R. B. Syngkli, Lalnunhlui ., Sarah Lallianpuii, P. Rai
An experiment under microcosm was conducted to assess the allelochemical potential of Mikania micrantha on the growth andgermination of Lactuca sativa through a pot culture experiment. Soil samples were collected from two different sites i.e., M. micranthainvaded soil (for the experimental pot) and healthy forest soil (for control pot). Various seed germination and growth parametershave been analyzed to evaluate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of the allelochemicals released from M. micrantha. The resultsrevealed that the germination and growth parameters of the crop were inhibited and suppressed by M. micrantha. Out of the fifteenseeds planted in both pots, thirteen seeds were able to germinate in the experimental pot, while fourteen were in the control pot. Theseedling height (8.85 cm), shoot length (8.75 cm), seedling biomass (0.408 g), vigor index (0.52), root length (0.091 cm), germinationpotential (0.73), germination percentage (86.66%), germination index, (3.66) and germination rate index (317.17) were lower in theexperimental pot and higher in the control pot. Therefore, M. micrantha showed an inhibitory effect on the growth and germination ofL. sativa and induced negative allelopathic effects.
{"title":"Microcosm Investigation on the Allelochemical Potential of Mikania micrantha to the Selected Food Crop","authors":"R. B. Syngkli, Lalnunhlui ., Sarah Lallianpuii, P. Rai","doi":"10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.08","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment under microcosm was conducted to assess the allelochemical potential of Mikania micrantha on the growth andgermination of Lactuca sativa through a pot culture experiment. Soil samples were collected from two different sites i.e., M. micranthainvaded soil (for the experimental pot) and healthy forest soil (for control pot). Various seed germination and growth parametershave been analyzed to evaluate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of the allelochemicals released from M. micrantha. The resultsrevealed that the germination and growth parameters of the crop were inhibited and suppressed by M. micrantha. Out of the fifteenseeds planted in both pots, thirteen seeds were able to germinate in the experimental pot, while fourteen were in the control pot. Theseedling height (8.85 cm), shoot length (8.75 cm), seedling biomass (0.408 g), vigor index (0.52), root length (0.091 cm), germinationpotential (0.73), germination percentage (86.66%), germination index, (3.66) and germination rate index (317.17) were lower in theexperimental pot and higher in the control pot. Therefore, M. micrantha showed an inhibitory effect on the growth and germination ofL. sativa and induced negative allelopathic effects.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85969476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are an inevitable part of normal cellular metabolism in almost every known living organism. But theexcess accumulation of these radicals disturbs cellular homeostasis which can be harmful to the plant. Unlike animals who can migratethemselves away from the stress conditions, plants that are sedentary in nature have developed certain defence mechanisms to copewith the same. These mechanisms include a plethora of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants that help in scavenging free radicals.The enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX),ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione-s-transferase, monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR),and the non-enzymatic antioxidants include ascorbic acid (ASA), glutathione (GSH), tocopherols, carotenoids, etc. All these antioxidantshelp in maintaining the balance between ROS generation and scavenging by keeping their concentration below the threshold level.Numerous earlier studies have reported that only certain enzymatic antioxidants have shown increased activity in response to particularstress and likely these enzymes can be utilized as biomarkers against a multitude of biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we havediscussed certain enzymatic and a few non-enzymatic antioxidants which can be used for assessing stress in plants.
{"title":"Antioxidants and Antioxidative Enzymes as Potential Biomarkers for Assessing Stress in Plants","authors":"Ansuman Sahoo, S. Tiwari","doi":"10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.01","url":null,"abstract":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are an inevitable part of normal cellular metabolism in almost every known living organism. But theexcess accumulation of these radicals disturbs cellular homeostasis which can be harmful to the plant. Unlike animals who can migratethemselves away from the stress conditions, plants that are sedentary in nature have developed certain defence mechanisms to copewith the same. These mechanisms include a plethora of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants that help in scavenging free radicals.The enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX),ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione-s-transferase, monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR),and the non-enzymatic antioxidants include ascorbic acid (ASA), glutathione (GSH), tocopherols, carotenoids, etc. All these antioxidantshelp in maintaining the balance between ROS generation and scavenging by keeping their concentration below the threshold level.Numerous earlier studies have reported that only certain enzymatic antioxidants have shown increased activity in response to particularstress and likely these enzymes can be utilized as biomarkers against a multitude of biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we havediscussed certain enzymatic and a few non-enzymatic antioxidants which can be used for assessing stress in plants.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89674863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pollution of air is among the serious issue that the world is confronting today in developed and developing countries. An escalating numberof automobiles and industries incessantly add toxic gases like SO2, NOx, and particulate matter into the atmosphere. Simultaneously,secondary pollutant tropospheric O3 formed by the reactions of primary pollutant is equally hazardous. Suspension of these contaminantsin air leads to damaging effects on human health and plant productivity and results in the degradation of ecosystems and biodiversity.Human health issues associated with pollutants in air include cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, nervous and reproductive systemdisorders, lowered life expectancy, and mutations. Moreover, air pollutants negatively affect different morphological and physiologicalcharacteristics of the plants. Air pollutants generate reactive oxygen species that negatively affect various physiological pathways inthe plants inducing their anti-oxidative defense system to counteract oxidative stress. Air pollutants are also accountable for injury tovegetation and losses in crop productivity which is an increased cause of concern. Hence considering the air pollution menace, effectiveregulations, policies, and strategies should be developed for good human health, agricultural production, and food security.
{"title":"Air Pollution: Sources and its Effects on Humans and Plants","authors":"A. Singh, Rana . Eram, M. Agrawal, S. B. Agrawal","doi":"10.18811/ijpen.v8i01.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i01.02","url":null,"abstract":"Pollution of air is among the serious issue that the world is confronting today in developed and developing countries. An escalating numberof automobiles and industries incessantly add toxic gases like SO2, NOx, and particulate matter into the atmosphere. Simultaneously,secondary pollutant tropospheric O3 formed by the reactions of primary pollutant is equally hazardous. Suspension of these contaminantsin air leads to damaging effects on human health and plant productivity and results in the degradation of ecosystems and biodiversity.Human health issues associated with pollutants in air include cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, nervous and reproductive systemdisorders, lowered life expectancy, and mutations. Moreover, air pollutants negatively affect different morphological and physiologicalcharacteristics of the plants. Air pollutants generate reactive oxygen species that negatively affect various physiological pathways inthe plants inducing their anti-oxidative defense system to counteract oxidative stress. Air pollutants are also accountable for injury tovegetation and losses in crop productivity which is an increased cause of concern. Hence considering the air pollution menace, effectiveregulations, policies, and strategies should be developed for good human health, agricultural production, and food security.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73939953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Srivastava, Jasvinder Kaur, Vandana Anand, Vidisha Singh, Pankaj Singh, Satyam Rastogi, S. Yadav, Suchi Srivastava
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient, crucial for intensification of agricultural production. Although P is a vital nutrient for all life forms but in natural ecosystem it is least available owing to its high reactive nature. Plants have developed diverse adaptive strategies to improve Pi acquisition and utilization under inadequate condition. They undergo numerous modifications at morphological, physiological, and biochemical level to maintain P homeostasis under deplete conditions of P. In last decades, notable development has been made in utilizing microbes for regulating P supply in soil solution. In this review, we focused on the understanding of P uptake from soil, mobilization within plants, phosphate starvation responses and efficacy of microorganisms in facilitating external P to plants. Moreover, other metabolism in microorganism viz. phosphate accumulation is an important trait of microbes to maintain labile P in soil solution. Application of phosphate accumulating microbes is well known in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) system and heavy metal remediation. This review also discussed the phosphate accumulation mechanism in microbes and their importance in regulating P supply in soil. Current knowledge and further exploration of mechanism involved by P accumulating microbes may offer better insight of the regulatory events controlling P homeostasis. It will be beneficial for developing more efficient sustainable technologies to augment P use efficiency in soil for better plant growth promotion and nutrient starvation alleviation.
{"title":"Phosphate Starvation Responses in Plants and Microbe Mediated Phosphorus Recycling in Soil: A Review","authors":"S. Srivastava, Jasvinder Kaur, Vandana Anand, Vidisha Singh, Pankaj Singh, Satyam Rastogi, S. Yadav, Suchi Srivastava","doi":"10.18811/ijpen.v8i01.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i01.03","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient, crucial for intensification of agricultural production. Although P is a vital nutrient for all life forms but in natural ecosystem it is least available owing to its high reactive nature. Plants have developed diverse adaptive strategies to improve Pi acquisition and utilization under inadequate condition. They undergo numerous modifications at morphological, physiological, and biochemical level to maintain P homeostasis under deplete conditions of P. In last decades, notable development has been made in utilizing microbes for regulating P supply in soil solution. In this review, we focused on the understanding of P uptake from soil, mobilization within plants, phosphate starvation responses and efficacy of microorganisms in facilitating external P to plants. Moreover, other metabolism in microorganism viz. phosphate accumulation is an important trait of microbes to maintain labile P in soil solution. Application of phosphate accumulating microbes is well known in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) system and heavy metal remediation. This review also discussed the phosphate accumulation mechanism in microbes and their importance in regulating P supply in soil. Current knowledge and further exploration of mechanism involved by P accumulating microbes may offer better insight of the regulatory events controlling P homeostasis. It will be beneficial for developing more efficient sustainable technologies to augment P use efficiency in soil for better plant growth promotion and nutrient starvation alleviation.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83204665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The widespread occurrence of metal and metalloid in water resources and crop plants beyond the maximum permissible limits is a concerning issue for environmental and human health. There is a need to develop efficient, low-cost methods for the clean-up of water to ensure a safe drinking water supply. Further, the methods should be robust enough to clean up contaminated groundwater resources and prevent continuing metal(loid) build-up in soil. In addition, the existing metal(loid) contamination of soil also needs remediation through suitable technologies to avoid metal(loid) accumulation in crop plants. There has been a plethora of research on metal(loid) remediation, and a number of physical, chemical, and biological methods have been developed. The world today, however, is focused on and is marching rapidly towards the methods based on nanoparticles (NPs). This is because NPs are extremely effective in the remediation process, can be used easily in various forms and proportions, and have low-cost considering their lifetime and multiple cycle use. Nanoparticles can adsorb metal(loids) in soil and reduce their bioavailable levels to the crop plants. Further, the application of NPs in fields has been found to positively stimulate plants' growth and augment tolerance of plants to a variety of stresses. Further, NPS-based clean-up methods, columns and filters have been developed for contaminated water. Therefore, the nanoremediation of metal(loids) holds promise and this review article discusses the pros and cons of this.
{"title":"Towards the Nano-future to Deal with Metal and Metalloid Contamination","authors":"S. Srivastava, O. Dhankher, R. D. Tripathi","doi":"10.18811/ijpen.v8i01.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i01.04","url":null,"abstract":"The widespread occurrence of metal and metalloid in water resources and crop plants beyond the maximum permissible limits is a concerning issue for environmental and human health. There is a need to develop efficient, low-cost methods for the clean-up of water to ensure a safe drinking water supply. Further, the methods should be robust enough to clean up contaminated groundwater resources and prevent continuing metal(loid) build-up in soil. In addition, the existing metal(loid) contamination of soil also needs remediation through suitable technologies to avoid metal(loid) accumulation in crop plants. There has been a plethora of research on metal(loid) remediation, and a number of physical, chemical, and biological methods have been developed. The world today, however, is focused on and is marching rapidly towards the methods based on nanoparticles (NPs). This is because NPs are extremely effective in the remediation process, can be used easily in various forms and proportions, and have low-cost considering their lifetime and multiple cycle use. Nanoparticles can adsorb metal(loids) in soil and reduce their bioavailable levels to the crop plants. Further, the application of NPs in fields has been found to positively stimulate plants' growth and augment tolerance of plants to a variety of stresses. Further, NPS-based clean-up methods, columns and filters have been developed for contaminated water. Therefore, the nanoremediation of metal(loids) holds promise and this review article discusses the pros and cons of this.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74033049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ekta Gupta, Vartika Gupta, Mariya Naseem, P. Singh, Sampurna Nand, Neha Jaiswal, Sunil Tripathi, Anju Patel, Pankaj Kumar Srivastava
The unforeseen COVID-19 has spread over the world, affecting almost 5 million people in 213 countries. Lockdown measures havebeen implemented in several nations, limiting people to their homes and substantially curtailing economic and social activity. Theimplementation of lockdown halted all the industrial, social, and commercial activities, and had a positive impact on environmentalparameters viz., air, water, noise, biodiversity, and wildlife. The decrease in PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO2were recorded with an average value of43, 31, 10, and 18%, respectively because of the reduction in transportation and industrial emission in India. Considerable recovery ofwater quality in lotic ecosystems was observed at several places in the world. Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, the global lockdown hasalso dropped the noise level ranging from 2.1 dB to 6 dB at several places viz., Europe, Colombia and USA. Wildlife and biodiversity ofthe world had responded to the COVID-19 shutdown. Human movements in national parks and metropolitan cities through vehiclesand other transportation have decreased by 75% to 95%, due to which various wildlife and other creatures had faced fewer humaninterferences. During the pandemic, China and Lebanon had produced 240 metric tons and 1.3 tonnes of biomedical waste, respectivelyper day. India has generated around 28,747.91 tonnes of biological waste during the pandemic lockdown. The global pandemiclockdown has given Mother Nature a chance to replenish, but the policy and strategies are required immediately for the confinementof biomedical waste generation and further scientific management.
{"title":"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdown: National and Global Scenario","authors":"Ekta Gupta, Vartika Gupta, Mariya Naseem, P. Singh, Sampurna Nand, Neha Jaiswal, Sunil Tripathi, Anju Patel, Pankaj Kumar Srivastava","doi":"10.18811/ijpen.v8i01.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i01.01","url":null,"abstract":"The unforeseen COVID-19 has spread over the world, affecting almost 5 million people in 213 countries. Lockdown measures havebeen implemented in several nations, limiting people to their homes and substantially curtailing economic and social activity. Theimplementation of lockdown halted all the industrial, social, and commercial activities, and had a positive impact on environmentalparameters viz., air, water, noise, biodiversity, and wildlife. The decrease in PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO2were recorded with an average value of43, 31, 10, and 18%, respectively because of the reduction in transportation and industrial emission in India. Considerable recovery ofwater quality in lotic ecosystems was observed at several places in the world. Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, the global lockdown hasalso dropped the noise level ranging from 2.1 dB to 6 dB at several places viz., Europe, Colombia and USA. Wildlife and biodiversity ofthe world had responded to the COVID-19 shutdown. Human movements in national parks and metropolitan cities through vehiclesand other transportation have decreased by 75% to 95%, due to which various wildlife and other creatures had faced fewer humaninterferences. During the pandemic, China and Lebanon had produced 240 metric tons and 1.3 tonnes of biomedical waste, respectivelyper day. India has generated around 28,747.91 tonnes of biological waste during the pandemic lockdown. The global pandemiclockdown has given Mother Nature a chance to replenish, but the policy and strategies are required immediately for the confinementof biomedical waste generation and further scientific management.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81624210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Impact of elevated carbon dioxide (Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment) was studied on the plant chlorophyll, plant growth, plant macronutrients, total starch, total carbohydrate and the activity of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (Pep C) enzymatic assays in leaves, pods and seeds in leguminous plant Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. Plants of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (C3) were exposed to different atmospheric CO2 concentrations 420 ± 20 ppm (ambient) and 550 ± 20ppm (elevated). An average increase in the plant total chlorophyll (+39.17%), total starch (+43.73%, +25.44% and +26.35% in leaves, pods, and seeds), sucrose (+69.77%, +22.27% and +33.77% in leaves, pods and seed) and total carbohydrate (+58.88%, +30.54% and +28.38 % in leaves, pods and seeds) content were found in plant grown under elevated condition when compared to ambient counterpart. More over overall plant growth (+40% height and +25% biomass) increased in e[CO2] concentration. Plant total nitrogen (N) content decreased (−12.55% in leaves) under the elevated condition where as total phosphorus (P) decreased (−3.15% in leaves) along with total potassium (K) (−46.63% in leaves). In soil, total potassium (+60.23%) and phosphorous (+48.88%) were found to increase with (−16%) decrease in soil nitrogen content. In seed total nitrogen content increased (+18.15%) on an average with no significant change in total potassium and phosphorus content under e[CO2]. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase enzyme (Pep C) (+139.5% in leaves) activity and total organic carbon (TOC) (+19.12%, +17.85% in leaves and seeds) increases in elevated concentration thus promoting and indicating higher photosynthesis via enhanced CO2 fixation. Thus our studies showed that e[CO2] positively promotes sugars, carbohydrates synthesis, translocation and partitioning in plant tissues and enhanced macronutrients level in leaves and seeds tissue which is contradictory to other C3 plants. Thus e[CO2] works as the boon for Cyamopsisvarieties and the seeds are nutritionally rich, healthy, balanced in proteins and carbohydrates (C/N) and so these varieties have future implication for industrial use in the agricultural country like India.
{"title":"Enhancement of Carbon Assimilates and Macronutrients in Legumes under Elevated CO2 Concentration","authors":"S. Mehrotra, Karunakear Prasad Tripathi","doi":"10.18811/ijpen.v8i01.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i01.06","url":null,"abstract":"Impact of elevated carbon dioxide (Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment) was studied on the plant chlorophyll, plant growth, plant macronutrients, total starch, total carbohydrate and the activity of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (Pep C) enzymatic assays in leaves, pods and seeds in leguminous plant Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. Plants of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (C3) were exposed to different atmospheric CO2 concentrations 420 ± 20 ppm (ambient) and 550 ± 20ppm (elevated). An average increase in the plant total chlorophyll (+39.17%), total starch (+43.73%, +25.44% and +26.35% in leaves, pods, and seeds), sucrose (+69.77%, +22.27% and +33.77% in leaves, pods and seed) and total carbohydrate (+58.88%, +30.54% and +28.38 % in leaves, pods and seeds) content were found in plant grown under elevated condition when compared to ambient counterpart. More over overall plant growth (+40% height and +25% biomass) increased in e[CO2] concentration. Plant total nitrogen (N) content decreased (−12.55% in leaves) under the elevated condition where as total phosphorus (P) decreased (−3.15% in leaves) along with total potassium (K) (−46.63% in leaves). In soil, total potassium (+60.23%) and phosphorous (+48.88%) were found to increase with (−16%) decrease in soil nitrogen content. In seed total nitrogen content increased (+18.15%) on an average with no significant change in total potassium and phosphorus content under e[CO2]. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase enzyme (Pep C) (+139.5% in leaves) activity and total organic carbon (TOC) (+19.12%, +17.85% in leaves and seeds) increases in elevated concentration thus promoting and indicating higher photosynthesis via enhanced CO2 fixation. Thus our studies showed that e[CO2] positively promotes sugars, carbohydrates synthesis, translocation and partitioning in plant tissues and enhanced macronutrients level in leaves and seeds tissue which is contradictory to other C3 plants. Thus e[CO2] works as the boon for Cyamopsisvarieties and the seeds are nutritionally rich, healthy, balanced in proteins and carbohydrates (C/N) and so these varieties have future implication for industrial use in the agricultural country like India.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89301709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weeds harbour wide variety of microorganisms having beneficial, neutral and phytopathogenic effects. Weed microbiome discoveries could fuel progress in sustainable agriculture, such as the development of microbial herbicide products. Weed infecting phytopathogenic living fungal cells (mycelia or spores) and their natural products have been studied as producers of mycoherbicides. The application of biological and biochemical (natural or biorational) herbicides based on specific weed pathogens and natural products, respectively, is believed to assist the decreasing harmful impact of the chemicals. Cell free broth of several plant pathogenic fungi have been enthusiastically investigated for substitutes of synthetic agrochemicals against weeds. However, all such studies conducted on pure compound with high purity which have limitations due to high costs. It was found that herbicide in cell-free culture broth of fungi were largely composed of various nature of different metabolites with the ratio varying with culture time. Crude broth in a form of cell-free culture broth showed high herbicidal activity against weeds. So, cell-free culture broth as a crude product could be serve as a potential cost-effective and environmental-friendly herbicide in agriculture. The application of mycometabolites in agricultural weed management are safer to the user and the environment. They were formulated and applied in the same manner as chemical herbicides. This review aims at summarizing the studies on the application of mycometabolites as a lucrative, novel source of secondary herbicidal compounds for management of weeds. More effort should be expended in this area of research in the future, despite the obstacles that exist.
{"title":"The Foliar Fungal Pathogenic Metabolites as Promising Alternatives to Chemical Herbicides: Recent Developments, Future Perspective and Commercialization","authors":"A. Singh, A. Pandey","doi":"10.18811/ijpen.v8i01.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i01.05","url":null,"abstract":"Weeds harbour wide variety of microorganisms having beneficial, neutral and phytopathogenic effects. Weed microbiome discoveries could fuel progress in sustainable agriculture, such as the development of microbial herbicide products. Weed infecting phytopathogenic living fungal cells (mycelia or spores) and their natural products have been studied as producers of mycoherbicides. The application of biological and biochemical (natural or biorational) herbicides based on specific weed pathogens and natural products, respectively, is believed to assist the decreasing harmful impact of the chemicals. Cell free broth of several plant pathogenic fungi have been enthusiastically investigated for substitutes of synthetic agrochemicals against weeds. However, all such studies conducted on pure compound with high purity which have limitations due to high costs. It was found that herbicide in cell-free culture broth of fungi were largely composed of various nature of different metabolites with the ratio varying with culture time. Crude broth in a form of cell-free culture broth showed high herbicidal activity against weeds. So, cell-free culture broth as a crude product could be serve as a potential cost-effective and environmental-friendly herbicide in agriculture. The application of mycometabolites in agricultural weed management are safer to the user and the environment. They were formulated and applied in the same manner as chemical herbicides. This review aims at summarizing the studies on the application of mycometabolites as a lucrative, novel source of secondary herbicidal compounds for management of weeds. More effort should be expended in this area of research in the future, despite the obstacles that exist.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81169137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-28DOI: 10.33687/jpe.004.01.3995
Muhammad Nadeem Shah, S. Hussain, H. Ali, M. Khan, Anum Bukhari, Shahkar Ali, M. Naveed, Muhammad Sohail
Water scarcity is the most serious issue in crop production around the globe. Because of less water availability, various breeding and agronomic management techniques are being used to cope with this issue. For this purpose, a pot experiment was performed to screen hybrids and synthetic maize cultivars for drought-tolerance under various irrigation regimes at green-house of Agronomic Research Farm, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan during 2017. Experimental treatments comprise five maize hybrids viz. H1=DK-6317, H2=DK-6724, H3=P-1543, H4=P-1429, and H5= P-1574 and three locally synthetic maize cultivars viz. S1= Neelum, S2= Pak- Afghoi, and S3= Sadaf and three irrigation regimes viz. Control (CK) =80%WHC (water holding capacity), low drought (LD) =60% WHC and severe drought (SD) =40% WHC. It was resulted that irrigation regimes significantly affect growth and plant water relation. Results regarding maize hybrids growth showed that maximum plant height (5.20, 46.8 and 38.77 cm), number of leaves (6.41, 6.19, and 5.65), leaf area per plant (415.5, 361.5 and 305.8 cm2), dry weight of shoot per plant (6.09, 5.09 and 4.39 g) and dry weight of root per plant (0.85, 0.82 and 0.78 g) was obtained from DK-6724 under CK, LD and SD, respectively. While the minimum plant height (45.23, 36.47 and 28.87 cm), number of leaves (5.38, 5.05 and 4.79), leaf area per plant (11.87, 10.99 and 10.01 cm2), dry weight of shoot per plant (5.71, 4.75 and 4.02 g) and dry weight of root per plant (0.66, 0.63 and 0.61 g) was measured in P-1429 under CK, LD and SD, respectively. Likewise, in synthetic cultivars, Neelum performed well followed by Pak-Afghoi and Sadaf in all irrigation regimes. Results regarding plant water relation revealed that DK-6724 and Neelum maintained their osmotic potential and are considered as drought-tolerant. While P-1429 and Sadaf could not maintain their osmotic potential and were considered as drought-sensitive under normal and drought stress.
{"title":"Comparative Screening of Hybrids and Synthetic Maize (Zea mays L.) Cultivars for Drought-Sensitive and Drought-Tolerant Under Different Irrigation Regimes","authors":"Muhammad Nadeem Shah, S. Hussain, H. Ali, M. Khan, Anum Bukhari, Shahkar Ali, M. Naveed, Muhammad Sohail","doi":"10.33687/jpe.004.01.3995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/jpe.004.01.3995","url":null,"abstract":"Water scarcity is the most serious issue in crop production around the globe. Because of less water availability, various breeding and agronomic management techniques are being used to cope with this issue. For this purpose, a pot experiment was performed to screen hybrids and synthetic maize cultivars for drought-tolerance under various irrigation regimes at green-house of Agronomic Research Farm, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan during 2017. Experimental treatments comprise five maize hybrids viz. H1=DK-6317, H2=DK-6724, H3=P-1543, H4=P-1429, and H5= P-1574 and three locally synthetic maize cultivars viz. S1= Neelum, S2= Pak- Afghoi, and S3= Sadaf and three irrigation regimes viz. Control (CK) =80%WHC (water holding capacity), low drought (LD) =60% WHC and severe drought (SD) =40% WHC. It was resulted that irrigation regimes significantly affect growth and plant water relation. Results regarding maize hybrids growth showed that maximum plant height (5.20, 46.8 and 38.77 cm), number of leaves (6.41, 6.19, and 5.65), leaf area per plant (415.5, 361.5 and 305.8 cm2), dry weight of shoot per plant (6.09, 5.09 and 4.39 g) and dry weight of root per plant (0.85, 0.82 and 0.78 g) was obtained from DK-6724 under CK, LD and SD, respectively. While the minimum plant height (45.23, 36.47 and 28.87 cm), number of leaves (5.38, 5.05 and 4.79), leaf area per plant (11.87, 10.99 and 10.01 cm2), dry weight of shoot per plant (5.71, 4.75 and 4.02 g) and dry weight of root per plant (0.66, 0.63 and 0.61 g) was measured in P-1429 under CK, LD and SD, respectively. Likewise, in synthetic cultivars, Neelum performed well followed by Pak-Afghoi and Sadaf in all irrigation regimes. Results regarding plant water relation revealed that DK-6724 and Neelum maintained their osmotic potential and are considered as drought-tolerant. While P-1429 and Sadaf could not maintain their osmotic potential and were considered as drought-sensitive under normal and drought stress.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78579297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-28DOI: 10.33687/jpe.004.01.4186
Umed Ali, T. Shar, G. H. Jatoi, Syed Mushtaq Ahmed Shah, Liaqat Shah, Irfan Ahmed, Jahansher Qambrani, Mahpara Khatoon Bhutto, Naeema Khatoon Haskheli
Potassium (K) comes under a category of major plant nutrients and is essentially required for plant to complete its life cycle. It is involved in promoting the growth yield and quality of most crops. There are confusions regarding applying accurate potassium dose and investigating the performance of two mungbean cultivars under potassium applications, an experimental trial was laid down at the research area of Pulse Research Sub-Station, Tandojam to determine the performance of two mungbean (AEM-96 and C-23) cultivars in the presence of five potassium applications i.e., 00, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kg K ha-1. The outcomes from the study showed that each trait was significantly improved by increasing the applications of potassium. A significant (P≤0.05) improvement in the growth parameters (Plant height and branches per plant), yield attributes (pods per plant, seeds per pod, seed weight per plant and 1000-seed weight) and yield traits (seed yield and biological yield) was observed in both cultivars under the application of 50 kg K ha-1. While both cultivars showed similar lower performance in accordance with control (00 kg K ha-1) plots. From cultivars, AEM-96 produced best results as compared to C-23 for each trait on each potassium level. In this regard, mungbean cultivar AEM-96 with 50 kg K ha-1 was recommended for cultivation to obtain good growth and yield performance.
钾(K)是一种主要的植物营养物质，是植物完成其生命周期所必需的。它参与促进大多数作物的生长、产量和质量。为了研究两种绿豆品种在施用准确的钾量和钾处理下的表现，在坦桑尼亚脉冲研究分站研究区进行了试验，确定了两种绿豆(AEM-96和C-23)品种在5种钾处理下的表现，即00、20、30、40和50 kg K hm -1。研究结果表明，增加施钾量可显著改善各性状。在50 kg K hm -1处理下，两个品种的生长参数(株高和单株分枝)、产量属性(单株荚果、单株种子、单株种子重和千粒重)和产量性状(种子产量和生物产量)均有显著(P≤0.05)的改善。在对照(00 kg K hm -1)条件下，两个品种表现出较低的产量。从品种上看，AEM-96与C-23相比，在各钾水平下各性状的效果最好。因此，推荐栽培50 kg K hm -1的绿豆品种AEM-96，以获得良好的生长和产量表现。
{"title":"The Comparison of Mungbean (vigna radiata L.) Cultivars in the Presence of Various Potassium Applications","authors":"Umed Ali, T. Shar, G. H. Jatoi, Syed Mushtaq Ahmed Shah, Liaqat Shah, Irfan Ahmed, Jahansher Qambrani, Mahpara Khatoon Bhutto, Naeema Khatoon Haskheli","doi":"10.33687/jpe.004.01.4186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/jpe.004.01.4186","url":null,"abstract":"Potassium (K) comes under a category of major plant nutrients and is essentially required for plant to complete its life cycle. It is involved in promoting the growth yield and quality of most crops. There are confusions regarding applying accurate potassium dose and investigating the performance of two mungbean cultivars under potassium applications, an experimental trial was laid down at the research area of Pulse Research Sub-Station, Tandojam to determine the performance of two mungbean (AEM-96 and C-23) cultivars in the presence of five potassium applications i.e., 00, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kg K ha-1. The outcomes from the study showed that each trait was significantly improved by increasing the applications of potassium. A significant (P≤0.05) improvement in the growth parameters (Plant height and branches per plant), yield attributes (pods per plant, seeds per pod, seed weight per plant and 1000-seed weight) and yield traits (seed yield and biological yield) was observed in both cultivars under the application of 50 kg K ha-1. While both cultivars showed similar lower performance in accordance with control (00 kg K ha-1) plots. From cultivars, AEM-96 produced best results as compared to C-23 for each trait on each potassium level. In this regard, mungbean cultivar AEM-96 with 50 kg K ha-1 was recommended for cultivation to obtain good growth and yield performance.","PeriodicalId":14298,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79804204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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