Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.33687/jpe.004.02.4399
A. Khan, S. Erum, N. Riaz, Syed Ijaz ul Hassan, Muhammad Ahson Khan, M. Irfan, T. Javaid, Muhammad Mudassir Hussain, M. Hanif, H. Khurshid, Saqib Saleem, Rizwan Azim
Sustainable production of food crops relies on germplasm improvement and genetic diversity. In the present study, seventy-four potato genotypes were evaluated for diversity analysis during autumn 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 at NARC, Islamabad. Our results showed significant diversity in qualitative traits with reference to skin color of five types (Red, yellowish, brown, light yellow, light brown skin color tubers=5), three types of flesh color (Yellow, cream and white flesh color tubers=3), three sizes of tubers (Medium, small and large size tubers=3) and four shape of tuber (Oval, round, oblong, elliptic= 4 shapes) and four different eyes color (Brown, light brown, dark red and yellow eyes color=4). Potato genotype under study had very high genetic variance for quantitative attributes including weight of tuber per plant and weight number of tubers per lane, leaf area and plant height. Significant positive correlation was observed between number of tubers per plant (TPP) with number of eyes on tubers (r = 0.241) and number of tubers per lane (TPL) (r = 0.349). Plant height was found significantly positive correlated with leaf area (r= 0.456), germination percentage (r = 0.255) and weight of tubers per plant (r = 0.307). Leaf area (LA) showed positive significant correlation with number of tubers per plant (r = 0.466) and weight of tubers per plant (r = 0.263), yield and harvest index (r = 0.798, 0.755, 0.255). Weight of tubers per lane (WTL) showed positive correlation with weight of tubers per plant (r = 0.387). Regarding the interrelation between the traits and genotypes, the first two principal component axes (PC1, 24.83% and PC2, 23.46%) accounted for about 48.29% of the total variability reflecting the complexity of the variation between the plotted traits of genotypes. The present study will be useful for the precise selection for effective breeding program.
{"title":"Diversity Assessment Among Seventy-Four Potato Genotypes for Selection in Breeding Program","authors":"A. Khan, S. Erum, N. Riaz, Syed Ijaz ul Hassan, Muhammad Ahson Khan, M. Irfan, T. Javaid, Muhammad Mudassir Hussain, M. Hanif, H. Khurshid, Saqib Saleem, Rizwan Azim","doi":"10.33687/jpe.004.02.4399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/jpe.004.02.4399","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable production of food crops relies on germplasm improvement and genetic diversity. In the present study, seventy-four potato genotypes were evaluated for diversity analysis during autumn 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 at NARC, Islamabad. Our results showed significant diversity in qualitative traits with reference to skin color of five types (Red, yellowish, brown, light yellow, light brown skin color tubers=5), three types of flesh color (Yellow, cream and white flesh color tubers=3), three sizes of tubers (Medium, small and large size tubers=3) and four shape of tuber (Oval, round, oblong, elliptic= 4 shapes) and four different eyes color (Brown, light brown, dark red and yellow eyes color=4). Potato genotype under study had very high genetic variance for quantitative attributes including weight of tuber per plant and weight number of tubers per lane, leaf area and plant height. Significant positive correlation was observed between number of tubers per plant (TPP) with number of eyes on tubers (r = 0.241) and number of tubers per lane (TPL) (r = 0.349). Plant height was found significantly positive correlated with leaf area (r= 0.456), germination percentage (r = 0.255) and weight of tubers per plant (r = 0.307). Leaf area (LA) showed positive significant correlation with number of tubers per plant (r = 0.466) and weight of tubers per plant (r = 0.263), yield and harvest index (r = 0.798, 0.755, 0.255). Weight of tubers per lane (WTL) showed positive correlation with weight of tubers per plant (r = 0.387). Regarding the interrelation between the traits and genotypes, the first two principal component axes (PC1, 24.83% and PC2, 23.46%) accounted for about 48.29% of the total variability reflecting the complexity of the variation between the plotted traits of genotypes. The present study will be useful for the precise selection for effective breeding program.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79043637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.33687/jpe.004.02.4025
M. Kamran, H. Abbas, M. Shahbaz, Muhammad Ehetisham-ul-Haq, Zaheer Aslam, Qamer Anser Tufail Khan, H. Abbas, M. Iqbal, M. A. Amin
Brassica is an edible oilseed crop and world’s third most important oilseed source. Alternaria leaf spot disease of Brassica, caused by Alternaria brassicae (Berk) is major limiting factor for its yield loss. In current study forty-two Brassica germplasm (B. napus = 17, B. juncea = 25) were evaluated against Alternaria leaf spot disease at research area of Plant Pathology Research Institute (PPRI), Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad, Pakistan. These germplasms were sown in augmented design with 10 cm plant x plant and 60 cm row x row distance in single replication. A susceptible check KJ-159 was sown after every two entries. Data were recorded on 0-9 disease severity rating scale. Out of 17 germplasm of B. napus no germplasm was found to be immune. Two germplasm exhibited highly resistant while eight germplasm showed resistance response against the disease. Six germplasm were moderately resistant and only one showed moderately susceptible response. Similarly, out of 25 germplasm of B. junceas even were found moderately resistant and ten showed moderately susceptible response. Seven were susceptible while only one germplasm was highly susceptible. Then in-vitro efficacy of different fungicides was evaluated against A. brassicae. For evaluation of fungicides Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) amended with five different fungicides at different concentrations (10, 50, 100 and 200 ppm) was used. Experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with ten replications. Data were recorded on mycelial growth (mm) of fungus. Mancozeb (Ethylene bisdithiocarbamate) and Nativo (Tebuconazole) significantly inhibited the growth at all concentrations while Antracol (Propineb) was significantly least effective against A. brassicae. The current research provided the new resistance source of Brassica germplasm to the breeders against Alternaria leaf spot disease and its management.
{"title":"Field Response of Brassica Germplasm against Alternaria Leaf Spot Disease and its Management","authors":"M. Kamran, H. Abbas, M. Shahbaz, Muhammad Ehetisham-ul-Haq, Zaheer Aslam, Qamer Anser Tufail Khan, H. Abbas, M. Iqbal, M. A. Amin","doi":"10.33687/jpe.004.02.4025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/jpe.004.02.4025","url":null,"abstract":"Brassica is an edible oilseed crop and world’s third most important oilseed source. Alternaria leaf spot disease of Brassica, caused by Alternaria brassicae (Berk) is major limiting factor for its yield loss. In current study forty-two Brassica germplasm (B. napus = 17, B. juncea = 25) were evaluated against Alternaria leaf spot disease at research area of Plant Pathology Research Institute (PPRI), Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad, Pakistan. These germplasms were sown in augmented design with 10 cm plant x plant and 60 cm row x row distance in single replication. A susceptible check KJ-159 was sown after every two entries. Data were recorded on 0-9 disease severity rating scale. Out of 17 germplasm of B. napus no germplasm was found to be immune. Two germplasm exhibited highly resistant while eight germplasm showed resistance response against the disease. Six germplasm were moderately resistant and only one showed moderately susceptible response. Similarly, out of 25 germplasm of B. junceas even were found moderately resistant and ten showed moderately susceptible response. Seven were susceptible while only one germplasm was highly susceptible. Then in-vitro efficacy of different fungicides was evaluated against A. brassicae. For evaluation of fungicides Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) amended with five different fungicides at different concentrations (10, 50, 100 and 200 ppm) was used. Experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with ten replications. Data were recorded on mycelial growth (mm) of fungus. Mancozeb (Ethylene bisdithiocarbamate) and Nativo (Tebuconazole) significantly inhibited the growth at all concentrations while Antracol (Propineb) was significantly least effective against A. brassicae. The current research provided the new resistance source of Brassica germplasm to the breeders against Alternaria leaf spot disease and its management.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75556472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-28DOI: 10.33687/jpe.004.02.4432
Umair Aziz, Ambreen Naz, Shabbir Ahmad, M. Shehzad, Riaz Hussain, Hira Tariq, Muhammad Irfan, Nosheen Naz
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is a cereal crop, that belongs to the grass family. It is used as a food source in some cultures as well. The current research was planned to check the sensory acceptance of malted barley confection “pretzels”, which are not native to Pakistan. Purposely, the barley was procured from the local market of Multan, Pakistan by considering quality traits account i.e., colour, length, width, and thousand kernel weight. The cleaned barley was subjected to malting till seed germination for up to 4 days. After the process of germination, the seed was fried in the drier at 65 ℃ for 16 hours followed by flour development. The colour value of un-malted barley for l, a, and b were 54.23, 1.91, and 11.21 whilst malted barley presented 53.52, 0.86, and 11.03, respectively for the same traits. Afterwards, the pretzels were prepared by following the standard recipe by planning various treatments i.e., T0 (100% wheat flour), T1 (80% wheat flour, 20% malted flour), T2 (60% wheat flour, 40% malted flour), T3 (40% wheat flour, 60% malted flour), T4 (80% wheat flour, 20% un-malted flour), T5 (60% wheat flour, 40% un-malted flour) and T6 (40% wheat flour, 60% un-malted flour). The prepared products were subjected to sensory evaluation by a trained judges panel at different intervals during storage (0, 7th, and 14th day) by following a 9-point hedonic scale for aroma, texture, and overall acceptability. The malted barley-based pretzels 5.64±0.19 (T3) showed maximum value for aroma whereas, T5 presented 5.87±0.11 (T5) for the un-malted treatment plan on the 14th day. In the case of texture, T1 was appreciated at 0day of storage by securing 6.49±0.16. As far as overall acceptability was concerned, T6 presented 7.57±0.36 on the 0th day with a slight decline of 5.42±0.29 for the same treatment.
{"title":"Sensory Acceptance of Malted and Un-Malted Barley Pretzels in South Punjab Sector of Pakistan","authors":"Umair Aziz, Ambreen Naz, Shabbir Ahmad, M. Shehzad, Riaz Hussain, Hira Tariq, Muhammad Irfan, Nosheen Naz","doi":"10.33687/jpe.004.02.4432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/jpe.004.02.4432","url":null,"abstract":"Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is a cereal crop, that belongs to the grass family. It is used as a food source in some cultures as well. The current research was planned to check the sensory acceptance of malted barley confection “pretzels”, which are not native to Pakistan. Purposely, the barley was procured from the local market of Multan, Pakistan by considering quality traits account i.e., colour, length, width, and thousand kernel weight. The cleaned barley was subjected to malting till seed germination for up to 4 days. After the process of germination, the seed was fried in the drier at 65 ℃ for 16 hours followed by flour development. The colour value of un-malted barley for l, a, and b were 54.23, 1.91, and 11.21 whilst malted barley presented 53.52, 0.86, and 11.03, respectively for the same traits. Afterwards, the pretzels were prepared by following the standard recipe by planning various treatments i.e., T0 (100% wheat flour), T1 (80% wheat flour, 20% malted flour), T2 (60% wheat flour, 40% malted flour), T3 (40% wheat flour, 60% malted flour), T4 (80% wheat flour, 20% un-malted flour), T5 (60% wheat flour, 40% un-malted flour) and T6 (40% wheat flour, 60% un-malted flour). The prepared products were subjected to sensory evaluation by a trained judges panel at different intervals during storage (0, 7th, and 14th day) by following a 9-point hedonic scale for aroma, texture, and overall acceptability. The malted barley-based pretzels 5.64±0.19 (T3) showed maximum value for aroma whereas, T5 presented 5.87±0.11 (T5) for the un-malted treatment plan on the 14th day. In the case of texture, T1 was appreciated at 0day of storage by securing 6.49±0.16. As far as overall acceptability was concerned, T6 presented 7.57±0.36 on the 0th day with a slight decline of 5.42±0.29 for the same treatment. ","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79465885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vani Raveendran, Vanisha Godara, Dion Mistry, M. S. Sankhla, K. Awasthi, G. P. Singh, P. Lodha, G. Awasthi
The present investigation was carried out during 2015-2016. The change was analyzed for a period of 10 years (2005 to 2015). Landsatoperational land imager (OLI) and thematic mapper (TM) satellite images (of 30 m resolution) of the years 2015 and 2005 were used.Mapping was performed on a 1:50,000 scale using ArcGIS software, and for image enhancement, ERDAS imagine software was used.Extensive Ground Truthing was employed to supplement accuracy assessment and a total of 133 ground truth points were taken fordata collection. The overall classification accuracy of the mapping was 92.48% and the Kappa coefficient was 0.87. The study area wasdelineated via visual image interpretation technique into 10 LULC classes viz., forest, forest scrub, agriculture, grassland, snow, waterbody,horticulture, wasteland, and agroforestry respectively. The forest cover density map was classified into three classes on the basis of crowndensity viz., Closed Forest, Open Forest and Forest Scrub. Furthermore, two additional classes grassl and non-forest were also delineated.The results obtained from change analysis were used to identify the drivers of forest cover change using a close-ended semi-structuredinterview schedule. The responses were assigned scores for the ranking of drivers using statistical analysis. The comparison of maps of2005 and 2015 revealed that the total forest area has reduced by 0.48% from 2005 to 2015. The area under agriculture has declined by0.87% during the same period. Horticulture has shown an increase of 0.8% during the decade. It was also found that the area underClosed Forests reduced by 1.05% from 2005 to 2015 while Open Forests, forest scrub, and grassland increased by 0.57 %, 0.27% and0.08% respectively. In terms of area, conversion of Closed Forest into Open Forest 851.48 ha), Closed Forest into Forest Scrub (104.77ha), and Open Forest into Forest Scrub (33.26 ha) ascribed to forest degradation whereas conversion of 111.42 ha, 59.87 ha and 26.61ha of land from closed forest, forest scrub and open forest into non-forest can be attributed to deforestation.
{"title":"Nano-pesticides: Composition, Bioavailability and Release Mechanism in the Environment","authors":"Vani Raveendran, Vanisha Godara, Dion Mistry, M. S. Sankhla, K. Awasthi, G. P. Singh, P. Lodha, G. Awasthi","doi":"10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.04","url":null,"abstract":"The present investigation was carried out during 2015-2016. The change was analyzed for a period of 10 years (2005 to 2015). Landsatoperational land imager (OLI) and thematic mapper (TM) satellite images (of 30 m resolution) of the years 2015 and 2005 were used.Mapping was performed on a 1:50,000 scale using ArcGIS software, and for image enhancement, ERDAS imagine software was used.Extensive Ground Truthing was employed to supplement accuracy assessment and a total of 133 ground truth points were taken fordata collection. The overall classification accuracy of the mapping was 92.48% and the Kappa coefficient was 0.87. The study area wasdelineated via visual image interpretation technique into 10 LULC classes viz., forest, forest scrub, agriculture, grassland, snow, waterbody,horticulture, wasteland, and agroforestry respectively. The forest cover density map was classified into three classes on the basis of crowndensity viz., Closed Forest, Open Forest and Forest Scrub. Furthermore, two additional classes grassl and non-forest were also delineated.The results obtained from change analysis were used to identify the drivers of forest cover change using a close-ended semi-structuredinterview schedule. The responses were assigned scores for the ranking of drivers using statistical analysis. The comparison of maps of2005 and 2015 revealed that the total forest area has reduced by 0.48% from 2005 to 2015. The area under agriculture has declined by0.87% during the same period. Horticulture has shown an increase of 0.8% during the decade. It was also found that the area underClosed Forests reduced by 1.05% from 2005 to 2015 while Open Forests, forest scrub, and grassland increased by 0.57 %, 0.27% and0.08% respectively. In terms of area, conversion of Closed Forest into Open Forest 851.48 ha), Closed Forest into Forest Scrub (104.77ha), and Open Forest into Forest Scrub (33.26 ha) ascribed to forest degradation whereas conversion of 111.42 ha, 59.87 ha and 26.61ha of land from closed forest, forest scrub and open forest into non-forest can be attributed to deforestation.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91500062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper takes into account an indigenous adaptation for cremation in the extreme flood situations in the Kusheshwarsthan East C.D. block of Darbhanga district in north Bihar. With no dry land all around in the vicinity, people have no option other than raising a bamboo platform on which 6 to 8 fit high mud container (Kothi) is placed inside. The dead body is put in a squatting position. The fuels includedegrained maize cobwebs, dung cakes, wood splits of mango and desi ghee (clarified butter). Sugar crystals are added to invigorate the flames of the pyre. Wooden boats are hired to ferry the dead body as well as the mourners to the cremation place. Almost a decade-long practice of using degrained maize cobwebs as cremation fuel is an example of resilience during extreme flood disasters. At the same time insistence on using mango wood also for burning a dead body speaks of people's adherence to this plant, even during extremities.
{"title":"An Indigenous Method of Cremation in Earthen Containers as a Sequel to Disaster Resilience: A Case Study of Kusheshwarsthan Wetland Area in Darbhanga District of North Bihar","authors":"V. Jha","doi":"10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.10","url":null,"abstract":"The paper takes into account an indigenous adaptation for cremation in the extreme flood situations in the Kusheshwarsthan East C.D. block of Darbhanga district in north Bihar. With no dry land all around in the vicinity, people have no option other than raising a bamboo platform on which 6 to 8 fit high mud container (Kothi) is placed inside. The dead body is put in a squatting position. The fuels includedegrained maize cobwebs, dung cakes, wood splits of mango and desi ghee (clarified butter). Sugar crystals are added to invigorate the flames of the pyre. Wooden boats are hired to ferry the dead body as well as the mourners to the cremation place. Almost a decade-long practice of using degrained maize cobwebs as cremation fuel is an example of resilience during extreme flood disasters. At the same time insistence on using mango wood also for burning a dead body speaks of people's adherence to this plant, even during extremities.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82501208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers in the current agricultural system, which is done to increase production, completelyeradicate plant pathogens, and reduce undesirable weeds, has a detrimental effect on soil quality, water body environment, animal andhuman health due to the toxicity, recalcitrance, and carcinogenic potential of many of these compounds. It has long been thought thatbiological plant disease control could replace current methods of prevention. Filamentous fungi (especially Aspergillus spp., Trichodermareesei, and Neurospora crassa), bacteria (Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Lysobacter, Serratia, and Pantoea), and Vesicular ArbuscularMycorrhiza (VAM) (G. mosseae, Glomus claroideum, Glomus aggregatum) are employed instead of chemicals in biocontrol. M. phaseolinais a fungus that lives in the root soil and produces dry root rot/stem canker, stalk rot, and charcoal rot. The fungus M. phaseolina causescharcoal rot, stalk rot, and dry root rot/stem canker in plant roots. Melon, strawberries, and tomatoes are just a few of the horticulturalcrops that M. phaseolina has been discovered on throughout Europe, the US, Australia, Chile, and Israel. To manage M. phaseolina, variousbiocontrol agents (filamentous fungi, VAM, and bacteria) are used successfully and effectively.
在当前的农业系统中，农药和化肥的过度使用是为了增加产量，彻底根除植物病原体，减少有害杂草，由于许多这些化合物的毒性，顽固性和致癌潜力，对土壤质量，水体环境，动物和人类健康产生了有害影响。长期以来，人们一直认为植物病害的生物控制可以取代目前的预防方法。丝状真菌(特别是曲霉、木霉和粗神经孢子菌)、细菌(假单胞菌、芽孢杆菌、伯克氏菌、溶菌、沙雷氏菌和泛菌)和水泡丛枝菌根(VAM) (G. mosseae、Glomus claroideum、Glomus aggregatum)被用来代替化学药剂进行生物防治。M. phaseolina是一种生活在根部土壤中的真菌，产生干性根腐病、茎腐病和木炭腐病。真菌M. phaseolina在植物根系中引起木炭腐病、茎腐病和干性根腐病。在欧洲、美国、澳大利亚、智利和以色列各地都发现了菜豆分枝杆菌，甜瓜、草莓和西红柿只是其中的一些园艺作物。为了控制菜绿支原体，各种生物防治剂(丝状真菌、VAM和细菌)被成功有效地使用。
{"title":"Bio-control by using Antagonistic (Filamentous Fungi and VAM) and Bacteria against Macrophomina phaseolina","authors":"R. Thakur, D. Gupta, S. Jandaik","doi":"10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.02","url":null,"abstract":"The excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers in the current agricultural system, which is done to increase production, completelyeradicate plant pathogens, and reduce undesirable weeds, has a detrimental effect on soil quality, water body environment, animal andhuman health due to the toxicity, recalcitrance, and carcinogenic potential of many of these compounds. It has long been thought thatbiological plant disease control could replace current methods of prevention. Filamentous fungi (especially Aspergillus spp., Trichodermareesei, and Neurospora crassa), bacteria (Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Lysobacter, Serratia, and Pantoea), and Vesicular ArbuscularMycorrhiza (VAM) (G. mosseae, Glomus claroideum, Glomus aggregatum) are employed instead of chemicals in biocontrol. M. phaseolinais a fungus that lives in the root soil and produces dry root rot/stem canker, stalk rot, and charcoal rot. The fungus M. phaseolina causescharcoal rot, stalk rot, and dry root rot/stem canker in plant roots. Melon, strawberries, and tomatoes are just a few of the horticulturalcrops that M. phaseolina has been discovered on throughout Europe, the US, Australia, Chile, and Israel. To manage M. phaseolina, variousbiocontrol agents (filamentous fungi, VAM, and bacteria) are used successfully and effectively.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91218174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. M. Shah, T. I. Shah, Shaista Nazir, I. Khan, S. Bangroo, M. Chesti, A. M. Aezum, A. R. Malik, Y. H. Mir, Hujjat Ul-Baligha, Aabiroo Rashid, Gowhar Mir
Nuclear techniques in agriculture encircle the exploitation of isotopic and radiation techniques to contend with diseases and pests,upsurge production of crops, water, and land resource protection, safeguard food safety in hand with authenticity and elevate theproduction of livestock. Nuclear techniques intend to ease trials regarding food security, safety, and sustainable agriculture development.Nuclear techniques in the circle of agriculture have paid significantly to the growth of isotopic techniques to assess soil deteriorationapart from the creation of effective soil and land conservation approaches. These interventions encompass fallout radionuclides encircling137Cs, 210Pb and 7Be and compound specific stable lsotopes (CSSI) techniques. The sensitive estimates of total N2 fixation across thegrowth cycle of leguminous crops reside in the isotopic method application with the employment of a stable 15N isotope, usually atenrichment as well as natural abundance levels. The utilization of Oxygen-18 and Hydrogen-2 aids to study the utilization of plant water,the quantification of agricultural transpiration, and the development of tactics to boost crop productivity, minimize unproductive lossesof water, and check water as well as land degradation. For the comprehension of biological courses and mechanisms of ecosystemfunctioning, nuclear-based approaches are supportive tools, not a replacement for conventional techniques. As a result, a thoroughassessment of the demand for employing a nuclear/isotopic technique, as well as selection of an apt isotopic technique, is required,taking into account the objective of research, facilities and expertise accessible, and affiliated risks in view of safe conduct and disposalof menacing constituents in addition to the financial considerations.
{"title":"Nuclear Technique Applications Vis-A-Vis Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition: An Overview","authors":"A. M. Shah, T. I. Shah, Shaista Nazir, I. Khan, S. Bangroo, M. Chesti, A. M. Aezum, A. R. Malik, Y. H. Mir, Hujjat Ul-Baligha, Aabiroo Rashid, Gowhar Mir","doi":"10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.03","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclear techniques in agriculture encircle the exploitation of isotopic and radiation techniques to contend with diseases and pests,upsurge production of crops, water, and land resource protection, safeguard food safety in hand with authenticity and elevate theproduction of livestock. Nuclear techniques intend to ease trials regarding food security, safety, and sustainable agriculture development.Nuclear techniques in the circle of agriculture have paid significantly to the growth of isotopic techniques to assess soil deteriorationapart from the creation of effective soil and land conservation approaches. These interventions encompass fallout radionuclides encircling137Cs, 210Pb and 7Be and compound specific stable lsotopes (CSSI) techniques. The sensitive estimates of total N2 fixation across thegrowth cycle of leguminous crops reside in the isotopic method application with the employment of a stable 15N isotope, usually atenrichment as well as natural abundance levels. The utilization of Oxygen-18 and Hydrogen-2 aids to study the utilization of plant water,the quantification of agricultural transpiration, and the development of tactics to boost crop productivity, minimize unproductive lossesof water, and check water as well as land degradation. For the comprehension of biological courses and mechanisms of ecosystemfunctioning, nuclear-based approaches are supportive tools, not a replacement for conventional techniques. As a result, a thoroughassessment of the demand for employing a nuclear/isotopic technique, as well as selection of an apt isotopic technique, is required,taking into account the objective of research, facilities and expertise accessible, and affiliated risks in view of safe conduct and disposalof menacing constituents in addition to the financial considerations.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76722544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. F. Quamar, A. Garg, A. Farooqui, Nagendra Prasad, Salman Khan, A. Shukla
Angiosperms demonstrate a surprisingly frequent phenomenon of variability in the gross pollen morphological characteristics. In thepresent study, we recorded and described a new aperture in the pollen grains of Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken, a monotypic genusof the soapberry family Sapindaceae, from Madhya Pradesh, central India, based on the LM and CLSM observations. This condition istermed the tetra-zono-parasyncolporoidate condition. A new pollen aperture has been recorded in this monotypic genus with theusual one (tri-zono-parasyncolporoidate condition), and this phenomenon of the occurrence of a new with increased number of pollenaperture is known as pollen aperture heteromorphism. The study will further help identify this taxon from the sedimentary archives asone of the indicators of the warm and humid (moist) climate and increased monsoonal rainfall.
{"title":"A New Pollen Aperture in Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken from Madhya Pradesh, Central India, and its Taxonomic and Evolutionary Significance","authors":"M. F. Quamar, A. Garg, A. Farooqui, Nagendra Prasad, Salman Khan, A. Shukla","doi":"10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.07","url":null,"abstract":"Angiosperms demonstrate a surprisingly frequent phenomenon of variability in the gross pollen morphological characteristics. In thepresent study, we recorded and described a new aperture in the pollen grains of Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken, a monotypic genusof the soapberry family Sapindaceae, from Madhya Pradesh, central India, based on the LM and CLSM observations. This condition istermed the tetra-zono-parasyncolporoidate condition. A new pollen aperture has been recorded in this monotypic genus with theusual one (tri-zono-parasyncolporoidate condition), and this phenomenon of the occurrence of a new with increased number of pollenaperture is known as pollen aperture heteromorphism. The study will further help identify this taxon from the sedimentary archives asone of the indicators of the warm and humid (moist) climate and increased monsoonal rainfall.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83418329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abiotic stresses due to changing environmental conditions and intensive agriculture are causing soil salinity and sodicity leading tosoil deterioration. It directly affects nutrient availability and uptake and reduces plant productivity. The microorganisms are known toimprove the availability of nutrients in the soil and therefore, the present work aimed to maximize the use of applied fertilizers and boostthe productivity. The effects of the Trichoderma mixture (TrichoMix) and NPK on plant growth and rice yield in degraded land underfield conditions was studied. The abiotic stress tolerant Trichoderma strains comprising of T. koningiopsis (NBRI-PR5) and T. asperellum(NBRI-K14) were used in the treatments (i) Control (Cont.), (ii) NPK, as per recommended dose (NPK100%) (iii) Trichoderma mixture (NBRIPR5+NBRI-K14) (TrichoMix) (iv) TrichoMix + NPK50%. Significantly higher plant growth and yield (6.57q/h) was obtained in TrichoMix+NPK50% treatment. The improvement in rice production in the treatment TrichoMix +NPK50% was ascribed to the significant changes insoil physiochemical characteristics such as water holding capacity (35%), bulk density (40%), total organic carbon (42%), available N(39%), P (44%), K (48%) and microbial biomass carbon (88%). The results conclude that the mixture of T. koningiopsis (NBRI-PR5) and T.asperellum (NBRI-K14) may be recommended as sodic soil amendment to increase plant growth and yield in combination with chemicalfertilizers to support rice cultivation.
{"title":"Integrated Application of Trichoderma Mixture and NPK Enhances the rice Productivity in Sodic Soil","authors":"Anshu ., P. Agarwal, K. Mishra, Poonam C. Singh","doi":"10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.06","url":null,"abstract":"Abiotic stresses due to changing environmental conditions and intensive agriculture are causing soil salinity and sodicity leading tosoil deterioration. It directly affects nutrient availability and uptake and reduces plant productivity. The microorganisms are known toimprove the availability of nutrients in the soil and therefore, the present work aimed to maximize the use of applied fertilizers and boostthe productivity. The effects of the Trichoderma mixture (TrichoMix) and NPK on plant growth and rice yield in degraded land underfield conditions was studied. The abiotic stress tolerant Trichoderma strains comprising of T. koningiopsis (NBRI-PR5) and T. asperellum(NBRI-K14) were used in the treatments (i) Control (Cont.), (ii) NPK, as per recommended dose (NPK100%) (iii) Trichoderma mixture (NBRIPR5+NBRI-K14) (TrichoMix) (iv) TrichoMix + NPK50%. Significantly higher plant growth and yield (6.57q/h) was obtained in TrichoMix+NPK50% treatment. The improvement in rice production in the treatment TrichoMix +NPK50% was ascribed to the significant changes insoil physiochemical characteristics such as water holding capacity (35%), bulk density (40%), total organic carbon (42%), available N(39%), P (44%), K (48%) and microbial biomass carbon (88%). The results conclude that the mixture of T. koningiopsis (NBRI-PR5) and T.asperellum (NBRI-K14) may be recommended as sodic soil amendment to increase plant growth and yield in combination with chemicalfertilizers to support rice cultivation.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87010528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the ecological changes in grassland vegetation at Banaras Hindu University’s horticulture field. Caudatemethods were used for vegetation analyses. In 72 experimental plots of 1×1m2, repeated quadrat sampling yielded 176 herbs. Plantfunctional types such as legumes, non-legumes, grasses, forbs, and sedges were classified as C3, C4, native, and non-natives traitsbased on their frequency, abundance, and density. From the rainy season of 2016 to the summer season of 2019, the mean values offrequency, abundance, and density against the N gradient were calculated. Therefore the results showed that, nitrogen is essential forthe competitive equilibrium of C3 and C4 species. This study suggests that N deposition-induced changes in competitive interactionsmay be disadvantages to native species that thrive in low-nutrient environments, such as N2-fixers, ultimately leading to changes in thecomposition of plant communities. In comparison to N2 fixers, non-N2 fixers appear to be more effective at using extra N for growth.Our findings show that the diversity of grasslands has dramatically shifted from native to introduced species, proving that non-nativespace invaders are destroying the rich grassland ecosystems around the world. By changing the dominant species and its response towhich species dominates the response at the community level, this change in abundance may alter the ecosystem functions. Based onour study, the vegetation was found to be heterogeneous up to N dosage of 60 kg/ha/year.
{"title":"The Impact of N Input on Plant Functional Traits Such as C3, C4, Native, and Non-native in Terms of Abundance, Frequency, and Density","authors":"Vijay P. Gautam","doi":"10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.09","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the ecological changes in grassland vegetation at Banaras Hindu University’s horticulture field. Caudatemethods were used for vegetation analyses. In 72 experimental plots of 1×1m2, repeated quadrat sampling yielded 176 herbs. Plantfunctional types such as legumes, non-legumes, grasses, forbs, and sedges were classified as C3, C4, native, and non-natives traitsbased on their frequency, abundance, and density. From the rainy season of 2016 to the summer season of 2019, the mean values offrequency, abundance, and density against the N gradient were calculated. Therefore the results showed that, nitrogen is essential forthe competitive equilibrium of C3 and C4 species. This study suggests that N deposition-induced changes in competitive interactionsmay be disadvantages to native species that thrive in low-nutrient environments, such as N2-fixers, ultimately leading to changes in thecomposition of plant communities. In comparison to N2 fixers, non-N2 fixers appear to be more effective at using extra N for growth.Our findings show that the diversity of grasslands has dramatically shifted from native to introduced species, proving that non-nativespace invaders are destroying the rich grassland ecosystems around the world. By changing the dominant species and its response towhich species dominates the response at the community level, this change in abundance may alter the ecosystem functions. Based onour study, the vegetation was found to be heterogeneous up to N dosage of 60 kg/ha/year.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74576591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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