Advancements in Internet lead to the shortage of available IPV4 addresses. The main long-term solution to the IP address scalability problem was to increase the size of the IP address. To subside this problem temporarily, a specific subset of IPV4 address was termed as private. The size of routing table can be managed using certain techniques. Instead of holding information about whole route, the routing table holds information which results in next hop in next hop routing technique. Using network specific routing technique searching process is simplified as only one entry in routing table is used which defines the address of complete network. In this paper we will stimulate the network address translation and port address translation routing technique.
{"title":"Simulation and Analysis of Network Address Translation (NAT) & Port Address Translation (PAT) Techniques","authors":"Anchit Bansal, Priyanka Goel.","doi":"10.9790/9622-0707025056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/9622-0707025056","url":null,"abstract":"Advancements in Internet lead to the shortage of available IPV4 addresses. The main long-term solution to the IP address scalability problem was to increase the size of the IP address. To subside this problem temporarily, a specific subset of IPV4 address was termed as private. The size of routing table can be managed using certain techniques. Instead of holding information about whole route, the routing table holds information which results in next hop in next hop routing technique. Using network specific routing technique searching process is simplified as only one entry in routing table is used which defines the address of complete network. In this paper we will stimulate the network address translation and port address translation routing technique.","PeriodicalId":13972,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications","volume":"62 1","pages":"50-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76923818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays the number of users and the use of telecommunication systems are increasing rapidly and this result in greater demands on energy usage. Based on the extensive Life-cycle assessment (LCA) conducted by various network operators, it is learned that energy consumption in the usage phase of its radio access networks is the most imminent factor relating to impact on the environment. The amount of carbon emission is increasing in communication system, in parallel with increase in mobile consumers due to the increased use of DG. And it is also observed that current wireless networks are not energy-efficient, mainly the base stations (BS). This alarming growth in mobile users and increase in carbon emission forces us to use higher data rate mobile broadband. There is a need for restructuring of existing network architecture. We need to keep controlling system in every base station for switching purpose. Our project restructures the existing mobile network by controlling the ON and OFF state of the tower with respect to the number of users at demand and generation of green energy from a hybrid solar-wind system is done to supply the mobile network. By implementing our project, we can achieve an energy efficient mobile network by reducing energy consumed by tower and by generating green energy leading to reduction in carbon emission.
{"title":"Green Radio Technique for Energy Efficient Wireless Networks with Hybrid Solar Wind System","authors":"T. Sridevi","doi":"10.9790/9622-0707056771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/9622-0707056771","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays the number of users and the use of telecommunication systems are increasing rapidly and this result in greater demands on energy usage. Based on the extensive Life-cycle assessment (LCA) conducted by various network operators, it is learned that energy consumption in the usage phase of its radio access networks is the most imminent factor relating to impact on the environment. The amount of carbon emission is increasing in communication system, in parallel with increase in mobile consumers due to the increased use of DG. And it is also observed that current wireless networks are not energy-efficient, mainly the base stations (BS). This alarming growth in mobile users and increase in carbon emission forces us to use higher data rate mobile broadband. There is a need for restructuring of existing network architecture. We need to keep controlling system in every base station for switching purpose. Our project restructures the existing mobile network by controlling the ON and OFF state of the tower with respect to the number of users at demand and generation of green energy from a hybrid solar-wind system is done to supply the mobile network. By implementing our project, we can achieve an energy efficient mobile network by reducing energy consumed by tower and by generating green energy leading to reduction in carbon emission.","PeriodicalId":13972,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications","volume":"14 1","pages":"67-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73133617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Implementing load balance in parallel program is very important. It may reduce running time and improve performance of program. This paper proposes a slicing algorithm in which we did not use any slicing criteria but we use slicing point. It is designed only for iterative programs as most of the programs or applications are developed for performing repetitive tasks. We found better results by achieving load balancing through program slicing.
{"title":"Achieving Load Balancing through Program Slicing","authors":"P. Tijare, P. Deshmukh","doi":"10.9790/9622-0707011720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/9622-0707011720","url":null,"abstract":"Implementing load balance in parallel program is very important. It may reduce running time and improve performance of program. This paper proposes a slicing algorithm in which we did not use any slicing criteria but we use slicing point. It is designed only for iterative programs as most of the programs or applications are developed for performing repetitive tasks. We found better results by achieving load balancing through program slicing.","PeriodicalId":13972,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications","volume":"176 1","pages":"17-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76463428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of Recycle product is increasing with innovation in present scenario. The utilization of waste product in the manufacturing of new product is a challenging job. The Natural Resource decreases in a short period and therefore the use of waste product is necessary. In the construction field of the world, use of Demolished Concrete Waste as alternative of coarse aggregate plays a vital role to save natural resources and economically good for us. Natural sand is a prime material used for the preparation of concrete and also plays an important role in Mix Design. One such material is Quarry stone dust: a by-product obtained during quarrying process. Attempts have been made to study the suitability of Quarry Dust as sand replacing material and it has been found that Quarry Dust improves the mechanical properties of concrete as well as elastic modulus. This present work is an attempt to use Quarry Dust as partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete and Demolished Concrete Waste as partial replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete. The main object of this project is to determine the Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength. Various mixes were prepared for carrying out the research by varying the proportions of cement, sand and aggregates. All mixes were designed for characteristic strength (fck) of M20. The Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength of concrete was tested in laboratory after 7, 14 and 28 days.
{"title":"Experimental Analysis of Concrete with Quarry Dust and Demolished Concrete Waste","authors":"N. Devendran, D.Mohan Kumar","doi":"10.9790/9622-0707043944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/9622-0707043944","url":null,"abstract":"The use of Recycle product is increasing with innovation in present scenario. The utilization of waste product in the manufacturing of new product is a challenging job. The Natural Resource decreases in a short period and therefore the use of waste product is necessary. In the construction field of the world, use of Demolished Concrete Waste as alternative of coarse aggregate plays a vital role to save natural resources and economically good for us. Natural sand is a prime material used for the preparation of concrete and also plays an important role in Mix Design. One such material is Quarry stone dust: a by-product obtained during quarrying process. Attempts have been made to study the suitability of Quarry Dust as sand replacing material and it has been found that Quarry Dust improves the mechanical properties of concrete as well as elastic modulus. This present work is an attempt to use Quarry Dust as partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete and Demolished Concrete Waste as partial replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete. The main object of this project is to determine the Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength. Various mixes were prepared for carrying out the research by varying the proportions of cement, sand and aggregates. All mixes were designed for characteristic strength (fck) of M20. The Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength of concrete was tested in laboratory after 7, 14 and 28 days.","PeriodicalId":13972,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications","volume":"25 1","pages":"39-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83524295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Image fusion of multispectral and panchromatic satellite image is used to combine spatial detail of the panchromatic image of high spatial resolution and spectral information of multispectral image of low resolution, in order to create a synthetic multispectral high-resolution image. This process is called pansharpening and the resulting image, has among others, improved visual quality and visual interpretation capabilities. These improvements are particularly useful in studying environmental issues. A large number of fusion techniques have been developed at various levels. This paper includes a critical consideration of certain fusion techniques at pixel level, as well as a relevant example of panchromatic and multispectral satellite image fusion of satellite Landsat 8.
{"title":"Fusion of Multispectral and Panchromatic Satellite Images in Environmental Issues","authors":"A. Karagianni, M. Lazaridou","doi":"10.9790/9622-0707064750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/9622-0707064750","url":null,"abstract":"Image fusion of multispectral and panchromatic satellite image is used to combine spatial detail of the panchromatic image of high spatial resolution and spectral information of multispectral image of low resolution, in order to create a synthetic multispectral high-resolution image. This process is called pansharpening and the resulting image, has among others, improved visual quality and visual interpretation capabilities. These improvements are particularly useful in studying environmental issues. A large number of fusion techniques have been developed at various levels. This paper includes a critical consideration of certain fusion techniques at pixel level, as well as a relevant example of panchromatic and multispectral satellite image fusion of satellite Landsat 8.","PeriodicalId":13972,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications","volume":"6 1","pages":"47-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73562526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of Noise in the Industry and Commercial areas in Ghana: Case Study of the Kumasi metropolis","authors":"Abankwa E.O, Agyei- Agyemang A., T. P.O","doi":"10.9790/9622-0707051119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/9622-0707051119","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13972,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications","volume":"6 1","pages":"11-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78628969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, a high speed free space optical (FSO) system is demonstrated by incorporating cost effective technique called spectrum slicing. Major achievement of the research is to use the nonlinear effect called self phase modulation as an application in spectrum slicing. A multichannel system is realized using the spectrum slices and each supports data rate of 2.5 Gbps over 5 km link distance. Investigation is carried out for different performance degrading turbulences that affect the FSO channels such as fog and haze. Different beam divergences and aperture size of transmitter and receiver is also studied for NRZ and RZ. Outcomes after analyses revealed that NRZ in large antenna sizes under clear weather for minimum values of beam divergence is better to use than RZ modulation format.
{"title":"Investigation and Analysis of Free Space Optical Link for Different Atmospheric Turbulences, Beam divergences and modulation formats","authors":"G. Singh, Er. Mandeep Singh","doi":"10.9790/9622-0707042225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/9622-0707042225","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a high speed free space optical (FSO) system is demonstrated by incorporating cost effective technique called spectrum slicing. Major achievement of the research is to use the nonlinear effect called self phase modulation as an application in spectrum slicing. A multichannel system is realized using the spectrum slices and each supports data rate of 2.5 Gbps over 5 km link distance. Investigation is carried out for different performance degrading turbulences that affect the FSO channels such as fog and haze. Different beam divergences and aperture size of transmitter and receiver is also studied for NRZ and RZ. Outcomes after analyses revealed that NRZ in large antenna sizes under clear weather for minimum values of beam divergence is better to use than RZ modulation format.","PeriodicalId":13972,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications","volume":"101 1","pages":"22-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77268373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The calamitous damage to life and property due to wind storms is experienced in many parts of the world including India, which has a huge coastal area. This has embolden many investigations on the determination of wind loads on different structures. Usually the estimation of wind loads in Buildings is carried out using codes and standards, whose enumeration are generally based on wind tunnel tests performed on selected building structures with common shapes. For example in India, A draft code of IS-875 (Part 3) for wind loading gives specifications for rectangular square, cylindrical and some typical Industrial Structures. Wind pressure estimation in buildings having shapes different from that specified on codes and standard requires wind tunnel studies. Also, Wind tunnel studies are expensive in terms of resources and time. The project suggests the Dynamic analysis for determination of wind pressure (loads) in buildings and structures. MS Excel is commanding enough for the calculation of wind pressure distribution to more cases than those currently covered by limited wind tunnel data. Some comparisons were also done using STAAD Pro with the dynamic response of building considering some examples. MS Excel has been used to determine the along wind and across wind response of a tall building. A draft code CED-37 (7792) was used to generate data for the along and across wind response of a tall building by varying various parameters as height, width, depth, terrain category, basic wind speed and force coefficient for the building. Finally, calculation of response of along and across wind of any dimension of building can be done with the draft code provisions and necessity of that is discussed
{"title":"Development of Software Package in Excel for Along and Across Wind Response of Tall Building","authors":"R. S. Parihar, Ajay Singh","doi":"10.9790/9622-0707087176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/9622-0707087176","url":null,"abstract":"The calamitous damage to life and property due to wind storms is experienced in many parts of the world including India, which has a huge coastal area. This has embolden many investigations on the determination of wind loads on different structures. Usually the estimation of wind loads in Buildings is carried out using codes and standards, whose enumeration are generally based on wind tunnel tests performed on selected building structures with common shapes. For example in India, A draft code of IS-875 (Part 3) for wind loading gives specifications for rectangular square, cylindrical and some typical Industrial Structures. Wind pressure estimation in buildings having shapes different from that specified on codes and standard requires wind tunnel studies. Also, Wind tunnel studies are expensive in terms of resources and time. The project suggests the Dynamic analysis for determination of wind pressure (loads) in buildings and structures. MS Excel is commanding enough for the calculation of wind pressure distribution to more cases than those currently covered by limited wind tunnel data. Some comparisons were also done using STAAD Pro with the dynamic response of building considering some examples. MS Excel has been used to determine the along wind and across wind response of a tall building. A draft code CED-37 (7792) was used to generate data for the along and across wind response of a tall building by varying various parameters as height, width, depth, terrain category, basic wind speed and force coefficient for the building. Finally, calculation of response of along and across wind of any dimension of building can be done with the draft code provisions and necessity of that is discussed","PeriodicalId":13972,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications","volume":"29 1","pages":"71-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82805913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bansal Deepak, Yadav Nidhi, Bagan Munish, N. Bishnoi, S. Mona
In the era of extreme global competition the industries are more focusing on adoption of latest and advanced technology and sustainable manufacturing practices. These days manufacturing is also viewed from broader perspective of sustainability, therefore, manufacturing companies are also pushing them to achieve various dimensions of sustainability, such as social, economical and environmental. Industries are regularly working on reducing their carbon footprint. Energy management is one of the method through which industries are focusing on reduction of carbon footprint and cost to become more sustainable in this competitive time. Regular cost reduction pressure on auto component manufacturing company from their Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) is increasing day by day due to competition in market. To compensate the pressure auto-component manufacturing industries are taking many initiatives. Apart from raw material and manpower cost, energy cost is also one of the major contributors. Due to carbon footprint the role of energy management has greatly expanded. Major industries are contracting with energy service providers to implement energy management practices to improve efficiency. The present study aims to identify the energy management practices adopted by an auto ancillary to reduce its carbon footprint for environmentally sustainable manufacturing.
{"title":"Energy Management Practices In an Autoancillery to Reduce Carbon Footprint for Environmentally Sustainable Manufacturing","authors":"Bansal Deepak, Yadav Nidhi, Bagan Munish, N. Bishnoi, S. Mona","doi":"10.9790/9622-0707022025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/9622-0707022025","url":null,"abstract":"In the era of extreme global competition the industries are more focusing on adoption of latest and advanced technology and sustainable manufacturing practices. These days manufacturing is also viewed from broader perspective of sustainability, therefore, manufacturing companies are also pushing them to achieve various dimensions of sustainability, such as social, economical and environmental. Industries are regularly working on reducing their carbon footprint. Energy management is one of the method through which industries are focusing on reduction of carbon footprint and cost to become more sustainable in this competitive time. Regular cost reduction pressure on auto component manufacturing company from their Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) is increasing day by day due to competition in market. To compensate the pressure auto-component manufacturing industries are taking many initiatives. Apart from raw material and manpower cost, energy cost is also one of the major contributors. Due to carbon footprint the role of energy management has greatly expanded. Major industries are contracting with energy service providers to implement energy management practices to improve efficiency. The present study aims to identify the energy management practices adopted by an auto ancillary to reduce its carbon footprint for environmentally sustainable manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":13972,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications","volume":"23 1","pages":"20-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87117757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We recently introduced a new method for Sparse matrix storage[1] which will considerably reduce the storage space by storing only nonzero elements along with the weight of each row(or column) and the number of rows(or column). This paper discusses two algorithms, SMDC Algorithm to convert a sparse matrix into decimal coding format and Reverse SMDC Algorithm to convert a decimally coded matrix back into the normal sparse matrix format. SMDC is a space optimized storage method for storing sparse matrices. It can store a sparse matrix with m rows and n columns and nnz nonzero elements, with smaller (m or n) + nnz +1 storage space, which is very much space efficient storage compared to most of the sparse matrix storage methods.
{"title":"Sparse Matrix to Decimal Coding (SMDC) Algorithm","authors":"K. Afsal, Sainul Abideen, V. Kabeer","doi":"10.9790/9622-0707089294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/9622-0707089294","url":null,"abstract":"We recently introduced a new method for Sparse matrix storage[1] which will considerably reduce the storage space by storing only nonzero elements along with the weight of each row(or column) and the number of rows(or column). This paper discusses two algorithms, SMDC Algorithm to convert a sparse matrix into decimal coding format and Reverse SMDC Algorithm to convert a decimally coded matrix back into the normal sparse matrix format. SMDC is a space optimized storage method for storing sparse matrices. It can store a sparse matrix with m rows and n columns and nnz nonzero elements, with smaller (m or n) + nnz +1 storage space, which is very much space efficient storage compared to most of the sparse matrix storage methods.","PeriodicalId":13972,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications","volume":"3 1","pages":"92-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89391820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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