M. S. Bisong, Andy Mbeng, Bayock F. Njock, V. Lepov, K. Pierre
The main objective of this research paper is to contribute to the characterization of a composite material with a polymer matrix reinforced with a palm kernel shell fiber for its application in the naval or aeronautic industry. To achieve this objective, it first opted for the fabrication of this composite by molding with different grain sizes (0.5 mm and 1.25 mm) and at different percentages of sand and PVC with the following proportions: (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%), then subjected the sample pieces to physical and mechanical testing such as (three-point bendings, resilience and compression tests). The physical characterization allows us to obtain an experimental volumetric mass for the 0.5 mm sample varying between 1.72 and 1.59 kg/m3 and for the sample 1.25 mm, varying between 1.66 and 1.61 kg/m3 that is the more the percentage of palm kernel powder increases, the lighter our material becomes. The mechanical characterization shows a Young’s modulus in bending varying between 3199.06 and 3236.16 MPa for the 0.5 mm and from 31,881.87 to 3244.03MPa for 1.25 mm that is the palm kernel powder and grain size make the material more rigid, normal stress due to compression varying between 32.05 and 56.41 MPa for 0.5 mm and from 44.8246 to 62.028 MPa for 1.25 mm. A resilience test varies between 0.61 and 2.00 J/cm2 for 0.5 mm and from 0.94 to 2.39 J/cm2 for 1.25 mm that is the more the percentage of palm kernel shell and particle size, the more the material becomes more resilient.
{"title":"Physico-Mechanical Characterization of Plastic (Polyester) Reinforce With Palm Kernel Shell","authors":"M. S. Bisong, Andy Mbeng, Bayock F. Njock, V. Lepov, K. Pierre","doi":"10.1155/2022/8084515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8084515","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this research paper is to contribute to the characterization of a composite material with a polymer matrix reinforced with a palm kernel shell fiber for its application in the naval or aeronautic industry. To achieve this objective, it first opted for the fabrication of this composite by molding with different grain sizes (0.5 mm and 1.25 mm) and at different percentages of sand and PVC with the following proportions: (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%), then subjected the sample pieces to physical and mechanical testing such as (three-point bendings, resilience and compression tests). The physical characterization allows us to obtain an experimental volumetric mass for the 0.5 mm sample varying between 1.72 and 1.59 kg/m3 and for the sample 1.25 mm, varying between 1.66 and 1.61 kg/m3 that is the more the percentage of palm kernel powder increases, the lighter our material becomes. The mechanical characterization shows a Young’s modulus in bending varying between 3199.06 and 3236.16 MPa for the 0.5 mm and from 31,881.87 to 3244.03MPa for 1.25 mm that is the palm kernel powder and grain size make the material more rigid, normal stress due to compression varying between 32.05 and 56.41 MPa for 0.5 mm and from 44.8246 to 62.028 MPa for 1.25 mm. A resilience test varies between 0.61 and 2.00 J/cm2 for 0.5 mm and from 0.94 to 2.39 J/cm2 for 1.25 mm that is the more the percentage of palm kernel shell and particle size, the more the material becomes more resilient.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46471135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sepideh Karimi Afshar, Mohammadmohsen Abdorashidi, F. Dorkoosh, H. Akbari Javar
Electrospinning has been one of the most attractive methods of fiber fabrication in the last century. A lot of studies have been conducted, especially in tissue engineering and drug delivery using electrospun fibers. Loading many different drugs and bioactive agents on or within these fibers potentiates the efficacy of such systems; however, there are still no commercial products with this technology available in the market. Various methods have been developed to improve the mechanical and physicochemical behavior of structures toward more controllable delivery systems in terms of time, place, or quantity of release. In this study, most frequent methods used for the fabrication of controlled release electrospun fibers have been reviewed. Although there are a lot of achievements in the fabrication of controlled release fibers, there are still many challenges to be solved to reach a qualified, reproducible system applicable in the pharmaceutical industry.
{"title":"Electrospun Fibers: Versatile Approaches for Controlled Release Applications","authors":"Sepideh Karimi Afshar, Mohammadmohsen Abdorashidi, F. Dorkoosh, H. Akbari Javar","doi":"10.1155/2022/9116168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9116168","url":null,"abstract":"Electrospinning has been one of the most attractive methods of fiber fabrication in the last century. A lot of studies have been conducted, especially in tissue engineering and drug delivery using electrospun fibers. Loading many different drugs and bioactive agents on or within these fibers potentiates the efficacy of such systems; however, there are still no commercial products with this technology available in the market. Various methods have been developed to improve the mechanical and physicochemical behavior of structures toward more controllable delivery systems in terms of time, place, or quantity of release. In this study, most frequent methods used for the fabrication of controlled release electrospun fibers have been reviewed. Although there are a lot of achievements in the fabrication of controlled release fibers, there are still many challenges to be solved to reach a qualified, reproducible system applicable in the pharmaceutical industry.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45897526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Geminate thermal stability with optical characteristics is a moving forward achievement in the preparation of polybutadiene-based polyurea nanocomposites. In this regard, nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots were synthesized from a one-pot hydrothermal reaction of citric acid with urea in an aqueous solution. An in situ polymerization approach was used for the synthesis of polyurea from the reaction of telechelic amine functionalized polybutadiene and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in the presence of the DBTDL catalyst. Nanocomposites were prepared using 1–3 weight percent of graphene N-quantum dot nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy techniques elaborated successful synthesis of primary polymer binder, polyurea and nanocomposites. Thermal degradation and characteristics were investigated using the TGA/DTG and DSC methods; lower degradation rates with progressed thermal stabilities as well as proportionate thermal characteristics with wider thermal service range were obtained especially in 3 wt% nanocomposite. Optical behavior information of samples was studied using UV-vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectrometers. EDX, SEM, and AFM techniques confirmed successful nanoparticle and nanocomposite synthesis with improved morphologic and topographic properties.
{"title":"N-Doped Graphene Quantum Dot Nanoparticle Synthesis of Optical Active Thermal Stable Polyurea Nanocomposites Using Polybutadiene Chain Modification","authors":"Zahra Rahmatpanah, M. M. Alavi Nikje, M. Dargahi","doi":"10.1155/2022/2426749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2426749","url":null,"abstract":"Geminate thermal stability with optical characteristics is a moving forward achievement in the preparation of polybutadiene-based polyurea nanocomposites. In this regard, nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots were synthesized from a one-pot hydrothermal reaction of citric acid with urea in an aqueous solution. An in situ polymerization approach was used for the synthesis of polyurea from the reaction of telechelic amine functionalized polybutadiene and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in the presence of the DBTDL catalyst. Nanocomposites were prepared using 1–3 weight percent of graphene N-quantum dot nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy techniques elaborated successful synthesis of primary polymer binder, polyurea and nanocomposites. Thermal degradation and characteristics were investigated using the TGA/DTG and DSC methods; lower degradation rates with progressed thermal stabilities as well as proportionate thermal characteristics with wider thermal service range were obtained especially in 3 wt% nanocomposite. Optical behavior information of samples was studied using UV-vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectrometers. EDX, SEM, and AFM techniques confirmed successful nanoparticle and nanocomposite synthesis with improved morphologic and topographic properties.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47924542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdul Majeed, Leqaa A. Mohammed, Omar G. Hammoodi, Shankar Sehgal, Mustafa A. Alheety, K. Saxena, S. A. Dadoosh, I. K. Mohammed, Mustafa M. Jasim, N. U. Salmaan
The development in the use of polyaniline (PANI) in advanced studies makes us draw attention to the presented research and combine it into one study like this one. The unique composition of PANI qualifies it for use in electrochemical applications in addition to many other applications whose use depends on its mechanical properties. Based on this, it is necessary to limit the reactions that produce PANI and the cheapest cost, and then limit the current uses in the formation of nanocomposites with metals, their oxides, and/or carbon nanocomposites in order to determine what is missing from them and work on it again to expand its chemistry. The development in the use of PANI in advanced studies makes us draw attention to the research presented on PANI and combine it into one study. One of the very important things that made PANI possess a very huge research revolution are preparation in a variety of ways, easy and inexpensive, from which a daily product can be obtained with very high purity, as well as its distinctive properties that made it the focus of researchers in various scientific departments. The unique structure of PANI, which is easy to prepare in its pure form or with various chemical compounds including metals, metal oxides, and carbon nanomaterials (such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide), qualifies it for use in electrochemical applications. The various studies reviewed showed that PANI gave good results in the applications of super capacitors. In some of the studies mentioned later, it gave a specific capacitance of 503 F/g, cycle stability 85% at 10,000 cycles, energy density 8.88 kW/kg, and power density 96 W h/kg. It was also noted that these values improved significantly when using PANI with its nanocomposites. Because of its good electrical conductivity and the possibility of preparing it with a high surface area with nanostructures in the form of nanowires, nanofibers, and nanotubes, PANI was used as a gas sensor. We have noticed, through the studies conducted in this field, that the properties of PANI as a basic material in gas sensors are greatly improved when it is prepared in the form of PANI nanocomposites, as explained in detail later. From this review, we tried with great effort to shed light on this attractive polymer in terms of its different preparation methods, its distinctive properties, its nanocomposites, and the type of polymerization used for each nanocomposites, as well as its applications in its pure form or with its nanocomposites in the supercapacitor and gas sensor applications.
聚苯胺（PANI）在高级研究中的应用的发展使我们关注所提出的研究，并将其合并为一项类似的研究。PANI的独特组成使其有资格用于电化学应用以及许多其他应用，这些应用的使用取决于其机械性能。基于此，有必要限制产生PANI的反应和最便宜的成本，然后限制目前与金属、其氧化物和/或碳纳米复合材料形成纳米复合材料的用途，以确定它们缺少什么，并再次进行研究以扩大其化学性质。PANI在高级研究中的应用发展使我们关注对PANI的研究，并将其合并为一项研究。使PANI拥有巨大研究革命的一个非常重要的因素是，以各种方式制备PANI，既简单又便宜，从中可以获得非常高纯度的日常产品，以及其独特的特性，使其成为各科学部门研究人员的焦点。PANI的独特结构易于以纯形式或与包括金属、金属氧化物和碳纳米材料（如碳纳米管、石墨烯、氧化石墨烯和还原氧化石墨烯）在内的各种化合物制备，使其有资格用于电化学应用。综述的各种研究表明，聚苯胺在超级电容器的应用中取得了良好的效果。在后面提到的一些研究中，它给出了503的比电容 F/g，10000次循环时循环稳定性85%，能量密度8.88 kW/kg，功率密度96 W h/kg。还注意到，当使用PANI及其纳米复合材料时，这些值显著提高。由于其良好的导电性以及用纳米线、纳米纤维和纳米管形式的纳米结构制备具有高表面积的聚苯胺的可能性，PANI被用作气体传感器。通过在该领域进行的研究，我们注意到，当PANI以PANI纳米复合材料的形式制备时，PANI作为气体传感器中的基础材料的性能大大提高，稍后将对此进行详细解释。从这篇综述中，我们努力阐明这种有吸引力的聚合物的不同制备方法、独特的性能、纳米复合材料、每种纳米复合材料所用的聚合类型，以及其纯形式或纳米复合材料在超级电容器和气体传感器应用中的应用。
{"title":"A Review on Polyaniline: Synthesis, Properties, Nanocomposites, and Electrochemical Applications","authors":"Abdul Majeed, Leqaa A. Mohammed, Omar G. Hammoodi, Shankar Sehgal, Mustafa A. Alheety, K. Saxena, S. A. Dadoosh, I. K. Mohammed, Mustafa M. Jasim, N. U. Salmaan","doi":"10.1155/2022/9047554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9047554","url":null,"abstract":"The development in the use of polyaniline (PANI) in advanced studies makes us draw attention to the presented research and combine it into one study like this one. The unique composition of PANI qualifies it for use in electrochemical applications in addition to many other applications whose use depends on its mechanical properties. Based on this, it is necessary to limit the reactions that produce PANI and the cheapest cost, and then limit the current uses in the formation of nanocomposites with metals, their oxides, and/or carbon nanocomposites in order to determine what is missing from them and work on it again to expand its chemistry. The development in the use of PANI in advanced studies makes us draw attention to the research presented on PANI and combine it into one study. One of the very important things that made PANI possess a very huge research revolution are preparation in a variety of ways, easy and inexpensive, from which a daily product can be obtained with very high purity, as well as its distinctive properties that made it the focus of researchers in various scientific departments. The unique structure of PANI, which is easy to prepare in its pure form or with various chemical compounds including metals, metal oxides, and carbon nanomaterials (such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide), qualifies it for use in electrochemical applications. The various studies reviewed showed that PANI gave good results in the applications of super capacitors. In some of the studies mentioned later, it gave a specific capacitance of 503 F/g, cycle stability 85% at 10,000 cycles, energy density 8.88 kW/kg, and power density 96 W h/kg. It was also noted that these values improved significantly when using PANI with its nanocomposites. Because of its good electrical conductivity and the possibility of preparing it with a high surface area with nanostructures in the form of nanowires, nanofibers, and nanotubes, PANI was used as a gas sensor. We have noticed, through the studies conducted in this field, that the properties of PANI as a basic material in gas sensors are greatly improved when it is prepared in the form of PANI nanocomposites, as explained in detail later. From this review, we tried with great effort to shed light on this attractive polymer in terms of its different preparation methods, its distinctive properties, its nanocomposites, and the type of polymerization used for each nanocomposites, as well as its applications in its pure form or with its nanocomposites in the supercapacitor and gas sensor applications.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44650603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yomna H. Shash, M. El-Wakad, M. Eldosoky, Mohamed M. Dohiem
Background. Fixed prostheses often utilize the “All-on-four” technique, in which four implants are inserted into the jaw bone, and a framework supports them. Titanium is usually used in the fabrication of “All-on-four” parts, due to its superior mechanical properties; however, it has drawbacks such as aesthetic impairment, casting issues, stress shielding, and incompatibility with imaging techniques. These drawbacks have motivated researchers to find alternative materials such as polymers. Recently, the new polymeric material PEEK has a major role in most areas of dentistry, and therefore, it can represent an alternative biomaterial to overcome the drawbacks of titanium. The density of bone is expected to influence the choice of “All-on-four” materials. Purpose. This research applied finite-element investigations to evaluate the stresses on bone tissues and prosthetic parts in “All on four,” utilizing three assemblies of materials, in normal and low bone densities. These assemblies were titanium (Type 1), titanium/PEEK (Type 2), and PEEK (Type 3). Materials and Methods. A 3D Mandibular model was constructed with a fixed prosthesis, and three assemblies of materials were stimulated, under 300 N unilateral force. The von Mises stresses were computed for the prosthetic parts and mucosa, while the maximum and minimum principal stresses/strains were computed for bone tissues due to their brittle and ductile properties. Moreover, the displacements of implants were extracted to check the prosthesis stability. Results. Type 2 and Type 3 minimized the stresses on frameworks, implants, abutments, and bone tissues, however, increased the mucosal stress, in comparison to Type 1. In the low-density model, Type 3 was recommended to reduce the stresses/strains on bone tissues and decrease the implant displacement, avoiding bone failure and increasing prosthesis stability. Conclusions. The bone density influenced the choice of “All-on-four” assembly. Moreover, further research on PEEK implants and abutments is required in the future.
背景。固定假体通常使用“All-on-four”技术，将四个植入物插入颌骨，并用框架支撑它们。钛通常用于制造“全上四”部件，因为它具有优越的机械性能;然而，它有一些缺点，如美观性受损、铸造问题、应力屏蔽以及与成像技术不兼容。这些缺点促使研究人员寻找聚合物等替代材料。近年来，新型高分子材料PEEK在大多数牙科领域发挥了重要作用，因此，它可以作为一种替代生物材料来克服钛的缺点。骨密度预计会影响“All-on-four”材料的选择。目的。本研究利用三种材料组合，在正常骨密度和低骨密度下，应用有限元调查来评估“All on four”中骨组织和假体部件的应力。这些组件是钛(1型)，钛/PEEK(2型)和PEEK(3型)。材料和方法。采用固定假体构建三维下颌模型，在300 N单侧力作用下刺激三组材料。计算假体部分和粘膜的von Mises应力，同时计算骨组织的最大和最小主应力/应变，因为骨组织具有脆性和延性。此外，提取假体的位移来检查假体的稳定性。结果。与1型相比，2型和3型减少了对框架、种植体、基台和骨组织的应力，但增加了粘膜应力。在低密度模型中，推荐使用3型，以减少骨组织的应力/应变，减少种植体位移，避免骨衰竭，增加假体的稳定性。结论。骨密度影响“全对四”组合的选择。此外，未来还需要进一步研究PEEK种植体和基台。
{"title":"Finite-Element Analysis of the Effect of Utilizing Various Material Assemblies in “All on Four” on the Stresses on Mandible Bone and Prosthetic Parts","authors":"Yomna H. Shash, M. El-Wakad, M. Eldosoky, Mohamed M. Dohiem","doi":"10.1155/2022/4520250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4520250","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Fixed prostheses often utilize the “All-on-four” technique, in which four implants are inserted into the jaw bone, and a framework supports them. Titanium is usually used in the fabrication of “All-on-four” parts, due to its superior mechanical properties; however, it has drawbacks such as aesthetic impairment, casting issues, stress shielding, and incompatibility with imaging techniques. These drawbacks have motivated researchers to find alternative materials such as polymers. Recently, the new polymeric material PEEK has a major role in most areas of dentistry, and therefore, it can represent an alternative biomaterial to overcome the drawbacks of titanium. The density of bone is expected to influence the choice of “All-on-four” materials. Purpose. This research applied finite-element investigations to evaluate the stresses on bone tissues and prosthetic parts in “All on four,” utilizing three assemblies of materials, in normal and low bone densities. These assemblies were titanium (Type 1), titanium/PEEK (Type 2), and PEEK (Type 3). Materials and Methods. A 3D Mandibular model was constructed with a fixed prosthesis, and three assemblies of materials were stimulated, under 300 N unilateral force. The von Mises stresses were computed for the prosthetic parts and mucosa, while the maximum and minimum principal stresses/strains were computed for bone tissues due to their brittle and ductile properties. Moreover, the displacements of implants were extracted to check the prosthesis stability. Results. Type 2 and Type 3 minimized the stresses on frameworks, implants, abutments, and bone tissues, however, increased the mucosal stress, in comparison to Type 1. In the low-density model, Type 3 was recommended to reduce the stresses/strains on bone tissues and decrease the implant displacement, avoiding bone failure and increasing prosthesis stability. Conclusions. The bone density influenced the choice of “All-on-four” assembly. Moreover, further research on PEEK implants and abutments is required in the future.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44221697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Farooq I Azam, Faheem Ahmad, Z. Uddin, A. Rasheed, Y. Nawab, A. Afzal, Sheraz Ahmad, Muhammad Sohail Zafar, M. Ashraf
Improvement in the performance and compatibility of face masks has remained the focus of researchers in recent years, especially after the emergence of the COVID pandemic. Although a lot of progress in the design, tolerability, and comfort of the mask has been reported, there are certain limitations, requiring further improvement. The present review aims to highlight the filtration efficacy, comfort, and associated characteristic of various types of face masks and respirators as a function of their design and structure. In addition, the air pollutants, their adverse effects on health, certified respirators, and face masks are also discussed. The present review also provides an insight into different types of commercially available face masks in terms of their materials, filtration efficiency, and limitations. The role of emerging trends (such as nanotechnology and high-performance polymers) in the improvement and development of face masks and respirators is also discussed.
{"title":"A Review of the Fabrication Methods, Testing, and Performance of Face Masks","authors":"Farooq I Azam, Faheem Ahmad, Z. Uddin, A. Rasheed, Y. Nawab, A. Afzal, Sheraz Ahmad, Muhammad Sohail Zafar, M. Ashraf","doi":"10.1155/2022/2161869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2161869","url":null,"abstract":"Improvement in the performance and compatibility of face masks has remained the focus of researchers in recent years, especially after the emergence of the COVID pandemic. Although a lot of progress in the design, tolerability, and comfort of the mask has been reported, there are certain limitations, requiring further improvement. The present review aims to highlight the filtration efficacy, comfort, and associated characteristic of various types of face masks and respirators as a function of their design and structure. In addition, the air pollutants, their adverse effects on health, certified respirators, and face masks are also discussed. The present review also provides an insight into different types of commercially available face masks in terms of their materials, filtration efficiency, and limitations. The role of emerging trends (such as nanotechnology and high-performance polymers) in the improvement and development of face masks and respirators is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48214884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Vignesh, J. W. Winowlin Jappes, S. Nagaveena, R. Krishna Sharma, M. Adam Khan, C. V. More, N. Rajini, T. Varol
The present study portrays the development of lightweight epoxy laminates filled with boron carbide (B4C) and lead (Pb) particles through a novel layered molding and curing route. Six different laminates of single and tri-layers were prepared with varying compositions and were subjected to thermal, radiation shielding, and dielectric studies. Radiation shielding test were done using a narrow beam setup with six different sources such as Cobalt-57 (Co57-122 keV), Barium-133 (Ba133-356 keV), Sodium-22 (Na22-511 and 1275 keV), Cesium-137 (Cs137-662 keV), Manganese-54 (Mn54-840 keV), and Cobalt-60 (Co60-1170 and 1330 keV). The dielectric studies were done to understand the dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor, and AC conductivity at different temperature and frequency ranges. From the characterizations, it was found that the thermal stability of the single-layered sample increased with respect to the addition of B4C and Pb particles, which may be due to the thermally stable nature of the particles. The radiation shielding study of the samples witnessed the superior characteristics and radiation shielding ability of sample D (40% Pb) and sample E with Pb cladding at incident gamma radiation energy of 662 keV. The dielectric constant of the samples increased significantly at higher temperatures and the dielectric loss factor increased with an increase in temperature and decreased with an increase in frequency. The AC conductivity of the samples increased with respect to an increase in temperature and frequency.
{"title":"Development of Lightweight Polymer Laminates for Radiation Shielding and Electronics Applications","authors":"S. Vignesh, J. W. Winowlin Jappes, S. Nagaveena, R. Krishna Sharma, M. Adam Khan, C. V. More, N. Rajini, T. Varol","doi":"10.1155/2022/5252528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5252528","url":null,"abstract":"The present study portrays the development of lightweight epoxy laminates filled with boron carbide (B4C) and lead (Pb) particles through a novel layered molding and curing route. Six different laminates of single and tri-layers were prepared with varying compositions and were subjected to thermal, radiation shielding, and dielectric studies. Radiation shielding test were done using a narrow beam setup with six different sources such as Cobalt-57 (Co57-122 keV), Barium-133 (Ba133-356 keV), Sodium-22 (Na22-511 and 1275 keV), Cesium-137 (Cs137-662 keV), Manganese-54 (Mn54-840 keV), and Cobalt-60 (Co60-1170 and 1330 keV). The dielectric studies were done to understand the dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor, and AC conductivity at different temperature and frequency ranges. From the characterizations, it was found that the thermal stability of the single-layered sample increased with respect to the addition of B4C and Pb particles, which may be due to the thermally stable nature of the particles. The radiation shielding study of the samples witnessed the superior characteristics and radiation shielding ability of sample D (40% Pb) and sample E with Pb cladding at incident gamma radiation energy of 662 keV. The dielectric constant of the samples increased significantly at higher temperatures and the dielectric loss factor increased with an increase in temperature and decreased with an increase in frequency. The AC conductivity of the samples increased with respect to an increase in temperature and frequency.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45563821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zain Alabden Ghanim Ahmed, S. Hussein-Al-Ali, I. A. Ibrahim, M. Haddad, D. Ali, Anwar Mahmoud Hussein, Ahmad Adnan Abu Sharar
Introduction. Polymer nanoparticles are a key tool to deliver drugs to specific sites and to increase drug bioavailability. Aim. This research aims to use poly amide-disulfide nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Method. Amlodipine (Amlop) was used as a model, forming Amlop-polymer nanocomposites. In this work, we investigated the effect of independent variables (polymer, Fe3+, Al3+, and pH) on the dependent variables (loading efficiency (%LE), zeta potential, and particle size). Nanocomposites were prepared by an inotropic method. Nanocomposites were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a release study. Results. From the XRD data, the Amlop-polymer nanocomposite shows semi crystallinity. In addition, the disappearance of drug peaks indicates that the drug was incorporated between the polymer molecules and was amorphous in behavior. The FTIR for the nanocomposite shows the functional group of the drug, which indicates the incorporation of Amlop into the nanocomposite. From FE-SEM, the results showed that our nanocomposites have an average particle size of approximately 130 nm. The release of amlodipine from the Amlop-polymer nanocomposite was found to be controlled, with approximately 85% within approximately 24 hours. Conclusion. The amide-disulfide polymer nanoparticles are promising carriers for different types of drugs.
{"title":"Development and Evaluation of Amlodipine-Polymer Nanocomposites Using Response Surface Methodology","authors":"Zain Alabden Ghanim Ahmed, S. Hussein-Al-Ali, I. A. Ibrahim, M. Haddad, D. Ali, Anwar Mahmoud Hussein, Ahmad Adnan Abu Sharar","doi":"10.1155/2022/3427400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3427400","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Polymer nanoparticles are a key tool to deliver drugs to specific sites and to increase drug bioavailability. Aim. This research aims to use poly amide-disulfide nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Method. Amlodipine (Amlop) was used as a model, forming Amlop-polymer nanocomposites. In this work, we investigated the effect of independent variables (polymer, Fe3+, Al3+, and pH) on the dependent variables (loading efficiency (%LE), zeta potential, and particle size). Nanocomposites were prepared by an inotropic method. Nanocomposites were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a release study. Results. From the XRD data, the Amlop-polymer nanocomposite shows semi crystallinity. In addition, the disappearance of drug peaks indicates that the drug was incorporated between the polymer molecules and was amorphous in behavior. The FTIR for the nanocomposite shows the functional group of the drug, which indicates the incorporation of Amlop into the nanocomposite. From FE-SEM, the results showed that our nanocomposites have an average particle size of approximately 130 nm. The release of amlodipine from the Amlop-polymer nanocomposite was found to be controlled, with approximately 85% within approximately 24 hours. Conclusion. The amide-disulfide polymer nanoparticles are promising carriers for different types of drugs.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44391287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sonia Sharma, R. Rishi, C. Prakash, K. Saxena, D. Buddhi, N. U. Salmaan
Different semiconductor materials have been used for the fabrication of PIN diodes such as Si, Ge, GaAs, SiC-3C, SiC-4H, and InAs. These different semiconductor materials show different characteristics and advantages such as SiC-4H is ultrafast switch. But, when flexible polymers composites like Si-nanomembranes, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and biodegradable polymer composite like carbon nanotubes (CNT) are used for fabrication, the device has the capability to switch from rigid electronic devices to flexible and wearable electronic devices. These polymer composites’ outstanding characteristics like conductivity, charge selectivity, flexibility, and lightweight make them eligible for their selection in fabrication process for wearable electronics devices. In this article, the performance of PIN diodes (BAR64-02) as an RF switch is investigated from 1 to 10 GHz. PIN diodes can control large amounts of RF power at very low DC voltage, implying their suitability for RF applications. In this paper, the benefit of using plastic polymer composites for the fabrication of PIN diodes, capacitors, and antennas is thoroughly described. Along with this, individual characterization, fabrication, and testing of all biasing components are also done to analyze the individual effect of each biasing component on the performance of PIN diodes. The complete biasing circuitry for the PIN diode is modeled in the HFSS software. When a PIN diode is inserted in between 50 Ω microstrip line, it introduces 1 dB insertion loss and 20 dB isolation loss from 1 to 7 GHz. Finally, a PIN diode is integrated in a reconfigurable antenna to study the actual effect. The transmission loss in the RF signal is nearly 1 dB from 1 to 7 GHz in the presence of biasing components.
{"title":"Characterization and Performance Evaluation of PIN Diodes and Scope of Flexible Polymer Composites for Wearable Electronics","authors":"Sonia Sharma, R. Rishi, C. Prakash, K. Saxena, D. Buddhi, N. U. Salmaan","doi":"10.1155/2022/8331886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8331886","url":null,"abstract":"Different semiconductor materials have been used for the fabrication of PIN diodes such as Si, Ge, GaAs, SiC-3C, SiC-4H, and InAs. These different semiconductor materials show different characteristics and advantages such as SiC-4H is ultrafast switch. But, when flexible polymers composites like Si-nanomembranes, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and biodegradable polymer composite like carbon nanotubes (CNT) are used for fabrication, the device has the capability to switch from rigid electronic devices to flexible and wearable electronic devices. These polymer composites’ outstanding characteristics like conductivity, charge selectivity, flexibility, and lightweight make them eligible for their selection in fabrication process for wearable electronics devices. In this article, the performance of PIN diodes (BAR64-02) as an RF switch is investigated from 1 to 10 GHz. PIN diodes can control large amounts of RF power at very low DC voltage, implying their suitability for RF applications. In this paper, the benefit of using plastic polymer composites for the fabrication of PIN diodes, capacitors, and antennas is thoroughly described. Along with this, individual characterization, fabrication, and testing of all biasing components are also done to analyze the individual effect of each biasing component on the performance of PIN diodes. The complete biasing circuitry for the PIN diode is modeled in the HFSS software. When a PIN diode is inserted in between 50 Ω microstrip line, it introduces 1 dB insertion loss and 20 dB isolation loss from 1 to 7 GHz. Finally, a PIN diode is integrated in a reconfigurable antenna to study the actual effect. The transmission loss in the RF signal is nearly 1 dB from 1 to 7 GHz in the presence of biasing components.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46463572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Nagajothi, S. Elavenil, S. Angalaeswari, L. Natrayan, P. Paramasivam
Cement is an essential material for concrete, which is mostly used worldwide second to the consumption of water. Due to the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere, the alternative material of geopolymer concrete was used. In this research work, silica and alumina content such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash, and triggered by alkali activator solutions were used in geopolymer concrete. Due to the dwindling of river sand, alternative material of manufactured sand (M-Sand) was considered. To avoid corrosion problems in reinforced concrete structures, glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) and basalt fibre-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars were used as an alternative material for steel reinforcement in this work. As per the code, IS: 10262, the concrete mix design of M30 grade has arrived for the control mix and the same proportion was adopted for geopolymer concrete. Six beams of geopolymer and a concrete control beam of 100 × 160 × 1700 mm were cast and examined under a four-point cyclic load. Cyclic load results were compared with static load under ambient curing. Residual deflection, moment capacity, energy dissipation, and stress–strain behaviour results were compared and discussed. A sudden shear and premature failure were observed in FRP beams under static and cyclic bending tests.
{"title":"Cracking Behaviour of Alkali-Activated Aluminosilicate Beams Reinforced with Glass and Basalt Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Bars under Cyclic Load","authors":"S. Nagajothi, S. Elavenil, S. Angalaeswari, L. Natrayan, P. Paramasivam","doi":"10.1155/2022/6762449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6762449","url":null,"abstract":"Cement is an essential material for concrete, which is mostly used worldwide second to the consumption of water. Due to the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere, the alternative material of geopolymer concrete was used. In this research work, silica and alumina content such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash, and triggered by alkali activator solutions were used in geopolymer concrete. Due to the dwindling of river sand, alternative material of manufactured sand (M-Sand) was considered. To avoid corrosion problems in reinforced concrete structures, glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) and basalt fibre-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars were used as an alternative material for steel reinforcement in this work. As per the code, IS: 10262, the concrete mix design of M30 grade has arrived for the control mix and the same proportion was adopted for geopolymer concrete. Six beams of geopolymer and a concrete control beam of \u0000 \u0000 100\u0000 ×\u0000 160\u0000 ×\u0000 1700\u0000 \u0000 mm were cast and examined under a four-point cyclic load. Cyclic load results were compared with static load under ambient curing. Residual deflection, moment capacity, energy dissipation, and stress–strain behaviour results were compared and discussed. A sudden shear and premature failure were observed in FRP beams under static and cyclic bending tests.","PeriodicalId":14283,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46573464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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