International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid最新文献_第8页

4E Analysis of a new cogeneration system coupling heat pumps and PEMFC in summer and winter modes 4E 在夏季和冬季模式下分析热泵和 PEMFC 联用的新型热电联产系统

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.004

Dahan Sun , Jiang Qin , Zhongyan Liu

In response to the ongoing optimization of energy systems and the promotion of clean energy, this paper introduces a new high-efficiency cogeneration system based on proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Named the Transcritical Combined Cooling Heating and Power with Subcooling Coupled ORC (CPTSO) system, it undergoes energy, exergy, economic, and environmental (4E) assessments to evaluate its performance in both summer and winter modes. This paper also analyzes the effects of key factors on the new system's performance. The results indicate that the new system performs more effectively overall and achieves faster cost recovery during winter operations. With varying degrees of subcooling (ΔT_subcooling), the system's average energy efficiency, fuel energy saving ratio (FESR), exergy efficiency, and pollutant reduction in winter are 60.97 %, 4.51 %, 17.16 %, and 33.35 % higher, respectively, than in summer. Changes in the main evaporation temperature (T_e) result in winter improvements of 74.37 % in energy efficiency, 16.86 % in FESR, 17.6 % in exergy efficiency, and 45.5 % in pollutant reduction compared to summer. Similarly, adjustments to the outlet temperature of the gas cooler (T_g) lead to winter increases of 56.75 % in energy efficiency, 0.49 % in FESR, 17.1 % in exergy efficiency, and 29.3 % in pollutant reduction over summer values.

为响应不断优化的能源系统和清洁能源的推广，本文介绍了一种基于质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）的新型高效热电联产系统。该系统被命名为带过冷度耦合 ORC（CPTSO）的跨临界冷热电联供系统，通过能源、放能、经济和环境（4E）评估来评价其在夏季和冬季模式下的性能。本文还分析了关键因素对新系统性能的影响。结果表明，新系统的整体性能更佳，在冬季运行时能更快地收回成本。在不同的过冷度（ΔTsubcooling）下，系统在冬季的平均能效、燃料节能率（FESR）、放能效率和污染物减排量分别比夏季高出 60.97 %、4.51 %、17.16 % 和 33.35 %。与夏季相比，主蒸发温度（Te）的变化使冬季的能效提高了 74.37%，FESR 提高了 16.86%，热效率提高了 17.6%，污染物减排量提高了 45.5%。同样，调整气体冷却器的出口温度 (Tg) 可使冬季的能效比夏季提高 56.75%，FESR 提高 0.49%，热效率提高 17.1%，污染物减少 29.3%。

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引用次数: 0

Refined one-dimensional modeling and experimental validation of scroll compressor with vapor injection for electric vehicles 用于电动汽车的喷气涡旋式压缩机的一维模型改进和实验验证

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.007

Kang Li , Jiayun Hu , Chao Li , Xuejin Zhou , Ni Liu , Hua Zhang , Binlin Dou , Qize He , Ran Tu , Lin Su , Soheil Mohtaram

Vapor injection technology represents a highly promising avenue for enhancing the efficiency of heat pump systems within electric vehicles, especially in challenging cold ambient conditions. Although a simplified isentropic process is commonly employed to assess the thermodynamic functioning of scroll compressors with vapor injection (SCVI), it diverges significantly from actual operational dynamics. This study introduces a sophisticated 1D mathematical model that incorporates key factors such as internal leakage and thermal losses, thereby providing a more accurate representation of SCVI's operational realities. The research includes comprehensive performance evaluations of a short wrap profile SCVI, with a specific focus on low-temperature ambient conditions, supported by rigorous experimental validation. Comparative analyses against non-injection scenarios reveal notable enhancements, including a maximum 17.2 % increase in mass flow, a 10.5 % rise in heating capacity, and a 2.15 % improvement in heating COP. Both the simplified isentropic process calculation model and the enhanced 1D mathematical model are utilized to analyze compressor operations. The integration of internal leakage and heat loss considerations significantly narrows the gap between calculated and experimental results for heating capacity and discharge temperature, reducing discrepancies from nearly 20 % to a mere 4 %. This refined mathematical model demonstrates a high level of alignment with experimental data, achieving an accuracy within 5 % when assessing the compressor's real-world operational dynamics.

喷气技术是提高电动汽车热泵系统效率的一条极具前景的途径，尤其是在寒冷的环境条件下。虽然通常采用简化的等熵过程来评估喷气涡旋式压缩机（SCVI）的热力学功能，但它与实际运行动态存在很大差异。本研究引入了一个复杂的一维数学模型，其中包含了内部泄漏和热损失等关键因素，从而更准确地反映了 SCVI 的实际运行情况。研究包括对短包覆型 SCVI 的全面性能评估，重点关注低温环境条件，并辅以严格的实验验证。与非喷射方案的对比分析表明，该方案的性能显著提高，包括质量流量最大提高 17.2%，加热能力提高 10.5%，加热 COP 提高 2.15%。简化等熵过程计算模型和增强型一维数学模型都用于分析压缩机的运行。将内部泄漏和热损失因素考虑在内，大大缩小了加热能力和排气温度的计算结果与实验结果之间的差距，将差异从近 20% 减少到仅 4%。这一改进后的数学模型与实验数据高度吻合，在评估压缩机的实际运行动态时，精确度在 5% 以内。

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引用次数: 0

Thermodynamic analysis of a new tandem dual-temperature air source heat pump with ejector 带喷射器的新型串联双温空气源热泵的热力学分析

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.08.027

Yuefen Gao , Wenjie Yang , Yiying Zhang

This paper presents a conventional air source heat pump cycle (CHPC) and two dual-temperature air source heat pump cycles (DTHPC1 and DTHPC2). DTHPC1 employs two condensers, while DTHPC2 adds an extra compressor and combines the ejectors on top of DTHPC1. Compared with the conventional heat pump cycle, the new dual-temperature heat pump DTHPC2 can provide hot water at one additional temperature and still have high performance. In this paper, the refrigerants R1234yf and R1234ze(E) were selected as suitable for the cycle conditions. The cycle performance under different conditions was simulated and compared based on energy analysis methods and exergy analysis methods. The main performance parameters included COP_h, η_ex, etc. The results demonstrate that the COP_h and η_ex of DTHPC2 and DTHPC1 are greater than those of CHPC under identical conditions. Specifically, at an ambient temperature of approximately -10 °C, high-temperature hot water of approximately 65 °C, and low-temperature hot water of approximately 35 °C, the COP_h of DTHPC2 and DTHPC1 increased by 45% and 32.7%, respectively, in comparison to CHPC. Similarly, the η_ex of DTHPC2 and DTHPC1 increased by 27.1% and 28.9%, respectively.

本文介绍了一种传统的空气源热泵循环（CHPC）和两种双温空气源热泵循环（DTHPC1 和 DTHPC2）。DTHPC1 采用两个冷凝器，而 DTHPC2 则在 DTHPC1 的基础上增加了一个压缩机并将喷射器合并在一起。与传统的热泵循环相比，新型双温热泵 DTHPC2 可以多提供一个温度的热水，而且性能仍然很高。本文选择了适合循环条件的制冷剂 R1234yf 和 R1234ze(E)。根据能量分析方法和放能分析方法，模拟并比较了不同条件下的循环性能。主要性能参数包括 COPh、ηex 等。结果表明，在相同条件下，DTHPC2 和 DTHPC1 的 COPh 和 ηex 均大于 CHPC。具体而言，在环境温度约为 -10 °C、高温热水约为 65 °C、低温热水约为 35 °C的条件下，DTHPC2 和 DTHPC1 的 COPh 与 CHPC 相比分别增加了 45% 和 32.7%。同样，DTHPC2 和 DTHPC1 的 ηex 分别增加了 27.1% 和 28.9%。

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引用次数: 0

Performance assessment of residential heat pumps operating in extreme cold climates using zeotropic mixtures 使用各向同性混合物对在极寒气候条件下运行的住宅热泵进行性能评估

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.08.018

Maria F.P. Mazer , Olivia C. da Rosa , Alexandre K. da Silva

Extremely cold climates subject residential heat pumps to significant temperature differences between the heat source and the ambient being heated, which may lead to system failure and reduced compressor performance. The present study considers the possibility of improving the performance of heat pump systems that are simultaneously used for residential space and domestic water heating while subjected to climates varying from -25 °C to 5 °C by exploring the use of zeotropic mixtures. CO₂-based binary mixtures composed of low-GWP (global warming potential) refrigerants are considered – R32, R1234yf, and R290 – aiming to benefit from environmentally friendly and flame suppressants characteristics of CO₂, as well as the improved thermal efficiency granted by the addition of a secondary refrigerant. A thermodynamic model was developed for a standard vapor-compression heat pump cycle and used to maximize the coefficient of performance limited by the minimum pinch point in the heat exchangers. Our analysis explores the effect of several parameters, such as, the mixture components, mass fractions, space and water heating demands, and heat source temperature on the heat pump's performance. For cold climates, the mixture of R32 (90%)/CO₂ (10%) yields the highest COP and CO₂-rich mixtures exhibit the lowest. However, by increasing the mass fraction of CO₂ within the zeotropic mixture, the pressure ratio of the heat pump was improved. When considering combined performance criteria, such as the volumetric heating effect and the total heat delivered related to heat pump size, CO₂-rich mixtures tend to allow more compact systems, especially in colder climates.

极度寒冷的气候会使住宅热泵的热源与被加热环境之间存在显著温差，从而可能导致系统故障和压缩机性能下降。本研究考虑了通过探索使用各向异性混合物来提高同时用于住宅空间和生活热水加热的热泵系统性能的可能性，这些热泵系统所处的气候条件从 -25 °C 到 5 °C 不等。研究考虑了由低全球升温潜能值（GWP）制冷剂（R32、R1234yf 和 R290）组成的二氧化碳二元混合物，目的是利用二氧化碳的环保和阻燃特性，以及通过添加辅助制冷剂提高热效率。为标准蒸汽压缩热泵循环开发了一个热力学模型，用于最大限度地提高受热交换器最小夹点限制的性能系数。我们的分析探讨了几个参数对热泵性能的影响，如混合物成分、质量分数、空间和水加热需求以及热源温度。在寒冷气候条件下，R32（90%）/CO2（10%）混合物的 COP 值最高，而富含 CO2 的混合物的 COP 值最低。不过，通过增加各向同性混合物中二氧化碳的质量分数，热泵的压力比得到了改善。如果考虑到综合性能标准，例如与热泵尺寸相关的容积加热效果和总热量输送，富含二氧化碳的混合物往往能使系统更加紧凑，尤其是在寒冷的气候条件下。

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引用次数: 0

Thermal−hydraulic characteristics of R32 and R410A flow boiling in plate heat exchangers with 1 mm chevron depth 具有 1 毫米楔形深度的板式热交换器中 R32 和 R410A 流动沸腾的热液压特性

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.08.017

Wei Wenjian , Lin Kaibing , Du Yubin , Li Xiaolu

Brazed plate heat exchanger (BPHE) has gained more advantages of refrigerant inventory reduction and high efficiency due to smaller chevron channel. This paper experimentally investigates the heat transfer and pressure drop of R32 and R410A flow boiling in BPHEs with 1 mm chevron depth and W– and V– chevron patterns. Variations in heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and frictional pressure drop (FPD) with mass flux (15 − 40 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ for R32 and 25 − 60 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ for R410A) and imposed heat flux (from 6 − 14 kW m⁻²) are analyzed for each combination of the two refrigerants and two types of plate patterns. The HTC of R32 is approximately 10 % and 30 % higher than that of R410A at same mass flux in W– and V–shaped plates, respectively, which has an equivalent friction factor. The V–shaped plate is found more suited for R32 compared to the W–shaped plate. The existing available transition criterions fail to predict the flow boiling heat transfer mechanism in microscale channel, and convective boiling seems dominant in 1 mm chevron depth channel under the present working conditions, particularly for R32. The HTC correlations of Hsieh and Lin, and Palmer et al. fit the measured data relatively well with 96 and 80 % data within the deviation of ±20 %, respectively. Huang et al. correlation exhibits fare predictability for FPD, with more than 80 % data within the deviation of ±25 %.

钎焊板式热交换器（BPHE）因其较小的楔形通道而在减少制冷剂库存和提高效率方面获得了更多优势。本文通过实验研究了 R32 和 R410A 在楔形槽深度为 1 毫米、楔形槽形状为 W 形和 V 形的钎焊板式热交换器中流动沸腾时的传热和压降。分析了两种制冷剂和两种板型的传热系数（HTC）和摩擦压降（FPD）随质量通量（R32 为 15 - 40 kg m-2 s-1，R410A 为 25 - 60 kg m-2 s-1）和外加热通量（6 - 14 kW m-2）的变化情况。在具有等效摩擦因数的 W 形板和 V 形板中，在相同质量通量下，R32 的 HTC 分别比 R410A 高约 10 % 和 30 %。与 W 形板相比，V 形板更适合 R32。现有的过渡标准无法预测微尺度通道中的流动沸腾传热机理，在目前的工况条件下，对流沸腾在 1 毫米楔形深度的通道中似乎占主导地位，尤其是对于 R32。Hsieh 和 Lin 以及 Palmer 等人的 HTC 相关性较好地拟合了测量数据，分别有 96% 和 80% 的数据偏差在 ±20% 以内。Huang 等人的相关性显示了 FPD 的可预测性，80% 以上的数据在 ±25 % 的偏差范围内。

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引用次数: 0

Simulation of an operation of nested Halbach cylinder arrays in regenerative magnetic cooling cycles: The way to maximum thermal span 模拟嵌套式哈尔巴赫圆筒阵列在再生磁冷却循环中的运行：实现最大热跨度的途径

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.001

Alexei Karpenkov , Anastasiia Tukmakova , Galina Dunaeva , Pavel Dergachev , Dmitriy Karpenkov

In this study, a numerical model of the Active Magnetic Regenerator (AMR) cycle, implemented in the reciprocal demonstrator, was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics. A nested Halbach cylinder (NHC) array served as the magnetic field source. Additional simulation of an operation of the NHC array was carried out. To eliminate the discrepancies between the heat exchange duration of the heat transfer medium (HTM) and the hot and cold ends of the regenerator, an adequate time dependence of the inner cylinder rotation angle was calculated. The latter provides the symmetrical sinusoidal form of time dependence of the magnetic flux density in the gap of NHC array, which is important for enhancing the performance of a magnetic refrigerator. It was established that in order to achieve a maximal temperature span, it is necessary to shift the phases of the magnetic field insertion/removal and heat transfer fluid pumping processes by nearly half of the operating cycle period. The latter brings the simulated cycle closer to the ideal AMR cycle.

在本研究中，使用 COMSOL Multiphysics 开发了主动磁再生器 (AMR) 循环的数值模型，该模型在往复式演示器中实施。一个嵌套的哈尔巴赫圆柱体（NHC）阵列作为磁场源。此外，还对 NHC 阵列的运行进行了模拟。为了消除传热介质 (HTM) 和再生器冷热端热交换持续时间之间的差异，计算了内圆筒旋转角的充分时间依赖性。后者提供了 NHC 阵列间隙中磁通密度的对称正弦时间依赖形式，这对提高磁制冷器的性能非常重要。结果表明，为了实现最大的温度跨度，有必要将磁场插入/移除和导热液体泵送过程的相位移动近一半的运行周期。后者使模拟周期更接近理想的 AMR 周期。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental study and correlation of critical parameters for three binary mixtures containing R290 and hydrofluoroolefins 含 R290 和氢氟烯烃的三种二元混合物临界参数的实验研究和相关性

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.08.025

Bo Tang , Xiaoyu Yao , Xueqiang Dong , Yanxing Zhao , Maoqiong Gong

The mixtures of R290 (propane) and R1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene), R1243zf (3,3,3-trifluoropropene), or R1234ze(E) (trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) could be potential alternatives for high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Obtaining the critical parameters of mixtures is crucial for establishing thermodynamic models, evaluating the highest operating temperature of refrigerants, determining the phase envelope, and confirming the starting point of the Widom line. However, few studies have been made on their critical properties. In this work, the critical properties of three binary systems containing R290 + R1234yf / R1243zf / R1234ze(E) are obtained experimentally with a metal-bellows volume apparatus. The critical state is judged by direct visual observation of critical opalescence and the recurrence of the vapor-liquid phase interface. The extended total uncertainties for the mole fraction, critical pressure, critical temperature, and critical density were below 0.004, 21 kPa, 50 mK, and 0.6 % (k = 2, 0.95 confidence coefficient), respectively. Experimentally obtained critical data are correlated by the Modified Wilson method and the Redlich–Kister method. The critical parameters of the R290 + R1234yf, R290 + R1243zf, and R290 + R1234ze(E) mixtures are predicted using the Correlated Modified Wilson (CMW) method, He et al.’s method, and the Modified Extended Chueh–Prausnitz (MECP) method. The correlated curve and predicted outcomes are employed for comparison with this work's experimental results. Meanwhile, the critical parameters data obtained experimentally are contrasted with the value of REFPROP 10.0 and other open literature. The fitting and prediction curves somewhat agree with the experimental results.

R290（丙烷）和 R1234yf（2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯）、R1243zf（3,3,3-三氟丙烯）或 R1234ze(E)（反式-1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯）的混合物可能成为高全球升温潜能值（GWP）制冷剂氢氟碳化合物（HFCs）和氯氟烃（HCFCs）的潜在替代品。获得混合物的关键参数对于建立热力学模型、评估制冷剂的最高工作温度、确定相包络以及确认 Widom 线的起点至关重要。然而，对其临界特性的研究却很少。在这项工作中，利用金属波纹管体积仪器，通过实验获得了包含 R290 + R1234yf / R1243zf / R1234ze(E) 的三个二元体系的临界特性。临界状态是通过直接目测临界乳白和气液相界面的复现来判断的。摩尔分数、临界压力、临界温度和临界密度的扩展总不确定性分别低于 0.004、21 kPa、50 mK 和 0.6 %（k = 2，置信系数为 0.95）。通过修正威尔逊法和 Redlich-Kister 法对实验获得的临界数据进行了相关分析。使用相关修正威尔逊（CMW）法、He 等人的方法和修正扩展 Chueh-Prausnitz (MECP) 法预测了 R290 + R1234yf、R290 + R1243zf 和 R290 + R1234ze(E) 混合物的临界参数。采用相关曲线和预测结果与本研究的实验结果进行比较。同时，还将实验获得的关键参数数据与 REFPROP 10.0 和其他公开文献的值进行了对比。拟合曲线和预测曲线与实验结果基本吻合。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental comparison of flow boiling heat transfer in smooth and microfin tubes using R134a, R1234yf, and R513A 使用 R134a、R1234yf 和 R513A 的光滑管和微鳍管中流动沸腾传热的实验比较

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.08.028

Zahraa Kareem Yasser, Mahmood Hasan Oudah

Addressing the urgent need for environmentally sustainable and efficient refrigeration systems, this study investigates the performance of low-GWP refrigerants R1234yf and R513A in comparison to the high-GWP refrigerant R134a, focusing on the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and pressure drop during flow boiling in smooth and microfin tubes. The experimental setup involves tubes with a 6.14 mm internal diameter and 500 mm length. Data were collected across a broad range of operating conditions, including mass fluxes from 170 to 495 kg/m² s, heat fluxes from 10 to 40 kW/m², saturation temperatures of 15 °C and 25 °C, and vapor qualities from 0.15 to 1.0. In a specific case with a mass flux of 170 kg/m² s, heat flux of 23 kW/m², and a saturation temperature of 15 °C, the results indicate that the microfin tube achieves an HTC enhancement of up to 64 % compared to smooth tubes. However, R134a exhibits a higher HTC than R1234yf and R513A, approximately 5 % and 3 % higher, respectively. In contrast, R134a presents a higher pressure drop than R1234yf by about 8 %. While the pressure drop for R134a is slightly higher than R513A in the smooth tube, the microfin tube shows similar trends but more pronounced differences. This study comprehensively explores microfin tube performance with these refrigerants, offering critical insights for designing advanced refrigeration systems that balance environmental responsibility with energy efficiency. These findings were validated against predicted correlations, showing good agreement.

为了满足对环境可持续和高效制冷系统的迫切需求，本研究调查了低全球升温潜能值制冷剂 R1234yf 和 R513A 与高全球升温潜能值制冷剂 R134a 的性能对比，重点关注光滑管和微鳍管中流动沸腾时的传热系数（HTC）和压降。实验装置包括内径 6.14 毫米、长度 500 毫米的管子。收集数据的工作条件范围很广，包括质量通量（170 至 495 kg/m²s）、热通量（10 至 40 kW/m²）、饱和温度（15 °C 和 25 °C）以及蒸汽质量（0.15 至 1.0）。在质量流量为 170 kg/m²s、热流量为 23 kW/m²、饱和温度为 15 °C 的特定情况下，结果表明，与光滑管材相比，微鳍管的 HTC 增强率高达 64%。不过，R134a 的 HTC 比 R1234yf 和 R513A 高，分别高出约 5 % 和 3 %。相比之下，R134a 的压降比 R1234yf 高约 8%。在光滑管中，R134a 的压降略高于 R513A，而在微鳍管中，两者的趋势相似，但差异更为明显。这项研究全面探讨了微鳍管在使用这些制冷剂时的性能，为设计先进的制冷系统提供了重要的启示，从而在环境责任与能源效率之间取得平衡。这些发现与预测的相关性进行了验证，显示出良好的一致性。

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引用次数: 0

Theoretical analysis of the initial nucleation characteristics of trace water vapor frosting on a cryogenic surface 低温表面微量水蒸气结霜初始成核特性的理论分析

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.08.026

Hengyang Ye , Hanying Jiang , Yinghe Qi , Wenhan Shu , Xiaoqin Zhi , Limin Qiu , Kai Wang

In certain extreme conditions characterized by ultra-low water vapor content and ultra-low temperatures (e.g. cryogenic wind tunnel), trace water vapor frosting can also pose significant hazards. Considering the crucial role of initial nucleation on subsequent frosting processes, this study firstly investigated and compared the nucleation characteristics of frosting at different water vapor contents (0.1−1000 ppmv) from humid air to trace water vapor based on classical nucleation theory. The preferred nucleation phase diagrams and critical nucleation conditions were analyzed. Sensitivity of the nucleation mass transfer rate, as well as the frosting pathways were further identified. Results show that the nucleation characteristics of trace water vapor frosting (<100 ppmv) is significantly different from that of humid air frosting (>1000 ppmv). Trace water vapor frosting is more inclined towards desublimation nucleation due to its lower nucleation temperature and larger critical contact angle. The critical contact angles for 1000 ppmv, 100 ppmv and 0.1 ppmv are 49°, 75° and 120°, respectively. Furthermore, trace water vapor nucleation requires a greater subcooling degree, has a smaller critical nucleation radius, and is highly sensitive to surface contact angle and further-subcooling degree. At a surface contact angle of 120°, the nucleation subcooling degree of 0.1 ppmv is 2.9 K greater than that of 1000 ppmv. This study helps understanding the nucleation characteristics under different water vapor content conditions, which indicates that reducing subcooling degree and increasing contact angle are more effective anti-frosting methods than reducing water vapor content for trace water vapor frosting.

在某些以超低水蒸气含量和超低温为特征的极端条件下（如低温风洞），微量水蒸气结霜也会造成严重危害。考虑到初始成核对后续结霜过程的关键作用，本研究首先基于经典成核理论，研究并比较了从潮湿空气到微量水蒸气的不同水蒸气含量（0.1-1000 ppmv）下结霜的成核特性。分析了优先成核相图和临界成核条件。进一步确定了成核传质速率的敏感性以及成霜途径。结果表明，微量水蒸气结霜（<100 ppmv）的成核特性与潮湿空气结霜（>1000 ppmv）的成核特性明显不同。微量水蒸气结霜由于成核温度较低，临界接触角较大，因此更倾向于去升华成核。1000 ppmv、100 ppmv 和 0.1 ppmv 的临界接触角分别为 49°、75° 和 120°。此外，痕量水蒸气成核需要较大的过冷度，临界成核半径较小，并且对表面接触角和进一步过冷度高度敏感。在表面接触角为 120° 时，0.1 ppmv 的成核过冷度比 1000 ppmv 大 2.9 K。这项研究有助于了解不同水蒸气含量条件下的成核特性，表明对于微量水蒸气结霜而言，降低过冷度和增大接触角是比降低水蒸气含量更有效的防结霜方法。

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引用次数: 0

Evaporating temperature estimation of refrigeration systems based on vibration data-driven soft sensors 基于振动数据驱动的软传感器估算制冷系统的蒸发温度

IF 3.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid

Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.08.020

Ahryman Seixas Busse de Siqueira Nascimento , João Paulo Zomer Machado , Leandro dos Santos Coelho , Rodolfo César Costa Flesch

The evaluation of the operating conditions of refrigeration compressors once installed in household appliances is challenging due to the need to install pressure transducers, a process which requires system evacuation and refrigerant reintroduction. In addition, changes in the piping modify the characteristics of the original product. This paper proposes a soft-sensing technique based on vibration measurements of the compressor surface to predict the evaporating temperature. Different machine learning (ML) techniques are evaluated as data-driven prediction models, namely multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks, least squares boosting, generalized additive model, random forest, extreme learning machine, and random vector functional link neural networks. These techniques were applied to data obtained from a test rig designed to emulate compressor operation in a refrigeration system, with an operating envelope from -30 °C to -10 °C for the evaporating temperature and from 34 °C to 54 °C for the condensing temperature. The results showed that, with a single vibration measurement point, it was possible to use an MLP technique to estimate the evaporating temperature with a root mean squared error of 1.74 °C in a non-intrusive way. For the other prediction techniques, the errors were a bit higher than for the MLP, but the maximum error value was about 2.5 °C in all cases.

对安装在家用电器中的制冷压缩机的运行状况进行评估具有挑战性，因为需要安装压力传感器，而这一过程需要系统排空并重新引入制冷剂。此外，管道的变化也会改变原始产品的特性。本文提出了一种基于压缩机表面振动测量的软传感技术，用于预测蒸发温度。作为数据驱动的预测模型，评估了不同的机器学习（ML）技术，即多层感知器（MLP）神经网络、最小二乘提升、广义加法模型、随机森林、极端学习机和随机向量功能链接神经网络。这些技术被应用于从模拟制冷系统压缩机运行的试验台获得的数据，蒸发温度的工作范围为 -30 °C 至 -10 °C，冷凝温度的工作范围为 34 °C 至 54 °C。结果表明，通过单个振动测量点，可以使用 MLP 技术以非侵入方式估算蒸发温度，均方根误差为 1.74 °C。其他预测技术的误差略高于 MLP，但在所有情况下，最大误差值约为 2.5 °C。

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引用次数: 0