Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2022.2117929
C. Muthumala, S. De Silva, P. Alwis, K. K. I. U. Arunakumara
ABSTRACT Shorter sections of sawn timber material resulted from timber industry are considered to be wastes; thus regularly dumped by sawmills. Finger-joint, a method which connects two small pieces of timber together is recognized as a sound technique to minimize the wastage. In this process, sections of different timber species are bonded together for making finger-joint boards. In this connection, selection of the best possible combination of timber species is vital as the success largely depends on the mechanical properties of the pieces. In this study, commonly used 32 timber species were employed to develop a timber classification system based on strength properties of timber species. Cluster analysis was used in grouping the species with similar strength properties. Accordingly, timber species were grouped into five strength classes as very low, low, medium, high and very high. A significant correlation (P = 0.000) between the strength index and timber density was also observed.
{"title":"Strength index-based timber classification of Sri Lankan timbers and potential for finger-joint production from wood off-cuts","authors":"C. Muthumala, S. De Silva, P. Alwis, K. K. I. U. Arunakumara","doi":"10.1080/20426445.2022.2117929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2022.2117929","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Shorter sections of sawn timber material resulted from timber industry are considered to be wastes; thus regularly dumped by sawmills. Finger-joint, a method which connects two small pieces of timber together is recognized as a sound technique to minimize the wastage. In this process, sections of different timber species are bonded together for making finger-joint boards. In this connection, selection of the best possible combination of timber species is vital as the success largely depends on the mechanical properties of the pieces. In this study, commonly used 32 timber species were employed to develop a timber classification system based on strength properties of timber species. Cluster analysis was used in grouping the species with similar strength properties. Accordingly, timber species were grouped into five strength classes as very low, low, medium, high and very high. A significant correlation (P = 0.000) between the strength index and timber density was also observed.","PeriodicalId":14414,"journal":{"name":"International Wood Products Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"263 - 271"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41450150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-09DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2022.2110154
Z. Guan, Yue Zhang
ABSTRACT Russia is China’s main log supplier and has implemented a series of log export control policies. The implementation of Russia’s export control policy has inevitably had an impact on China’s timber processing industry. This paper uses breakpoint regression to analyse the impact of the increase in the import price of logs under the Russian log export control policy on the market price of timber products in China. The results show that under the control policy, the increase in log import prices had a significant positive impact on the timber product market when April 2008, January 2010 and January 2019 were the breakpoints. Due to the lag effects in price transmission, the impact on China's timber product market was not reflected when July 2007 and January 2018 were the breakpoints. Based on the research conclusions, this paper puts forward some suggestions from the perspective of China’s log supply security.
{"title":"The impact of increases in log import prices under Russia’s control of log exports on the market price of timber products in China","authors":"Z. Guan, Yue Zhang","doi":"10.1080/20426445.2022.2110154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2022.2110154","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Russia is China’s main log supplier and has implemented a series of log export control policies. The implementation of Russia’s export control policy has inevitably had an impact on China’s timber processing industry. This paper uses breakpoint regression to analyse the impact of the increase in the import price of logs under the Russian log export control policy on the market price of timber products in China. The results show that under the control policy, the increase in log import prices had a significant positive impact on the timber product market when April 2008, January 2010 and January 2019 were the breakpoints. Due to the lag effects in price transmission, the impact on China's timber product market was not reflected when July 2007 and January 2018 were the breakpoints. Based on the research conclusions, this paper puts forward some suggestions from the perspective of China’s log supply security.","PeriodicalId":14414,"journal":{"name":"International Wood Products Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"227 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49151572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-29DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2022.2104212
S. Rahimi, V. Nasir, S. Avramidis, F. Sassani
ABSTRACT The uniformity of final moisture content within a drying timber batch is crucial. Lack of such uniformity leads to producing large percentages of over-dried and under-dried timber, resulting in significant quality degradation and value downgrade. This study aims to predict kiln-dried timber moisture content using its initial moisture value, timber weight, and density. The distribution of wood properties in different drying runs was analyzed, and the difference in their means was statistically assessed. Various machine learning models were used for moisture prediction. The performance of the group method of data handling network was compared with the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, support vector regression, decision tree, and random forest method. The best performance was achieved using random forest with the initial moisture content and weight of the wood as input parameters. Finally, the models’ performances were compared and practical recommendations for employing the adopted methodology in industrial settings were provided.
{"title":"Benchmarking moisture prediction in kiln-dried Pacific Coast hemlock wood","authors":"S. Rahimi, V. Nasir, S. Avramidis, F. Sassani","doi":"10.1080/20426445.2022.2104212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2022.2104212","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The uniformity of final moisture content within a drying timber batch is crucial. Lack of such uniformity leads to producing large percentages of over-dried and under-dried timber, resulting in significant quality degradation and value downgrade. This study aims to predict kiln-dried timber moisture content using its initial moisture value, timber weight, and density. The distribution of wood properties in different drying runs was analyzed, and the difference in their means was statistically assessed. Various machine learning models were used for moisture prediction. The performance of the group method of data handling network was compared with the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, support vector regression, decision tree, and random forest method. The best performance was achieved using random forest with the initial moisture content and weight of the wood as input parameters. Finally, the models’ performances were compared and practical recommendations for employing the adopted methodology in industrial settings were provided.","PeriodicalId":14414,"journal":{"name":"International Wood Products Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"219 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42591538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2022.2084590
T. Cahyono, Marini Dwi Lestari, T. Priadi
ABSTRACT This research was conducted to detect changes in the mechanical properties of samama wood (Anthocephalus macrophyllus) after impregnation with boron, castor bean oil, and heat treatment. Samama wood has low durability so samples were impregnated with boric acid followed by impregnation with castor oil in order to achieve some fixation of the boric acid. After impregnation, heat treatments were applied for four hours at 80°C and 160°C. Results showed that the modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and hardness of samama wood generally increased after the treatments. Compared with the control, the maximum differences in MOE and MOR were 19.9% and 26.7%, respectively. Castor oil treatment also increased the density and hydrophobicity of the samama wood.
{"title":"Mechanical properties of samama wood (Antocephalus macrophyllus) after boron and castor bean oil impregnation and heat treatment","authors":"T. Cahyono, Marini Dwi Lestari, T. Priadi","doi":"10.1080/20426445.2022.2084590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2022.2084590","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This research was conducted to detect changes in the mechanical properties of samama wood (Anthocephalus macrophyllus) after impregnation with boron, castor bean oil, and heat treatment. Samama wood has low durability so samples were impregnated with boric acid followed by impregnation with castor oil in order to achieve some fixation of the boric acid. After impregnation, heat treatments were applied for four hours at 80°C and 160°C. Results showed that the modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and hardness of samama wood generally increased after the treatments. Compared with the control, the maximum differences in MOE and MOR were 19.9% and 26.7%, respectively. Castor oil treatment also increased the density and hydrophobicity of the samama wood.","PeriodicalId":14414,"journal":{"name":"International Wood Products Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"203 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45517507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-16DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2022.2073075
Dominique Martial Manga Bengono, Tamba Jean Gaston, Zobo Mfomo Joseph, F. Evariste, F. Armand, Banyuy Godwin Fonyuy, Biwolé Achille Bernard
ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the sorption isotherms of three tropical woods from Cameroon to understand the conditions for their use and drying. The equilibrium moisture contents were experimentally determined using saturated salt solutions. Some anatomical parameters were also measured to assess the influence of the structure of these woods on their sorption behaviour. Among the sorption models tested, the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer model is the one that best fits the experimental points. Our results also reveal a strong correlation between EMCs and the size and number of anatomical parameters. Indeed, up to 40°C, Sipo which has the lowest wood density and larger vessel sizes and rays, contains more water at equilibrium that the two other woods. When temperatures increase above 50°C, Sapelli becomes more hygroscopic due to the expansion of its lumen cells. These findings highlight the need for specific data on the sorption behaviour of Central African woods, to efficiently manage their drying and use.
{"title":"Sorption behaviour of three African tropical woods (Sapelli, Sipo, Kosipo) with similar anatomical structures from Cameroon","authors":"Dominique Martial Manga Bengono, Tamba Jean Gaston, Zobo Mfomo Joseph, F. Evariste, F. Armand, Banyuy Godwin Fonyuy, Biwolé Achille Bernard","doi":"10.1080/20426445.2022.2073075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2022.2073075","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 This study aims to determine the sorption isotherms of three tropical woods from Cameroon to understand the conditions for their use and drying. The equilibrium moisture contents were experimentally determined using saturated salt solutions. Some anatomical parameters were also measured to assess the influence of the structure of these woods on their sorption behaviour. Among the sorption models tested, the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer model is the one that best fits the experimental points. Our results also reveal a strong correlation between EMCs and the size and number of anatomical parameters. Indeed, up to 40°C, Sipo which has the lowest wood density and larger vessel sizes and rays, contains more water at equilibrium that the two other woods. When temperatures increase above 50°C, Sapelli becomes more hygroscopic due to the expansion of its lumen cells. These findings highlight the need for specific data on the sorption behaviour of Central African woods, to efficiently manage their drying and use.","PeriodicalId":14414,"journal":{"name":"International Wood Products Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"194 - 202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49578794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-07DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2022.2071560
N. A. Adewole, A. Olorunnisola, E. B. Lucas
ABSTRACT The absence of an established design load constitutes a challenge to the engineering design of classroom furniture. This study developed a methodology for estimating design loads for single user (SU) and multiple user (MU) wooden classroom chair and desk combinations offered to secondary school students in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Service load distribution patterns for the chair and desk members in normal, backward and front-reclining sitting postures were determined for 15 girls and 15 boys using bathroom scales. A T-test was used to compare the significance of the means of the proportions of users’ weights transferred to the chair and the floor. Design loads were 1 kN (SU) and 2.7 kN (MU) for chair and desk configurations, respectively. Each SU and MU leg should be designed to support 35% and 40% of the service loads, respectively. Gender, sitting postures, and chair and desk designs influenced load distribution patterns significantly.
{"title":"Estimation of design load and distribution pattern for wooden classroom chairs in use at secondary schools in Ibadan, Nigeria","authors":"N. A. Adewole, A. Olorunnisola, E. B. Lucas","doi":"10.1080/20426445.2022.2071560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2022.2071560","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The absence of an established design load constitutes a challenge to the engineering design of classroom furniture. This study developed a methodology for estimating design loads for single user (SU) and multiple user (MU) wooden classroom chair and desk combinations offered to secondary school students in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Service load distribution patterns for the chair and desk members in normal, backward and front-reclining sitting postures were determined for 15 girls and 15 boys using bathroom scales. A T-test was used to compare the significance of the means of the proportions of users’ weights transferred to the chair and the floor. Design loads were 1 kN (SU) and 2.7 kN (MU) for chair and desk configurations, respectively. Each SU and MU leg should be designed to support 35% and 40% of the service loads, respectively. Gender, sitting postures, and chair and desk designs influenced load distribution patterns significantly.","PeriodicalId":14414,"journal":{"name":"International Wood Products Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"186 - 193"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49650150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-07DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2022.2071559
P. Dadzie, M. Amoah, P. Inkum, E. Boampong, Victor Owusu Ansah Jnr
ABSTRACT This study sought to appraise 7-year and 9-year-old Cedrela odorata for pulp and paper making. Sectioning and maceration processes were adopted. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 17.00. Cell characteristics for all ages and tree positions appeared similar but quantitatively, cells in 9-year-old generally exhibited some significant (p < .05) variations. Age and wood position generally had some significant influence on cell characteristics. Fibre lengths were generally short (<1.6 mm or 1600 μm) with variations in fibre morphology being significant axially than radially. In appraising the wood for paper production, derived fibre indices/values viz; Runkel ratio (ranging from 0.19 to 0.28), flexibility coefficient (ranging from 0.78 to 0.83), and slenderness ratio (ranging from 38.98 to 51.72) appeared to provide some positive indications. The species therefore, has potential for pulp and paper production, but further studies on its chemical consumption levels and other properties need to be ascertained towards a well-informed decision.
{"title":"Wood cells characterization and suitability appraisal of 7- and 9-year-old Cedrela odorata L. (Miliaceae) wood for paper-based products manufacturing","authors":"P. Dadzie, M. Amoah, P. Inkum, E. Boampong, Victor Owusu Ansah Jnr","doi":"10.1080/20426445.2022.2071559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2022.2071559","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study sought to appraise 7-year and 9-year-old Cedrela odorata for pulp and paper making. Sectioning and maceration processes were adopted. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 17.00. Cell characteristics for all ages and tree positions appeared similar but quantitatively, cells in 9-year-old generally exhibited some significant (p < .05) variations. Age and wood position generally had some significant influence on cell characteristics. Fibre lengths were generally short (<1.6 mm or 1600 μm) with variations in fibre morphology being significant axially than radially. In appraising the wood for paper production, derived fibre indices/values viz; Runkel ratio (ranging from 0.19 to 0.28), flexibility coefficient (ranging from 0.78 to 0.83), and slenderness ratio (ranging from 38.98 to 51.72) appeared to provide some positive indications. The species therefore, has potential for pulp and paper production, but further studies on its chemical consumption levels and other properties need to be ascertained towards a well-informed decision.","PeriodicalId":14414,"journal":{"name":"International Wood Products Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"172 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41484920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-08DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2022.2061255
K. Olaoye, M. Ojo
ABSTRACT Assessing intrinsic wood qualities such as modulus of elasticity and internal decay in trees and logs can be challenging. However, acoustic technologies have been investigated for a possible solution. This paper reviews available literature on non-destructive acoustic methods for assessing wood quality, both in tree and log form. The paper further reviews the effects of silvicultural practices (such as thinning and pruning) on wood quality assessed by non-destructive acoustic methods. We documented some of the benefits of application of non-destructive acoustic methods on wood quality of trees and logs. The acoustic velocity of a tree (VT) or log (VL) of the propagated waves and wood density can be used to determine the Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (MOEd). Thinning was reported to affect VT/VL and MOEd negatively. Acoustic tomography methods were equally found to have good accuracy in detecting the location and extent of wood decay in standing trees and logs.
{"title":"Non-destructive acoustic assessment of wood quality in trees and logs and the effects of silvicultural treatments: a review","authors":"K. Olaoye, M. Ojo","doi":"10.1080/20426445.2022.2061255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2022.2061255","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Assessing intrinsic wood qualities such as modulus of elasticity and internal decay in trees and logs can be challenging. However, acoustic technologies have been investigated for a possible solution. This paper reviews available literature on non-destructive acoustic methods for assessing wood quality, both in tree and log form. The paper further reviews the effects of silvicultural practices (such as thinning and pruning) on wood quality assessed by non-destructive acoustic methods. We documented some of the benefits of application of non-destructive acoustic methods on wood quality of trees and logs. The acoustic velocity of a tree (VT) or log (VL) of the propagated waves and wood density can be used to determine the Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (MOEd). Thinning was reported to affect VT/VL and MOEd negatively. Acoustic tomography methods were equally found to have good accuracy in detecting the location and extent of wood decay in standing trees and logs.","PeriodicalId":14414,"journal":{"name":"International Wood Products Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"156 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44165936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-07DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2022.2061254
Tarannum Jahan, Brijesh Lekhak, A. K. Verma, A. Dubey, T. Bhattacharya
ABSTRACT The pine needles bio-oil was partially replaced with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin at a rate of up to 40% by weight. The wood adhesive characteristics of a newly produced bio-oil phenol-formaldehyde (BOPF) resin with 10% bio-oil replacements was found to be comparable to those of pure PF resin with similar shear strength. DSC revealed that the curing temperature of 20 wt-% BOPF resin decreased from 95 to 60°C. Thermal degradation of BOPF resins was somewhat lower than that of pure PF resin, according to TGA and DTG data, and was similar in 10 and 20 wt-% BOPF resins. The presence of methylene bridges between phenols shown by FTIR analysis indicated that the wood adhesive had a good quality. According to SEM examination, the 10 and 20% BOPF resins showed a flat microstructure comparable to the pure PF resin.
{"title":"Preparation of phenol-formaldehyde resin modified with phenol-rich pine needle pyrolysis oil and assessment of bonding strength","authors":"Tarannum Jahan, Brijesh Lekhak, A. K. Verma, A. Dubey, T. Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1080/20426445.2022.2061254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2022.2061254","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The pine needles bio-oil was partially replaced with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin at a rate of up to 40% by weight. The wood adhesive characteristics of a newly produced bio-oil phenol-formaldehyde (BOPF) resin with 10% bio-oil replacements was found to be comparable to those of pure PF resin with similar shear strength. DSC revealed that the curing temperature of 20 wt-% BOPF resin decreased from 95 to 60°C. Thermal degradation of BOPF resins was somewhat lower than that of pure PF resin, according to TGA and DTG data, and was similar in 10 and 20 wt-% BOPF resins. The presence of methylene bridges between phenols shown by FTIR analysis indicated that the wood adhesive had a good quality. According to SEM examination, the 10 and 20% BOPF resins showed a flat microstructure comparable to the pure PF resin.","PeriodicalId":14414,"journal":{"name":"International Wood Products Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"148 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48547618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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