In this study, based on a cross-sectional study among 9597 preschoolers in Shandong of China, we quantitatively evaluated influences of lifestyle behaviors and air treatment equipment on indoor damp exposures and thus on risks of childhood pneumonia. In the two-level multivariate logistic regression analyses, childhood pneumonia was significantly associated with parent-reported damp clothing/bedding and visible mold spots or damp stains. These associations were weaker among preschoolers from families who frequently opened the child's bedroom windows, frequently cleaned the child's bedroom, and frequently exposed beddings to sunshine (references: not frequently), as well as among preschoolers without usage of air humidifier and air conditioner and with usage of air purifier. Our results indicate that frequently keeping household ventilation and cleanness, and exposing beddings to sunshine, as well using air purifier could decrease the effects of household damp-related exposures on childhood pneumonia, but using air humidifier and air conditioner could increase the effects.
The infusions prepared from some Quercus L. species are used in folk medicine for medicinal purposes and consumed as tea. Quercus pontica K. Koch was selected in this study, for which no phytochemical isolation studies have been performed so far. Quercetin 3-O- β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-(6""-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-(6"'-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, phlorizin, rosmarinic acid, and catechin were isolated from the titled plant for the first time. Some polyphenolic compounds have been shown to inhibit histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes. However, there is no study on the any activities of Quercus species in the literature. In this study, we demonstrated that the extract has in vitro pan-HDAC inhibition activity. Through a virtual screening study, the compounds were found to inhibit HDAC7 more strongly than the other HDAC isoforms; therefore, the HDAC7 inhibition activities were studied in vitro. Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and kaempferol 3-O-(6'"-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) showed the best anti-HDAC7 activity with 37% and 41% inhibition at 500 μM.