oral radiology using dental Xrays in dentistry. In case of medical images human involvement and perception is of prime importance. It is indeed a difficult task to interpret fine features in various contrast situations. The raw data obtained directly from X-ray acquisition device may yield a comparatively poor image quality representation. Because of the role of a human (dentist) interpretation based on his knowledge, experience and perception which may differ from doctor to doctor; there are chances of error in deciding the right medical treatment. Software developers along with domain experts have designed various standardized and scientific tools to minimize the human error in the case of deciding the right treatment on the basis of visual perception. One of the aims of this paper is to focus on the extracted part of the tooth from digital dental X-ray, finding the required information in the form of features and helping the dentist in the form of pre-diagnosis suggestions at an early stage.
医学图像处理在医学研究和临床实践的许多领域都是必不可少的,因为它极大地促进了疾病的早期发现和诊断。本文研究了在口腔放射学中使用牙科x射线诊断疾病的医学图像分析领域的一种附加方法。在医学图像的情况下,人的参与和感知是最重要的。要在各种不同的对比情况下解释细微的特征,确实是一项困难的任务。从x射线采集装置直接获得的原始数据可能产生相对较差的图像质量表示。因为人类(牙医)的作用是根据他的知识、经验和感知来解释,这可能因医生而异;在决定正确的治疗方法时有可能出错。软件开发人员与领域专家一起设计了各种标准化和科学的工具,以最大限度地减少在基于视觉感知决定正确治疗的情况下的人为错误。本文的目的之一是针对数字化牙科x射线提取的牙齿部分,以特征的形式找到所需的信息,并在早期以预诊断建议的形式帮助牙医。
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引用次数: 3
Modeling and control of PMSG based variable speed wind turbine using Proportional Resonant controller 基于比例谐振控制器的PMSG变速风力发电机组建模与控制
Pub Date : 2017-07-01 DOI: 10.9790/9622-0707073948
R. Singh, Y. Chauhan
This paper presents a controlling scheme of a permanent magnet synchronous generator based variable speed wind turbine connected to the utility grid, and a full-scale back-to-back voltage source converter to regulate the voltage at a remote location. The Permanent magnet synchronous generator based wind turbine actively supports the utility grid due to its ability to independently control the active and reactive power at a set value by considering the operating condition and limits. A complete dynamic model of the Permanent magnet synchronous generator based wind turbine together with voltage source converter and a recently introduced controller is presented in this paper. This paper presents the voltage control technique by supervisory reactive power control scheme using Proportional Resonant controller. The basic functional of the proportional resonant controller is to introduce an infinite gain at a selected resonant frequency to eliminate steady-state error at that frequency. By using the Proportional resonant controllers, the converter reference tracking performance can be enhanced which reduces as steady state error controllers can be eliminated. KeywordsWind energy conversion system (WECS), PMSG, Voltage source converter (VSC), P-R controller.
本文提出了一种基于永磁同步发电机的变速风力发电机组与电网并网的控制方案,以及一种全尺寸背靠背电压源变换器来远程调节电压。基于永磁同步发电机的风力发电机组能够根据运行工况和极限条件,独立地将有功功率和无功功率控制在设定值上,从而对电网起到积极的支撑作用。本文建立了基于永磁同步发电机的风力发电机组的完整动态模型,并结合电压源变换器和一种新引入的控制器。本文提出了一种基于比例谐振控制器的无功监控电压控制技术。比例谐振控制器的基本功能是在选定的谐振频率处引入无限增益,以消除该频率处的稳态误差。采用比例谐振控制器可以提高变换器的参考跟踪性能,消除稳态误差。关键词:风能转换系统,PMSG,电压源变换器,P-R控制器
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引用次数: 2
Dufour and Soret effect on MHD convective fluid flow in a vertical porous plate with suction 有吸力的垂直多孔板中MHD对流流体流动的Dufour和Soret效应
Pub Date : 2017-07-01 DOI: 10.9790/9622-0707060513
G. Balreddy, M. Rajashekar
The present paper is aimed at numerical investigation on the problem of heat and mass transfer on MHD boundary layer with chemical reaction, suction, Soret and Dufour effects. The properties of the fluid considered in present numerical study have been assumed to constant and the variation of density with buoyancy force is also analysed. The governing equations of the flow are transformed into non-linear ordinary differential equations and then solved by using Keller-box method. The various parameters like Magnetic parameter (M), thermal Grashof number (Gr), mass Grashof number (Gc), permeability parameter (K), Prandtl number (Pr), Dufour number (Du), Soret number (Sr) on the flow are analyzed and shown in graphs. The numerical values of the Skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number and the Sherwood number are tabulated.
本文对具有化学反应、吸力、Soret和Dufour效应的MHD边界层传热传质问题进行了数值研究。本数值研究假定流体的性质是恒定的,并分析了密度随浮力的变化。将流动控制方程转化为非线性常微分方程,然后用凯勒盒法求解。分析了流体的磁参数(M)、热Grashof数(Gr)、质量Grashof数(Gc)、磁导率参数(K)、普朗特数(Pr)、杜福数(Du)、索雷特数(Sr)等参数对流体的影响,并用图形表示出来。求得了摩擦系数、努塞尔数和舍伍德数的数值。
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引用次数: 0
E-Governance Initiatives for the Socio- Economic Empowerment of Women to Transform the Uttar Pradesh State of India 为妇女社会经济赋权的电子政务倡议,以改变印度北方邦
Pub Date : 2017-07-01 DOI: 10.9790/9622-070606102106
Saurabh Gupta, S. Rajan
If Uttar Pradesh (UP) state of India were a country, it would be the 5th most populous country in the world. As per details from Census India 2011, Uttar Pradesh has population of 19.98 Crores of which the female population is 47.6% and the female literacy rate is only 59.26% which is below than India's literacy rate. The status of women in UP is not appreciable. The empowerment and advancement of the women are the demand of time because women contribution in all the fields is required for the sustained, affirmative transformation and growth of the society. But there are various barriers to women empowerment and advancement like poverty, low education levels, unemployment, patriarchal attitude and gender based atrocity against women. The Government of Uttar Pradesh (GoUP) has taken initiatives for women empowerment and advancement so that the women can contribute to build up the nation. These initiatives are required to do Business Process Re-engineering of the Government functions. In this paper, we study and highlight the socioeconomic status of women, and the various Government Process Re-engineering tools in the form of E-Governance initiatives which are implemented in the state for the women empowerment.
如果印度的北方邦是一个国家,它将是世界上第五大人口大国。根据2011年印度人口普查的细节,北方邦人口为19.98亿,其中女性人口占47.6%,女性识字率仅为59.26%,低于印度的识字率。妇女在北方邦的地位不容忽视。赋予妇女权力和提高妇女地位是时代的要求,因为妇女在所有领域的贡献是社会持续、积极的变革和增长所必需的。但是,妇女赋权和进步存在各种障碍,如贫困、低教育水平、失业、男权态度和基于性别的对妇女的暴行。北方邦政府(集团)采取了赋予妇女权力和提高妇女地位的倡议,使妇女能够为建设国家作出贡献。这些措施是进行政府职能的业务流程再造所必需的。在本文中,我们研究并强调了妇女的社会经济地位,以及在该州实施的旨在赋予妇女权力的电子政务倡议形式的各种政府流程再造工具。
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引用次数: 0
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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