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Seasonal and Annual Probabilistic Forecasting of Water Levels in Large Lakes (Case Study of the Ladoga Lake) 大湖水位的季节和年度概率预测(以拉多加湖为例)
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.82.13
N. V. Myakisheva, E. Gaidukova, S. V. Shanochkin, A. A. Batmazova
The production functions of water-dependent sectors of the economy can include the water level in the lake as a natural resource. This characteristic must be able to reliably predict for the effective functioning of sectors of the economy. In the article the main attention is paid to the methods of forecasting based on the extrapolation of natural variations of the large lakes water level. As an example, is considered. In this paper, it is assumed that the level varies accordingly to a stochastic multi-cycle process with principal energy-containing zones in frequency bands associated with seasonal and multi-annual variations. Hence, the multi-year monthly and yearly averaged time series are represented by the ARIMA (auto-regression integrated moving average) processes. Forecasts are generated by using of the seasonal ARIMA-models, which take into account not only the seasonal but also the evolution non-stationarity. To compare the forecasts and the actual values, the relative errors are computed. It is shown that implementation of the models mainly allows receiving good and excellent forecasts. Subject Classification Numbers: UDC 556.555.2.06(4)
依赖水的经济部门的生产功能可以包括作为自然资源的湖泊水位。这一特征必须能够可靠地预测经济部门的有效运作。本文主要关注基于大湖水位自然变化外推的预测方法。作为一个例子,考虑了。在本文中,假设水平随着随机多周期过程的变化而变化,该过程在与季节和多年变化相关的频带中具有主要的含能区。因此,多年月度和年度平均时间序列由ARIMA(自回归综合移动平均)过程表示。预测是通过使用季节ARIMA模型生成的,该模型不仅考虑了季节性,还考虑了进化的非平稳性。为了比较预测值和实际值,计算了相对误差。结果表明,模型的实现主要是为了获得良好的预报。受试者分类号:UDC 556.555.2.06(4)
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引用次数: 1
Pollutant Removal from Sewage in Tropical Climate by Constructed Wetland System: An Asset for Irrigation 人工湿地系统在热带气候下去除污水中的污染物:灌溉资产
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.82.20
B. Usharani, N. Vasudevan
In the global outlook, letting of untreated sewage in existing river bodies deteriorates the water quality. The seepage likely depreciates the quality of ground water too. The quality of groundwater with special reference to India has tremendously gone down in the past twenty years leading to sour taste. On the other hand, agriculture sector is deprived of water in many places of India. A solution can be arrived concurrently by treating sewage and consuming the effluent in agricultural sector. First order kinetics was applied in constructed wetland system at different flow rates and optimised. At optimised HLR, effluent met the standards of discharge that can be utilized for agricultural/ irrigational purpose. The emanating major pollutants can be effectively treated using constructed wetland system under tropical climate. A few clippings at the onsite treatment illustrated the diversity of species thus adjoining sustainable biodiversity and treatment. Thus in tropical countries like India, constructed wetland system might pave solution not only for the treatment of sewage but in deploying the effluent in agricultural sector. A clean ecosystem can be achieved with sustainability.
从全球来看,将未经处理的污水排入现有水体会恶化水质。渗漏也可能降低地下水的质量。在过去的二十年里,特别是印度的地下水质量急剧下降,导致了酸味。另一方面,印度许多地方的农业部门缺水。一个解决方案可以通过处理污水和在农业部门消耗污水同时达成。将一阶动力学应用于不同流速下的人工湿地系统,并对其进行了优化。在优化的HLR下,污水达到了可用于农业/灌溉目的的排放标准。在热带气候条件下,人工湿地系统可以有效地处理主要污染物。现场处理的一些剪报表明了物种的多样性,从而毗邻可持续的生物多样性和处理。因此,在印度等热带国家,人工湿地系统不仅可以为污水处理提供解决方案,还可以为农业部门的污水处理提供方案。清洁的生态系统可以通过可持续性来实现。
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引用次数: 0
Relationship between Nematodes and some Soil Properties in the Rhizosphere of Banana Plants 香蕉根际线虫与某些土壤性质的关系
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.82.1
Amal Ahmed, Mohammed I. Alghamdi
Nematodes are plant-parasitic organisms that cause alterations in the chemical and physical environment of soils. This study investigates the relationship between nematode occurrence and some soil parameters. The results showed that the proportion of nematodes in soil was negatively correlated with soil pH (r2= 0.89); however, it increased with increasing electrical conductivity (EC) (r2 = 0.95), soil moisture (SM) (r2 = 0.60), and organic matter (OM) content (r2= 0.78). A positive correlation was found between the proportion of nematodes in the roots and the amount of coarse sand, while a negative correlation existed between the proportion of nematodes and the amount of fine sand, clay, and silt. The degree of colonization by nematodes increased with increasing coarse sand content (r2= 0.91). Conversely, the soil nematode population decreased with increasing fine sand content (r2= 0.83), clay (r2= 0.80), and silt content (r2= 0.97). The nematode population in banana roots correlated with soil phosphorus (r2 = 0.88), potassium (r2 = 69), calcium (r2 = 0.78), and magnesium levels (r2=0.78). Conversely, a negative correlation was found between nitrogen concentration and the nematode population in banana roots (r2=0.76). Overall, the population of nematodes in soil affects its pH, EC, SM, and OM content.
线虫是引起土壤化学和物理环境变化的植物寄生生物。本研究调查了线虫的发生与一些土壤参数之间的关系。结果表明,土壤中线虫的比例与土壤pH呈负相关(r2=0.89);但随着电导率(EC)(r2=0.95)、土壤水分(SM)(r20.60)和有机质(OM)含量(r2=0.78)的增加,线虫在根中的比例与粗砂量呈正相关,而线虫的比例与细砂、粘土和淤泥量呈负相关。线虫的定殖程度随着粗砂含量的增加而增加(r2=0.91)。相反,土壤线虫种群随着细沙含量(r2=0.83)、粘土含量(R20.80)和淤泥含量(R20.97)的增加而减少。香蕉根中的线虫种群与土壤磷(r2=0.88)、钾(r2=69)、钙(r2=0.78),和镁水平(r2=0.78)。相反,氮浓度与香蕉根中线虫种群之间呈负相关(r2=0.76)。总体而言,土壤中线虫种群影响其pH、EC、SM和OM含量。
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引用次数: 2
Diversity and Abundance of Butterfly (Lepidoptera) Fauna in Kalaimahal College Campus, Sembanarkoil, Tranqubar Taluk, Tamil Nadu 泰米尔纳德邦Tranqubar Taluk Sembanarkoil Kalaimahal学院校园蝴蝶(鳞翅目)区系的多样性和丰富度
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.81.1
Joothi Pillai Paramanandham, Kaliyaperumal Krishnappa, K. Kabilan, Selvaraj Sathishkumar
Butterflies are the sensitive insects which react quickly to any kind of disturbances like changes in the habitat quality and environmental variation. Apart from pollinators they play a major key role in food chain, being prey for birds, reptiles, spiders and predatory insects.  It is one of the most important assemblages of insects that act as biodiversity indicators as well as nature’s gardeners.  The objective of the present survey is focussed on the assessment of the diversity and abundance of butterfly conservation priorities in the study area. A total of 33 species of butterflies under 5 families and 26 genera were recorded during from December 2017 to February 2017 in the Kalimahal College campus, Sembarnarkoil, Tharangambadi Taluk. Nymphalidae was recorded as the most dominant family in terms of number of species (13) and number of genera (9), followed by Pieridae 8 species (6 genera), Lycaenidae 6 species (5 genera), Hesperiidae 3 species (3 genera), and Papilionidae 3 species (2 genera). Species richness (25), Simpson diversity index (0.7206) and Shannon ‘H’ index (1.783) were high in the month of December 2017.  Simultaneously the Dominance index (0.6634) and Species Evenness (0.2871) were high in the month of February 2018.  The outcomes of the present study highlight the importance of institutional campuses as a preferred habitat for butterflies. If the landscaping and maintenance of gardens are cautiously planned, the diversity of butterflies may increase in college campus providing a rich ground for butterfly conservation as well as for research.
蝴蝶是一种敏感的昆虫,对任何类型的干扰,如栖息地质量的变化和环境的变化,都能迅速做出反应。除了传粉者,它们在食物链中扮演着重要的角色,是鸟类、爬行动物、蜘蛛和掠食性昆虫的猎物。它是昆虫最重要的组合之一,既是生物多样性的指示器,也是大自然的园丁。本调查的目的是评估研究区内蝴蝶的多样性和丰度。2017年12月至2017年2月,在Tharangambadi Taluk的Sembarnarkoil Kalimahal学院校园共记录了33种蝴蝶,隶属5科26属。以蛱蝶科(13种)和属数(9属)为优势科,其次为蝶蛹科8种(6属)、Lycaenidae科6种(5属)、蝶蛹科3种(3属)和凤蝶科3种(2属)。2017年12月物种丰富度(25)、Simpson多样性指数(0.7206)和Shannon ' H '指数(1.783)较高。2018年2月的优势度指数(0.6634)和物种均匀度(0.2871)均较高。本研究的结果强调了机构校园作为蝴蝶首选栖息地的重要性。如果园林的美化和维护得到谨慎的规划,大学校园里蝴蝶的多样性可能会增加,为蝴蝶保护和研究提供丰富的土壤。
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引用次数: 0
Micro-Climate Conditions, Weed Diversity, Flowering and Yield of Young Cacao Plants as Affected by Shade Regimes 遮荫对可可幼苗小气候条件、杂草多样性、开花和产量的影响
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.81.31
I. Famuwagun, S. Agele
Experiments were conducted in 2015/2018 in two cacao plots established in 2012 and 2013 in Akure, Nigeria to investigate micro-climate conditions, weed densities, flowering and yield of cacao as affected by shade regimes. Established cacao plots under three plantain (Musa spp) shade regimes consisting of No-shade, Moderate and Dense shade were used. Air and soil temperature, relative humidity and Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR), weed population and species diversity, cacao flowering and pod production were measured. From the results, air and soil temperature measurements under No-shade plots had a significantly higher mean values (32°C) and soil (28°C) compared with moderately shaded [air, 30°C and soil, 26.5°C] and densely shaded [air, 30°C and soil, 26°C] plots in2015 and 2016 measurements but under 2017 measurements, no significant difference in the soil temperature of the plots under dense shade, moderate and the no-shade which were ascribed to canopy close-up of the cacao that led to reduced transmitted light through the canopy to the understories species. The vigour of weeds under no-shade plots were significantly higher compared with dense and moderately shaded plots. In 2013 established cacao plot, flower production was higher significantly in no-shade compared with those in moderate and dense shaded cacao plots in 2015 and 2016 measurement. Pod production under No-shade were significantly higher compared with other treatments in 2016 and 2017. Cherelle wilt rate was higher in shaded plots compared with the no-shade plots. Pod yield parameters were significantly higher under No-shade plots compared with shaded treatments during the three years of data measurement. Air temperature between 30°C to 33.7°C during flowering and fruit/pod setting was found to have positive influence on bean yield in cacao. The study concluded that excessive shade decreases yield of cocoa, while increases in temperature and relative humidity boosts some physiological processes for pod production in Cocoa
2015/2018年,在尼日利亚阿库雷2012年和2013年建立的两个可可地块上进行了实验,以研究微气候条件、杂草密度、开花和产量受遮荫制度的影响。在无遮荫、适度遮荫和密荫三种芭蕉遮荫制度下建立了可可地块。测定了空气和土壤温度、相对湿度和光合活性辐射(标准杆数)、杂草种群和物种多样性、可可开花和荚产量。从结果来看,2015年和2016年无遮荫地块的空气和土壤温度测量值(32°C)和土壤温度(28°C)显著高于中度遮荫[空气,30°C和土壤,26.5°C]和重度遮荫[土壤,30°C]地块,但在2017年的测量值下,中度和无遮荫,这归因于可可的树冠特写,导致通过树冠到林下物种的透射光减少。无遮荫地杂草活力显著高于密荫地和适度遮荫地。在2013年建立的可可地块中,2015年和2016年的测量显示,与中等和密集遮荫的可可地块相比,无遮荫的情况下的花朵产量显著较高。2016年和2017年,与其他处理相比,无遮荫条件下的荚产量显著较高。遮荫地和不遮荫地相比,樱桃枯萎率较高。在三年的数据测量中,与遮荫处理相比,无遮荫处理下的荚产量参数显著更高。在开花和结果期间,气温在30°C至33.7°C之间对可可豆产量有积极影响。研究得出的结论是,过度遮荫会降低可可的产量,而温度和相对湿度的增加会促进可可荚生产的一些生理过程
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引用次数: 0
Metabolic Changes in Phenolic Compounds in Buds during and after Dormancy Releasing in early and late (Malus sylvestris, Mill) Apple Varieties as Effected by Chilling Requirements 低温条件对苹果早、晚品种休眠释放前后芽中酚类物质代谢的影响
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.81.13
M. El-Yazal
In order to study the relation between seasonal changes in phenolic compounds and flower opining date according to chilling requirements. The early and late-opining apple varieties, Barkhar, Local and Strakhan (Malussylvestris) were used. This study investigated variations in chilling requirements, bud burst and development in early and late varieties of apple trees. Results showed less bud burst in late varieties than in early ones. In the former, there were increased in phenolic compounds (conjugated and total phenols) at budburst in all varieties. As dormancy begins, free phenols are increased, coinciding with a reduction in the levels of conjugated phenols. Consequently, as dormancy breaks, these free phenols are conjugate with organic constituents, and a decrease in the concentrations of free phenols occurs, in order to reduce inhibitory effect on growth. We conclude that late varieties (Strakhan) are less economical in manufacturing new growth, as indicated by less bud vigor at budburst than early varieties (Barkhar and local) and show a marked differential phenols compound pattern throughout bud development compared to early varieties.
为了研究酚类化合物的季节变化与低温条件下开花日期的关系。使用了早期和晚期意见苹果品种Barkhar、Local和Strakhan(Malussylvestris)。本研究调查了苹果树早、晚品种对冷量、芽突和发育的影响。结果表明,晚熟品种的芽爆裂比早熟品种少。在前者中,所有品种在芽丛中的酚类化合物(共轭酚和总酚)都有所增加。当休眠开始时,游离酚类物质增加,同时共轭酚类物质水平降低。因此,随着休眠的打破,这些游离酚与有机成分结合,游离酚的浓度降低,以减少对生长的抑制作用。我们得出的结论是,晚品种(Strakhan)在制造新生长方面不太经济,这表明芽突时的芽活力低于早品种(Barkhar和本地品种),并且与早品种相比,在整个芽发育过程中表现出显著的酚类化合物差异模式。
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引用次数: 2
Economic and Toxicological Aspects of Pesticide Management Practices: Empirical Evidence from Turkey 农药管理实践的经济和毒理学方面:来自土耳其的经验证据
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILNS.81.23
H. Yılmaz
The aim of this study was to evaluate the economics and toxicological aspects of pesticide management practices for sustainable chickpea production. The results of this study demonstrated that the average usage of pesticides is 877.30 g per hectare as an active ingredient in the chickpea growing. The average usages per hectare of active ingredient of insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides were calculated to be 1.50 g, 638.80 g, and 237.00 g, respectively. Fungicides are the biggest pesticide group used with 72.81% of total weight of active ingredients. It was calculated that the crop protection cost was EUR 75.65 per hectare, having the portion of 12 % of average production cost. The study revealed that the most common pesticides used by the farmers in chickpea growing were moderately hazardous and non-acute hazard categories. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the government should carry out effective agro-environmental intervention policies and farmer extension programs should be aimed at balancing the amounts of pesticides used per hectare for the sustainable, dynamic environment and prevention of pesticide toxicity. Keywords: chickpea, pesticide practices, economic, toxicological, Turkey
本研究的目的是评价可持续鹰嘴豆生产的农药管理措施的经济学和毒理学方面。研究结果表明,鹰嘴豆种植中农药的平均使用量为每公顷877.30 g,是一种有效成分。杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂每公顷有效成分的平均使用量分别为1.50 g、638.80 g和237.00 g。杀菌剂用量最大,占有效成分总重量的72.81%。经计算,作物保护成本为每公顷75.65欧元,占平均生产成本的12%。研究表明,农民在鹰嘴豆种植中最常用的农药是中度危害和非急性危害类别。根据研究结果,建议政府应采取有效的农业环境干预政策和农民推广计划,以平衡每公顷农药用量为目标,实现可持续的动态环境和预防农药毒性。关键词:鹰嘴豆,农药,经济,毒理学,土耳其
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引用次数: 2
Reproductive Phenology and Size Structure Characteristics of Hypseleotris agilis (Herre, 1927) in Lake Mainit, Philippines 菲律宾美因尼特湖的小偃麦草(Hypseleotris agilis, Herre, 1927)的繁殖物候和大小结构特征
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.80.35
J. Jumawan, Paula Marie Hidalgo, R. Seronay
Hypseleotris agilis locally known as Bugwan is a native species and one of the most abundant fishes of commercial value in Lake Mainit, Philippines. A total of 1,584 H. agilis from Lake Mainit near the mouth of Kalinawan and Puyo River were caught from May 2018 to February 2019 to determine the length-weight relationship (LWR), condition factor (K), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) of this species. Positive allometric growth was observed for both sexes (b>3). Sex ratio indicated the dominance of males over females as much as 58.7%. The number of ripe males and gravid females was observed throughout the months of the collection, which indicates the ability of the fish species to spawn continuously throughout the year. Determination of GSI in both sexes showed higher values during November (males) and December (females). However, HSI values were relatively low during the spawning season, which would indicate the usage of energy for gonadal maturation. The K factor showed high values during the peak spawning months, directly proportional to GSI values. This study provides updated information for management and conservation of this important fishery resource in Lake Mainit.
在菲律宾迈尼特湖,被称为Bugwan的Hypseleotris agilis是一种本地物种,也是最丰富的商业价值鱼类之一。2018年5月至2019年2月,在Kalinawan河口和Puyo河附近的Mainit湖捕获了1584只鼠,测定了该物种的长重关系(LWR)、条件因子(K)、性腺指数(GSI)和肝体指数(HSI)。两性均观察到正异速生长(b>3)。性别比显示男性比女性优势高达58.7%。在收集的几个月中,观察到成熟雄鱼和怀孕雌鱼的数量,这表明该鱼类全年连续产卵的能力。雄性和雌性的GSI测定值均在11月和12月较高。然而,在产卵季节,HSI值相对较低,这可能表明性腺成熟的能量使用。K因子在产卵高峰期值较高,与GSI值成正比。本研究为美因尼特湖这一重要渔业资源的管理和保护提供了最新信息。
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引用次数: 1
Evaluation of Genetic Diversity and Identification of Huperzia Species Collected in Some Different Areas in Vietnam by Molecular Markers 利用分子标记评价越南不同地区石杉属植物的遗传多样性及鉴定
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.80.13
Tran Thi Thu Ha, T. Khanh, K. H. Trung
The objective of this study was to evaluate genetic diversity of 35 Huperzia samples collected from the different ecological areas in Vietnam by using rbcL markers. The results revealed that the samples were genetically diverse in high genetic similarity which ranged from 98.0 to 99.0%, respectively. Based on the Genbank data in comparison, it was ascertained that only one sample (BK3) is a member of H.phlegmarioides group, and others belonged H. squarrosa group as divided into two main groups by phylogenetic tree analyses. It suggests that some Huperzia samples may plausibly descend from the same origin, evolution and arising relations. This study has provided useful information for further identifying the high-quality genetic plant sources for propagation, development and conservation of the high-valued medicinal materials of Huperzia plants in this country.
本研究的目的是利用rbcL标记评估从越南不同生态区采集的35个石杉样本的遗传多样性。结果表明,这些样品具有较高的遗传相似性,遗传多样性分别为98.0%至99.0%。根据Genbank的数据进行比较,通过系统发育树分析,确定只有一个样本(BK3)属于狭叶蜂群,其他样本属于方叶蜂群。这表明,一些壶菌样本可能来自相同的起源、进化和产生关系。本研究为进一步确定优质遗传植物来源,为我国高价值的石杉药材的繁殖、开发和保护提供了有益的信息。
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引用次数: 2
Preliminary Studies of Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) in Sediment, Water and Fish Samples from Ethiope River, Abraka Axis, Southern Nigeria 尼日利亚南部Abraka轴Ethiope河沉积物、水和鱼类样品中有机氯农药的初步研究
IF 0.3 Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.80.1
O. Edjere, J. Ukpebor, Samuel Emebu, F. Okieimen
Selected persistent organochlorine pollutants, including DDT and its metabolites, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin, Aldrin, heptachlor, HCH as well as some of their isomers were determined in water, sediment and fish samples from the Ethiope River in Southern Nigeria. Twenty organochlorine pesticides were detected in both seasons from October 2012 – September 2013. Results revealed ∑HCH to be 0.620µg/L (water), 33 ng/g (sediment) and 29.00 ng/g (fish) for the rainy season while concentrations of 0.170 µg/L (water), 14 ng/g (sediment) and 28.00 ng/g (fish) were obtained for the dry season. 0.05–0.15 ng/g for aldrin, 0.12–5.8 ng/g for dieldrin, 0.22–0.64 ng/g for endrin, 0.24–6.37 ng/g for endosulfan and 0.21–8.81 ng/g for ΣDDT (p, p` -DDD, p, p` -DDE, p, p` -DDT). Among the OCPs, ∑HCH, endosulfan and PDDT were the most dominant compounds in the river sediments. γ- HCH was the most frequent detected compound in all the samples from this river. Among the cyclodiene compounds, aldrin was in abundance in most of the sediments, water and fish samples. γ-HCH, γ-HCH and HCB contributed this highest value for the water, sediment and fish sample respectively in the rainy season while aldrin, endrin and HCB were the highest contributors to the ΣOCPs to the mean of water, sediment and fish respectively. Hazard quotient and bioaccumulation analysis carried out on the fish sample revealed that the fishes were heavily contaminated with values >1 for both seasons which possess a possibility for ecological concern.
在尼日利亚南部埃塞俄比亚河的水、沉积物和鱼类样本中测定了选定的持久性有机氯污染物,包括滴滴涕及其代谢物、六氯苯、狄氏剂、艾氏剂、七氯、六氯环己烷及其一些异构体。2012年10月至2013年9月,两个季节都检测到20种有机氯农药。结果表明,雨季∑六氯环己烷的浓度分别为0.620µg/L(水)、33纳克/克(沉积物)和29.00纳克/克,旱季∑六氯环己烷浓度分别为0.170µg/L、14纳克/克和28.000纳克/克。艾氏剂0.05–0.15纳克/克,狄氏剂0.12–5.8纳克/克、异狄氏剂0.22–0.64纳克/克和硫丹0.24–6.37纳克/克以及∑DDT 0.21–8.81纳克/克(p,p`-DDD,p,p`-DDE,p,p `-DDT)。在OCPs中,∑六氯环己烷、硫丹和PDDT是河流沉积物中最主要的化合物。γ-六氯环己烷是该河流所有样本中检测到的最常见的化合物。在环二烯化合物中,艾氏剂在大多数沉积物、水和鱼类样品中含量丰富。在雨季,γ-六氯环己烷、γ-六氯环乙烷和六氯环己烷分别对水、沉积物和鱼类样本的贡献最高,而艾氏剂、异狄氏剂和六氯环己烷则分别是对水、沉淀物和鱼类平均值∑OCP的贡献最高。对鱼类样本进行的危险系数和生物累积分析表明,鱼类受到严重污染,两个季节的数值都>1,这可能引起生态问题。
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引用次数: 1
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International Letters of Natural Sciences
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