Pub Date : 2009-12-15DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.23678
Eugenio Peluso, A. Trannoy
We investigate under which conditions it is possible to infer the evolution of poverty at the individual level from the knowledge of poverty among households. Poverty measurement is approached by the poverty orderings introduced by Foster and Shorrocks (1988). The analysis is based on a reduced form of household bargaining (Peluso and Trannoy, 2007) and provides results in terms of preservation of poverty orderings. We point out the main analogies and differences between inequality and poverty assessment, expressing them in terms of empirically testable conditions. In particular, knowing the change in poverty at the household level is not sufficient to deduce a similar change in poverty at the individual level. We need to know the change in the household income distributions far beyond their poverty line. The focus axiom does not hold in this context.
{"title":"Poverty orderings and intra-household inequality: The Lost Axiom","authors":"Eugenio Peluso, A. Trannoy","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.23678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.23678","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate under which conditions it is possible to infer the\u0000evolution of poverty at the individual level from the knowledge of\u0000poverty among households. Poverty measurement is approached by\u0000the poverty orderings introduced by Foster and Shorrocks (1988). The\u0000analysis is based on a reduced form of household bargaining (Peluso\u0000and Trannoy, 2007) and provides results in terms of preservation of\u0000poverty orderings. We point out the main analogies and differences\u0000between inequality and poverty assessment, expressing them in terms\u0000of empirically testable conditions. In particular, knowing the change\u0000in poverty at the household level is not sufficient to deduce a similar\u0000change in poverty at the individual level. We need to know the change\u0000in the household income distributions far beyond their poverty line.\u0000The focus axiom does not hold in this context.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"202 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127728446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-15DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.23679
A. Kimhi
Differentiating between the sensitivity of income inequality to male income and female income and decomposing inequality by income determinants, we find that total income inequality is less sensitive to female income variability or the level of female income, than to male income variability or the level of male income. Uniform increases in education reduce income inequality, with increases in female education having a larger effect than increases in male education. An increase in the population fraction of ethnic minorities has a positive effect on inequality, but this operates mostly through female income. All this suggests that female income is the most adequate target for inequality-reducing policy, and that within-household gender equality is good for reducing income inequality among households.
{"title":"Male Income, Female Income, and Household Income Inequality in\u0000Israel: A Decomposition Analysis","authors":"A. Kimhi","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.23679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.23679","url":null,"abstract":"Differentiating between the sensitivity of income inequality to male\u0000income and female income and decomposing inequality by income determinants,\u0000we find that total income inequality is less sensitive to female\u0000income variability or the level of female income, than to male\u0000income variability or the level of male income. Uniform increases\u0000in education reduce income inequality, with increases in female education\u0000having a larger effect than increases in male education. An\u0000increase in the population fraction of ethnic minorities has a positive\u0000effect on inequality, but this operates mostly through female income.\u0000All this suggests that female income is the most adequate target for\u0000inequality-reducing policy, and that within-household gender equality\u0000is good for reducing income inequality among households.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128256949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-15DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.23676
Christos Koulovatianos, Carsten Schröder, Ulrich Schmidt, C. Seidl
{"title":"Introduction to Special Issue: Income Distribution and the Family","authors":"Christos Koulovatianos, Carsten Schröder, Ulrich Schmidt, C. Seidl","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.23676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.23676","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"58 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114016810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-15DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.23682
M. A. Hussain, M. Munk, J. Bonke
This article gives various estimates of intergenerational earnings mobility by applying different earning periods, age brackets, and earning components. The methodology enables us to investigate how sensitive results are to different delimitations and, thereby, to make more accurate international comparisons of intergenerational earnings mobility. We find that intergenerational earnings mobility is found to be substantially lower when hourly wage rates rather than annual earnings are used, whether the latter are inclusive or exclusive of public transfers. Moreover, when the same specifications are applied for Denmark as for other countries, we find that intergenerational earnings mobility from father to son in Denmark is on the same level as in Sweden, Norway, and Finland, whereas the intergenerational earnings mobility in all the Nordic countries is found to be higher than in the United Kingdom and the United States.
{"title":"Intergenerational Earnings Mobilities – How Sensitive are they to\u0000Income Measures?","authors":"M. A. Hussain, M. Munk, J. Bonke","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.23682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.23682","url":null,"abstract":"This article gives various estimates of intergenerational earnings\u0000mobility by applying different earning periods, age brackets, and earning\u0000components. The methodology enables us to investigate how sensitive\u0000results are to different delimitations and, thereby, to make more\u0000accurate international comparisons of intergenerational earnings mobility.\u0000We find that intergenerational earnings mobility is found to be\u0000substantially lower when hourly wage rates rather than annual earnings\u0000are used, whether the latter are inclusive or exclusive of public transfers.\u0000Moreover, when the same specifications are applied for Denmark\u0000as for other countries, we find that intergenerational earnings mobility\u0000from father to son in Denmark is on the same level as in Sweden,\u0000Norway, and Finland, whereas the intergenerational earnings mobility\u0000in all the Nordic countries is found to be higher than in the United\u0000Kingdom and the United States.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131256871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-15DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.23691
N. Khiabani, A. Mazyaki
Redistributing incomes has always been one of the main goals of Iranian policy makers, although political regimes have changed frequently between 1991 and 2004. We have applied a microsimulation using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition and a Heckman correction for sample selection bias to compare simulation results for a hypothetical unchanged situation with the actual policy shift observed. While we are able to identify the years in which policy shifts occurred, our results suggest that the intended redistribution goals were at most partially achieved, affecting only some occupations and being offset by changes to the level of family incomes.
{"title":"Are public policies effective in alleviating family income inequality in\u0000Iran?","authors":"N. Khiabani, A. Mazyaki","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.23691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.23691","url":null,"abstract":"Redistributing incomes has always been one of the main goals of\u0000Iranian policy makers, although political regimes have changed frequently\u0000between 1991 and 2004. We have applied a microsimulation\u0000using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition and a Heckman correction\u0000for sample selection bias to compare simulation results for a hypothetical\u0000unchanged situation with the actual policy shift observed. While\u0000we are able to identify the years in which policy shifts occurred, our\u0000results suggest that the intended redistribution goals were at most partially\u0000achieved, affecting only some occupations and being offset by\u0000changes to the level of family incomes.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129758949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-15DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.23687
O. Alaba, S. Koch
A large number of child deaths in developing countries could be averted if ill children received care sooner rather than later or not at all. This article analyses the health care treatment pathway that is followed for children under the age of six. The majority of these children receive treatment within 24 hours. We find, however, that income affects the probability of any treatment, despite freely available public health care, and that delayed treatment of severely ill children is more likely to occur in more expensive private facilities. Our results suggest that free public health care is not enough to mitigate health inequality amongst young children and that delayed health care could lead to adverse household expenditure shocks.
{"title":"Dynamic Health Care Decisions and Child Health in South Africa","authors":"O. Alaba, S. Koch","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.23687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.23687","url":null,"abstract":"A large number of child deaths in developing countries could be\u0000averted if ill children received care sooner rather than later or not at\u0000all. This article analyses the health care treatment pathway that is followed\u0000for children under the age of six. The majority of these children\u0000receive treatment within 24 hours. We find, however, that income affects\u0000the probability of any treatment, despite freely available public\u0000health care, and that delayed treatment of severely ill children is more\u0000likely to occur in more expensive private facilities. Our results suggest\u0000that free public health care is not enough to mitigate health inequality\u0000amongst young children and that delayed health care could lead to\u0000adverse household expenditure shocks.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133866121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-15DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.23683
Veronika V. Eberharter
The article directs attention to the structuring effects of humancapital variables and family-background characteristics on labor supply decisions, occupational segregation, and intergenerational income mobility in the United States and Germany - two countries with different institutional labor market settings and family role patterns. The article tests the hypothesis that the impact of family-background characteristics on labor supply decisions, sex or gender segregation, and intergenerational transmission of social and economic status is more expressed in societies with traditional role patterns. Using data from the international version of the Cross-National Equivalent File (PSIDGSOEP), the results of the static labor supply model show that gender and education significantly determine the individual labor market participation in both the countries. Occupational gender segregation is more pronounced in Germany than in the United States. The contribution of the occupational groups to total gender segregation differs by country but not by marital status. We find stronger evidence for the impact of individual- and family-background characteristics on the intergenerational heritage of social status in the United States than in Germany.
{"title":"Labor Supply Decisions, Occupational Segregation, and\u0000Intergenerational Income Mobility – Germany and the United States\u0000Compared","authors":"Veronika V. Eberharter","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.23683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.23683","url":null,"abstract":"The article directs attention to the structuring effects of humancapital\u0000variables and family-background characteristics on labor supply\u0000decisions, occupational segregation, and intergenerational income\u0000mobility in the United States and Germany - two countries with different\u0000institutional labor market settings and family role patterns. The\u0000article tests the hypothesis that the impact of family-background characteristics\u0000on labor supply decisions, sex or gender segregation, and\u0000intergenerational transmission of social and economic status is more\u0000expressed in societies with traditional role patterns. Using data from\u0000the international version of the Cross-National Equivalent File (PSIDGSOEP),\u0000the results of the static labor supply model show that gender\u0000and education significantly determine the individual labor market participation\u0000in both the countries. Occupational gender segregation is\u0000more pronounced in Germany than in the United States. The contribution\u0000of the occupational groups to total gender segregation differs\u0000by country but not by marital status. We find stronger evidence for\u0000the impact of individual- and family-background characteristics on the\u0000intergenerational heritage of social status in the United States than in\u0000Germany.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"177 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121560267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-15DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.23690
A. Shooshtarian, M. Bakhshoodeh
Household data were used in this study to measure regional poverty and its determinants separately for ten defined zones in rural and urban areas in Iran in 2005. The non-parametric approach was used to estimate poverty lines for each zone and the effect of poverty determinants on poor and non-poor households was studied applying probit models. The findings indicate that poverty rate, gap, and intensity are higher in the urban areas. Family size, level of literacy, and asset ownership are amongst the various determinants of poverty. In general, the success of antipoverty programs depends highly on recognition of regional differences.
{"title":"Regional Poverty and Its Determinants in Iran","authors":"A. Shooshtarian, M. Bakhshoodeh","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.23690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.23690","url":null,"abstract":"Household data were used in this study to measure regional poverty\u0000and its determinants separately for ten defined zones in rural and urban\u0000areas in Iran in 2005. The non-parametric approach was used to\u0000estimate poverty lines for each zone and the effect of poverty determinants\u0000on poor and non-poor households was studied applying probit\u0000models. The findings indicate that poverty rate, gap, and intensity are\u0000higher in the urban areas. Family size, level of literacy, and asset ownership\u0000are amongst the various determinants of poverty. In general,\u0000the success of antipoverty programs depends highly on recognition of\u0000regional differences.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125421473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-15DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.23680
Mara Monti, A. Santoro
This Note belongs to the recent literature emphasizing that the residual in the traditional Gini index decomposition reveals more than what is commonly believed. We show that the residual reveals the so far unexplored contribution of stratification to between-group inequality, and this suggests that the between-group inequality measure should be modified accordingly. We propose a measure of between-group inequality which is a function of stratification. This is our first result. Moreover, we show that this measure is numerically equivalent to the one suggested by Yitzhaki and Lerman (1991), yet, contrary to the latter, we are able to define precisely its range of variation. This is our second result. Both results are illustrated by analysing between-group inequality and stratification among Italian households.
{"title":"A Note on Between-Group Inequality with an Application to\u0000Households","authors":"Mara Monti, A. Santoro","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.23680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.23680","url":null,"abstract":"This Note belongs to the recent literature emphasizing that the\u0000residual in the traditional Gini index decomposition reveals more than\u0000what is commonly believed. We show that the residual reveals the so\u0000far unexplored contribution of stratification to between-group inequality,\u0000and this suggests that the between-group inequality measure should\u0000be modified accordingly. We propose a measure of between-group inequality\u0000which is a function of stratification. This is our first result.\u0000Moreover, we show that this measure is numerically equivalent to the\u0000one suggested by Yitzhaki and Lerman (1991), yet, contrary to the latter,\u0000we are able to define precisely its range of variation. This is our\u0000second result. Both results are illustrated by analysing between-group\u0000inequality and stratification among Italian households.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115854398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-15DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.23684
E. Magnani, A. Rammohan
In developing countries, the absence of universal social safety nets frequently necessitates co-residence between older parents and adult children for the provision of elderly care. In this article we use the 2000 Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS 3) to distinguish between co-residence with and care-giving for the elderly and examine the impact of care-giving for elderly household members on the labor supply decisions of co-resident working-age adults. After controlling for the potential endogeneity of co-residing decisions and the selection bias arising from such endogeneity, our results suggest that care-giving reduces the margins of labor supply, both the intensive (working hours) and extensive (participation) margins. This effect is particularly strong in samples of female adults.
{"title":"Ageing and the Family in Indonesia: An Exploration of the Effect of\u0000Elderly Care-Giving on Female Labor Supply","authors":"E. Magnani, A. Rammohan","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.23684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.23684","url":null,"abstract":"In developing countries, the absence of universal social safety nets\u0000frequently necessitates co-residence between older parents and adult\u0000children for the provision of elderly care. In this article we use the\u00002000 Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS 3) to distinguish between\u0000co-residence with and care-giving for the elderly and examine the impact\u0000of care-giving for elderly household members on the labor supply\u0000decisions of co-resident working-age adults. After controlling for the\u0000potential endogeneity of co-residing decisions and the selection bias\u0000arising from such endogeneity, our results suggest that care-giving reduces\u0000the margins of labor supply, both the intensive (working hours)\u0000and extensive (participation) margins. This effect is particularly strong\u0000in samples of female adults.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129478529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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