Automatic syntactic analysis has often been proposed as a component of mechanized indexing systems. However, up to this time, frequency counting and statistical association techniques have been more favored, since these involve operations which can be performed with great speed on present day computers. Syntactic analysis programs, especially the few which have relatively complete grammars, have suffered from the disadvantage of slow and expensive operation and consequently have seldom been applied beyond the field of mechanical translation. In this paper, we report the design and testing of a limited syntactic recognition program for English which shows promise of becoming accurate enough to aid in mechanized indexing, yet sufficiently inexpensive to make large-scale use practicable.
{"title":"An economical program for limited parsing of English","authors":"D. C. Clarke, R. Wall","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463927","url":null,"abstract":"Automatic syntactic analysis has often been proposed as a component of mechanized indexing systems. However, up to this time, frequency counting and statistical association techniques have been more favored, since these involve operations which can be performed with great speed on present day computers. Syntactic analysis programs, especially the few which have relatively complete grammars, have suffered from the disadvantage of slow and expensive operation and consequently have seldom been applied beyond the field of mechanical translation. In this paper, we report the design and testing of a limited syntactic recognition program for English which shows promise of becoming accurate enough to aid in mechanized indexing, yet sufficiently inexpensive to make large-scale use practicable.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128117766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prominent among the products of technology that have shaped our society are automobiles, electric power, and telephones. They provide us with personal transportation, with aids in our physical labor, and with convenient communication. They have radically altered the pattern of our business and private lives. Nobody will deny that these products of technology have substantially increased our mobility, have eliminated a great deal of tedious physical labor, and have contributed vital threads to the fabric of society and commerce.
{"title":"Some thoughts about the social implications of accessible computing","authors":"E. David, R. Fano","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463917","url":null,"abstract":"Prominent among the products of technology that have shaped our society are automobiles, electric power, and telephones. They provide us with personal transportation, with aids in our physical labor, and with convenient communication. They have radically altered the pattern of our business and private lives. Nobody will deny that these products of technology have substantially increased our mobility, have eliminated a great deal of tedious physical labor, and have contributed vital threads to the fabric of society and commerce.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"276 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125732572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the exponential growth of computer facilities, a geat deal of attention has been given to the analytical description of man's decision-making processes. Yet little has been accomplished of general value to automation. We can think of many examples where the human mind can assimilate information and quickly reach a decision where we would be hard pressed to computerize the thought process. Since it will be many years before man's general decision making powers can be channeled into computers, he must be given an optimum remedial problem-solving capability. This means that he must be given the facility to communicate or interact directly with the computer and he must be given adequate tools to accomplish this interaction. In an idealized man-computer system, facilities will exist to yield a homogenous mix of man's decisions with routine computation. With the addition of fast response, it will be possible to shorten span time and to increase the learning and the retention of significant results. To this end the concept of real-time on-line computer graphics will play a major role.
{"title":"The introduction of man-computer graphics into the aerospace industry","authors":"S. Chasen","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463990","url":null,"abstract":"With the exponential growth of computer facilities, a geat deal of attention has been given to the analytical description of man's decision-making processes. Yet little has been accomplished of general value to automation. We can think of many examples where the human mind can assimilate information and quickly reach a decision where we would be hard pressed to computerize the thought process. Since it will be many years before man's general decision making powers can be channeled into computers, he must be given an optimum remedial problem-solving capability. This means that he must be given the facility to communicate or interact directly with the computer and he must be given adequate tools to accomplish this interaction. In an idealized man-computer system, facilities will exist to yield a homogenous mix of man's decisions with routine computation. With the addition of fast response, it will be possible to shorten span time and to increase the learning and the retention of significant results. To this end the concept of real-time on-line computer graphics will play a major role.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116327710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Within the past dozen years or so, the computer has made itself felt in every aspect of our society. One hundred years ago, it was the Industrial Revolution which wrought profound changes in the economic and social fabric of the western world. Today there is an upheaval of comparable force and significance in the so-called Computer Revolution. Indeed, Isaac Auerbach has characterized the invention of the computer as being comparable to that of the steam engine in its effects upon mankind. He predicted that the computer and its application to information processing "will have a far greater constructive impact on mankind during the remainder of the 20th Century than any other technological development of the past two decades."
{"title":"The role of the computer in humanistic scholarship","authors":"Edmund A. Bowles","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463922","url":null,"abstract":"Within the past dozen years or so, the computer has made itself felt in every aspect of our society. One hundred years ago, it was the Industrial Revolution which wrought profound changes in the economic and social fabric of the western world. Today there is an upheaval of comparable force and significance in the so-called Computer Revolution. Indeed, Isaac Auerbach has characterized the invention of the computer as being comparable to that of the steam engine in its effects upon mankind. He predicted that the computer and its application to information processing \"will have a far greater constructive impact on mankind during the remainder of the 20th Century than any other technological development of the past two decades.\"","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122497576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Motor learning can be defined as the information processing adaptations necessary for a system to achieve advantageous control over its relationship to its physical environment. For convenience, such learning is divided into two major processes: (1) perfection of the subsystem organization necessary to convert highly coded command sequences into the multitudinous signals necessary to the efficient utilization of musculature or other effectors, etc., and (2) the development of the control capabilities necessary for the timely generation of effective coded command sequences. This paper considers only the latter process as it might possibly be achieved in so-called "artificially intelligent" systems such as those using electronic data processing system control, as exemplified by a program described in detail in reference 1. Because of time and space limitations, this program will only be briefly summarized here to the extent necessary to explain the significance of the results obtained with various simple systematic creative means of response generation or synthesis.
{"title":"Computer experiments in motor learning","authors":"G. Bussey","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463974","url":null,"abstract":"Motor learning can be defined as the information processing adaptations necessary for a system to achieve advantageous control over its relationship to its physical environment. For convenience, such learning is divided into two major processes: (1) perfection of the subsystem organization necessary to convert highly coded command sequences into the multitudinous signals necessary to the efficient utilization of musculature or other effectors, etc., and (2) the development of the control capabilities necessary for the timely generation of effective coded command sequences. This paper considers only the latter process as it might possibly be achieved in so-called \"artificially intelligent\" systems such as those using electronic data processing system control, as exemplified by a program described in detail in reference 1. Because of time and space limitations, this program will only be briefly summarized here to the extent necessary to explain the significance of the results obtained with various simple systematic creative means of response generation or synthesis.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122931704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing importance of integrated circuit technologies has motivated research into the development of systematic and efficient procedures for the design of cellular arrays---that is, arrays of logical assemblies, or cells, that are interconnected in a regular fashion. A useful and analytically attractive approach to the design of two-dimensional, edgefed cellular arrays for the realization of arbitrary switching functions is based upon the decomposition of the arbitrary function into a set of subfunctions, each of which is independently produced by one of the columns of the array. In this approach, each column of the array might realize, for example, an individual member of a minimum covering set of prime implicants; these subfunctions are then composed by "collecting" the column outputs in a special row of the array whose final output is a realization of the desired function, or alternatively by using edge jumpers in the same array to accomplish the collecting function.
{"title":"Two-rail cellular cascades","authors":"R. Short","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463932","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing importance of integrated circuit technologies has motivated research into the development of systematic and efficient procedures for the design of cellular arrays---that is, arrays of logical assemblies, or cells, that are interconnected in a regular fashion. A useful and analytically attractive approach to the design of two-dimensional, edgefed cellular arrays for the realization of arbitrary switching functions is based upon the decomposition of the arbitrary function into a set of subfunctions, each of which is independently produced by one of the columns of the array. In this approach, each column of the array might realize, for example, an individual member of a minimum covering set of prime implicants; these subfunctions are then composed by \"collecting\" the column outputs in a special row of the array whose final output is a realization of the desired function, or alternatively by using edge jumpers in the same array to accomplish the collecting function.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116742562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
APEX is an experimental operation-oriented on-line data analysis system being developed for the TX-2 Computer at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. This paper describes the executive program which has been designed to satisfy the needs of that system as well as the other activities currently soaking up the computational energies of TX-2. These needs are developed into a set of requirements for a fast-response time-sharing system. The requirements, in turn, lead to a series of design decisions which involve both the hardware and software parts of the system. A memory and program-sharing system, with the hardware to make such a system efficient, takes the form of a complex of apparent computers, one for each console, which share some common hardware (TX-2). The salient characteristics of these computers are described as well as the executive program structure which gives them apparent reality.
{"title":"A time- and memory-sharing executive program for quick-response on-line applications","authors":"J. Forgie","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463956","url":null,"abstract":"APEX is an experimental operation-oriented on-line data analysis system being developed for the TX-2 Computer at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. This paper describes the executive program which has been designed to satisfy the needs of that system as well as the other activities currently soaking up the computational energies of TX-2. These needs are developed into a set of requirements for a fast-response time-sharing system. The requirements, in turn, lead to a series of design decisions which involve both the hardware and software parts of the system. A memory and program-sharing system, with the hardware to make such a system efficient, takes the form of a complex of apparent computers, one for each console, which share some common hardware (TX-2). The salient characteristics of these computers are described as well as the executive program structure which gives them apparent reality.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130752319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biological processes can be considered in the abstract as a response to a set of input quantities where input and output are measured in analogy with the real numbers.
生物过程可以抽象地认为是对一组输入量的响应，其中输入和输出是用实数类比来测量的。
{"title":"Nonlinear regression models in biology","authors":"J. Steinborn","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463951","url":null,"abstract":"Biological processes can be considered in the abstract as a response to a set of input quantities where input and output are measured in analogy with the real numbers.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133740929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper suggests a new mechanism for parallel, high-speed arithmetic for digital computers. It is based on a bounded carry inspection adder (BCIA) that operates on ternary coded data words. The recoding circuitry is of the type currently in use in computers that perform high-speed multiplication by the modified short cut (MSC) technique of shifting over ones and zeros. The uniqueness of the BCIA lies in the application of this recording to addition, and to an even greater speed-up of the multiplication technique that fostered it. In the process of multiplication, repeated additions/subtractions are required. The BCIA speeds up the process by providing an addition technique that yields the sum in parallel in one step through the elimination (bounding) of carry propagation.
{"title":"A bounded carry inspection adder for fast parallel arithmetic","authors":"Emanuel Katell","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463967","url":null,"abstract":"This paper suggests a new mechanism for parallel, high-speed arithmetic for digital computers. It is based on a bounded carry inspection adder (BCIA) that operates on ternary coded data words. The recoding circuitry is of the type currently in use in computers that perform high-speed multiplication by the modified short cut (MSC) technique of shifting over ones and zeros. The uniqueness of the BCIA lies in the application of this recording to addition, and to an even greater speed-up of the multiplication technique that fostered it. In the process of multiplication, repeated additions/subtractions are required. The BCIA speeds up the process by providing an addition technique that yields the sum in parallel in one step through the elimination (bounding) of carry propagation.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133883047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The achievement of a reliable management information feedback system is dependent upon meaningful and well-defined electronic data processing objectives and basic concepts. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to define those basic concepts which can be used as a foundation for planning advanced electronic data processing (EDP) systems.
{"title":"Basic concepts for planning an electronic data processing system","authors":"A. Moravec","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463910","url":null,"abstract":"The achievement of a reliable management information feedback system is dependent upon meaningful and well-defined electronic data processing objectives and basic concepts. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to define those basic concepts which can be used as a foundation for planning advanced electronic data processing (EDP) systems.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"606 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116074263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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