Pub Date : 2020-10-09DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2020.1830347
Juanito P. Jimenez, M. Acda, H. Hernandez
ABSTRACT Stalk and leaf midrib particles with size <74 µm from the native (Batek) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) were used as an additive to replace wheat and coconut shell flour in urea-formaldehyde adhesive formulations. Control and formulated glue-mixes with tobacco particles additive were used to bond Falcataria moluccana veneers into 3-ply plywood. The effect of varying amounts of tobacco particles (4, 8 and 12%) in the glue-mixes on shear strength, wood failure and subterranean termite (Microcerotermes losbañosensis) resistance of the plywood was examined. An increase in shear strength and wood failure up to 8% tobacco particles loading was observed compared with plywood that used commercial glue formulation. Based on shear strength and wood failure, panels containing 4–8% tobacco particles would pass the requirements of PNS ISO 12466-2. Termite resistance at 12% tobacco particles improved by 43% compared with the control. Thus, tobacco particles can be considered as a more beneficial alternative glue-mix additive in plywood production.
以巴泰克(Nicotiana tabacum)原生烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)中粒径<74µm的茎叶和叶中叶颗粒为添加剂，替代小麦粉和椰子壳粉用于脲醛胶粘剂配方。采用烟草颗粒添加剂控制和配制的胶料，将黄菖蒲贴面粘合成三层胶合板。研究了混合胶中不同烟草颗粒含量(4、8、12%)对胶合板抗剪强度、木材破坏和抗地下白蚁(Microcerotermes losbañosensis)性能的影响。与使用商业胶水配方的胶合板相比，抗剪强度和木材破坏增加了8%，烟草颗粒加载。基于抗剪强度和木材破坏，含有4-8%烟草颗粒的板材将通过PNS ISO 12466-2的要求。烟草颗粒浓度为12%时，抗白蚁能力较对照提高43%。因此，烟草颗粒可以被认为是胶合板生产中更有益的替代胶混合添加剂。
{"title":"Effect of glueline treatment using tobacco stalk and leaf midrib additives on the bond strength and termite resistance of urea-formaldehyde bonded plywood","authors":"Juanito P. Jimenez, M. Acda, H. Hernandez","doi":"10.1080/20426445.2020.1830347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2020.1830347","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Stalk and leaf midrib particles with size <74 µm from the native (Batek) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) were used as an additive to replace wheat and coconut shell flour in urea-formaldehyde adhesive formulations. Control and formulated glue-mixes with tobacco particles additive were used to bond Falcataria moluccana veneers into 3-ply plywood. The effect of varying amounts of tobacco particles (4, 8 and 12%) in the glue-mixes on shear strength, wood failure and subterranean termite (Microcerotermes losbañosensis) resistance of the plywood was examined. An increase in shear strength and wood failure up to 8% tobacco particles loading was observed compared with plywood that used commercial glue formulation. Based on shear strength and wood failure, panels containing 4–8% tobacco particles would pass the requirements of PNS ISO 12466-2. Termite resistance at 12% tobacco particles improved by 43% compared with the control. Thus, tobacco particles can be considered as a more beneficial alternative glue-mix additive in plywood production.","PeriodicalId":14414,"journal":{"name":"International Wood Products Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"51 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20426445.2020.1830347","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46841369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2020.1816766
F. Yuldashev, Prabodh Illukpitiya, F. Tegegne, E. Ekanem
ABSTRACT There has been an increased demand for wood pellets for energy production, hence pellet production is a valuable market opportunity to explore. The purpose of the study was to assess the economic feasibility of on-site wood pellet processing for bioenergy market. The benefit–cost model was used to estimate the nett return over the projected investment period. Monte Carlo simulation was performed for the possible range of nett returns and to identify the effect of stochastic variables on profitability. The simulation results showed positive nett return from both biomass production and processing of pellets. The sweetgum yield, market price of biomass and pellet, and projected volume of pellets had the greatest positive effect on profitability. The results will help to make pelletizing readily available to those who are looking to make the switch and go green by using alternative and renewable energy.
{"title":"Techno-economic analysis of plantation biomass production and small-scale wood pellet processing for bioenergy market","authors":"F. Yuldashev, Prabodh Illukpitiya, F. Tegegne, E. Ekanem","doi":"10.1080/20426445.2020.1816766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2020.1816766","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There has been an increased demand for wood pellets for energy production, hence pellet production is a valuable market opportunity to explore. The purpose of the study was to assess the economic feasibility of on-site wood pellet processing for bioenergy market. The benefit–cost model was used to estimate the nett return over the projected investment period. Monte Carlo simulation was performed for the possible range of nett returns and to identify the effect of stochastic variables on profitability. The simulation results showed positive nett return from both biomass production and processing of pellets. The sweetgum yield, market price of biomass and pellet, and projected volume of pellets had the greatest positive effect on profitability. The results will help to make pelletizing readily available to those who are looking to make the switch and go green by using alternative and renewable energy.","PeriodicalId":14414,"journal":{"name":"International Wood Products Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"173 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20426445.2020.1816766","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47524292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-13DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2020.1805688
A. Erarslan
ABSTRACT Wood is among the most widely used construction materials in Anatolian traditional rural architecture and many different timber construction techniques can be seen in the vernacular structures of today’s Anatolia. One example of Anatolian rural architecture is a type of granary, or what is known as serender in the Eastern Black Sea Region. This structure occupies a significant place in the cultural heritage of Anatolia. Reflecting the richness of Anatolian culture and architecture, each of these buildings is an important part of the culture of Anatolian timber construction. The layout of the wooden granary structure that is referred to as serender in this article and its construction technique, design, structural particularities and decorative features will be described here in an effort to provide documentation for these buildings, which represent the legacy of timber rural architecture that should be passed on to posterity.
{"title":"An example of traditional timber building techniques from Anatolia. Granary structures in the region of the Eastern Black Sea, Turkey; serender","authors":"A. Erarslan","doi":"10.1080/20426445.2020.1805688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2020.1805688","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Wood is among the most widely used construction materials in Anatolian traditional rural architecture and many different timber construction techniques can be seen in the vernacular structures of today’s Anatolia. One example of Anatolian rural architecture is a type of granary, or what is known as serender in the Eastern Black Sea Region. This structure occupies a significant place in the cultural heritage of Anatolia. Reflecting the richness of Anatolian culture and architecture, each of these buildings is an important part of the culture of Anatolian timber construction. The layout of the wooden granary structure that is referred to as serender in this article and its construction technique, design, structural particularities and decorative features will be described here in an effort to provide documentation for these buildings, which represent the legacy of timber rural architecture that should be passed on to posterity.","PeriodicalId":14414,"journal":{"name":"International Wood Products Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"58 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20426445.2020.1805688","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48968820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-03DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2020.1799910
M. Ashaduzzaman, M. Hale, G. Ormondroyd, M. Spear
ABSTRACT Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to investigate the viscoelastic behaviour of four species of wood, Scots pine, Gmelina, Obeche and Alstonia. Three frequencies (0.1, 1.0 and 10 Hz) were used over a temperature range of −150°C to +150°C. All the wood species showed tan δ peaks corresponding with secondary relaxations in the expected range. The low temperature (γ peak) was seen at −115°C to −83°C, differing between species and with frequency. β peaks relating to hemicellulose relaxations in association with water molecules were observed, at two locations for Scots pine and three locations in hardwoods. The α peak for lignin lay outside the temperature range studied. Differences in β peaks are proposed to relate to the composition of hemicellulose, and be influenced by structure and level of heterogeneity in the amorphous polymer domains; differing between the wood species studied, which is in-line with currently proposed cell wall polymer models.
{"title":"Dynamic mechanical analysis of Scots pine and three tropical hardwoods","authors":"M. Ashaduzzaman, M. Hale, G. Ormondroyd, M. Spear","doi":"10.1080/20426445.2020.1799910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2020.1799910","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to investigate the viscoelastic behaviour of four species of wood, Scots pine, Gmelina, Obeche and Alstonia. Three frequencies (0.1, 1.0 and 10 Hz) were used over a temperature range of −150°C to +150°C. All the wood species showed tan δ peaks corresponding with secondary relaxations in the expected range. The low temperature (γ peak) was seen at −115°C to −83°C, differing between species and with frequency. β peaks relating to hemicellulose relaxations in association with water molecules were observed, at two locations for Scots pine and three locations in hardwoods. The α peak for lignin lay outside the temperature range studied. Differences in β peaks are proposed to relate to the composition of hemicellulose, and be influenced by structure and level of heterogeneity in the amorphous polymer domains; differing between the wood species studied, which is in-line with currently proposed cell wall polymer models.","PeriodicalId":14414,"journal":{"name":"International Wood Products Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"189 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20426445.2020.1799910","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48184718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-03DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2020.1780543
P. V. Gutierrez, Badria Almushardi, Megan Huber, Claudia C. Andersen, R. V. Van Court, S. Robinson
ABSTRACT The use of wood coloured by fungi, or ‘spalted’ wood, stretches back to the Renaissance. Most of this work was restricted to shades of blue-green, brown, white, and black zone lines. Modern spalting has added in shades of red and blue. The current colour palette of spalting fungi has the potential to be expanded through the use of Scytalidium ganodermophthorum, a fungal pathogen and suspected soft rot of wood, which produces multiple colours of pigment throughout its growth, including yellow and purple. However, no previous study has tracked colours of the extracted fungal pigment across time. This study showed significant colour change of extracted fungal pigments across 36 weeks of growth, transitioning over time from bright yellow to green shades, before finally becoming slate purple. This diversity of hues increases the colours available to artists working with spalting pigments, and has the potential to expand the art form.
{"title":"Expanding the spalting palette: developing yellow, purple, and green pigments from Scytalidium ganodermophthorum","authors":"P. V. Gutierrez, Badria Almushardi, Megan Huber, Claudia C. Andersen, R. V. Van Court, S. Robinson","doi":"10.1080/20426445.2020.1780543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2020.1780543","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The use of wood coloured by fungi, or ‘spalted’ wood, stretches back to the Renaissance. Most of this work was restricted to shades of blue-green, brown, white, and black zone lines. Modern spalting has added in shades of red and blue. The current colour palette of spalting fungi has the potential to be expanded through the use of Scytalidium ganodermophthorum, a fungal pathogen and suspected soft rot of wood, which produces multiple colours of pigment throughout its growth, including yellow and purple. However, no previous study has tracked colours of the extracted fungal pigment across time. This study showed significant colour change of extracted fungal pigments across 36 weeks of growth, transitioning over time from bright yellow to green shades, before finally becoming slate purple. This diversity of hues increases the colours available to artists working with spalting pigments, and has the potential to expand the art form.","PeriodicalId":14414,"journal":{"name":"International Wood Products Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"34 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20426445.2020.1780543","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42250773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2020.1782020
T. Ozyhar, K. Olaoye, S. Bhatta, S. Raj, Sanjeet Kumar Hom, Sauradipta Ganguly
Siberian larch produces high strength timber. Bayasaa Tumenjargal and her team at the Utsonomiya University, Japan, investigated the MoE and MoR of standing trees by using stress wave velocity and dynamic Youngs modulus. Results suggest that the technique could be used for selecting superior trees for lumber and breeding. Estimation of Modulus of Elasticity of Boscia angustifolia wood using Longitudinal Vibration Acoustic Method
{"title":"In this issue","authors":"T. Ozyhar, K. Olaoye, S. Bhatta, S. Raj, Sanjeet Kumar Hom, Sauradipta Ganguly","doi":"10.1080/20426445.2020.1782020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2020.1782020","url":null,"abstract":"Siberian larch produces high strength timber. Bayasaa Tumenjargal and her team at the Utsonomiya University, Japan, investigated the MoE and MoR of standing trees by using stress wave velocity and dynamic Youngs modulus. Results suggest that the technique could be used for selecting superior trees for lumber and breeding. Estimation of Modulus of Elasticity of Boscia angustifolia wood using Longitudinal Vibration Acoustic Method","PeriodicalId":14414,"journal":{"name":"International Wood Products Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"107 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20426445.2020.1782020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43152509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2020.1765624
Sanjeet Kumar Hom, Sauradipta Ganguly, Ajmal Samani, S. Tripathi
ABSTRACT Wood is prone to fire attack making its application restricted as building material. The current study aims to evaluate the effect of double step chemical modification on Pinus radiata using Dimethyl Methyl phosphonate with Propylene oxide and Maleic anhydride. Wood samples were modified by single step using Propylene oxide (PO) or Maleic anhydride (MA) and the double-step modification comprised firstly of pressure treatment with Dimethyl Methyl phosphonate (DMMP) followed by chemical modification using Propylene oxide (PD) or Maleic anhydride (MD). Thermal property was studied using Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Derivative Thermogravimetric (DTG). The chemical modification resulted in better thermal stability of wood than control wood. Among treatments PD showed best fire retardancy property with maximum weight loss at 367°C with 18.2% residual mass. The preliminary study indicates that double step modification improved the thermal property increasing the temperature for maximum weight loss and residual mass comprising of char.
{"title":"Improvement in fire retardancy with double-step chemical modification on Pinus radiata D. Don using dimethyl methylphosphonate with propylene oxide and maleic anhydride","authors":"Sanjeet Kumar Hom, Sauradipta Ganguly, Ajmal Samani, S. Tripathi","doi":"10.1080/20426445.2020.1765624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2020.1765624","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Wood is prone to fire attack making its application restricted as building material. The current study aims to evaluate the effect of double step chemical modification on Pinus radiata using Dimethyl Methyl phosphonate with Propylene oxide and Maleic anhydride. Wood samples were modified by single step using Propylene oxide (PO) or Maleic anhydride (MA) and the double-step modification comprised firstly of pressure treatment with Dimethyl Methyl phosphonate (DMMP) followed by chemical modification using Propylene oxide (PD) or Maleic anhydride (MD). Thermal property was studied using Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Derivative Thermogravimetric (DTG). The chemical modification resulted in better thermal stability of wood than control wood. Among treatments PD showed best fire retardancy property with maximum weight loss at 367°C with 18.2% residual mass. The preliminary study indicates that double step modification improved the thermal property increasing the temperature for maximum weight loss and residual mass comprising of char.","PeriodicalId":14414,"journal":{"name":"International Wood Products Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"138 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20426445.2020.1765624","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45930973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-29DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2020.1785605
Mouna Jaouadi
ABSTRACT Pinewood sawdust is a good precursor for activated carbon production. Activated carbon was prepared from sawdust by chemical activation using H3PO4 at 300°C. The properties of sawdust and activated carbon were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance and Raman spectroscopies, elemental analysis, ‘Boehm’ titration, measurements of pHPZC, nitrogen adsorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Sawdust and activated carbon were investigated as bio-adsorbents for boron removal from freshwater. Sawdust showed the highest boron adsorption uptake (1.58 mg g−1) compared to activated carbon (0.97 mg g−1). This higher capacity was caused by the presence of hydroxylic, carboxylic, and polyphenolic groups. FTIR analysis before and after adsorption of boron suggested that the mechanism involved in the boron removal might be complexation. Langmuir model has the best fitness quality with experimental data, as it gave the maximum R 2 value (0.99).
{"title":"Characterization of activated carbon, wood sawdust and their application for boron adsorption from water","authors":"Mouna Jaouadi","doi":"10.1080/20426445.2020.1785605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2020.1785605","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Pinewood sawdust is a good precursor for activated carbon production. Activated carbon was prepared from sawdust by chemical activation using H3PO4 at 300°C. The properties of sawdust and activated carbon were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance and Raman spectroscopies, elemental analysis, ‘Boehm’ titration, measurements of pHPZC, nitrogen adsorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Sawdust and activated carbon were investigated as bio-adsorbents for boron removal from freshwater. Sawdust showed the highest boron adsorption uptake (1.58 mg g−1) compared to activated carbon (0.97 mg g−1). This higher capacity was caused by the presence of hydroxylic, carboxylic, and polyphenolic groups. FTIR analysis before and after adsorption of boron suggested that the mechanism involved in the boron removal might be complexation. Langmuir model has the best fitness quality with experimental data, as it gave the maximum R 2 value (0.99).","PeriodicalId":14414,"journal":{"name":"International Wood Products Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"22 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20426445.2020.1785605","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48677917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-29DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2020.1785604
Z. Guan, Xiaoyu Chen, Yan Xu, Yaofei Liu
ABSTRACT Illegal logging has caused serious damage to the global forest environment. China, Japan, India and South Korea have been criticized for their imports of illegal timber. Based on a trade balance analysis method, this paper evaluates the imports of illegal timber of China, Japan, India and South Korea. The results show that China has serious illegal timber imports with the Republic of Congo, Ghana, Papua New Guinea, Laos, Brazil and Malaysia. India has serious illegal timber imports with Brazil and Papua New Guinea. Japan has serious illegal timber imports with the Republic of the Congo, Cameroon, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea. South Korea has serious illegal timber imports with Malaysia. In order to control the imports of illegal timber, there is a need to further strengthen international cooperation and domestic legislation, enhance the protection and cultivation of forest resources and reduce dependence on imported timber.
{"title":"Are imports of illegal timber in China, India, Japan and South Korea considerable? based on a historic trade balance analysis method","authors":"Z. Guan, Xiaoyu Chen, Yan Xu, Yaofei Liu","doi":"10.1080/20426445.2020.1785604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2020.1785604","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Illegal logging has caused serious damage to the global forest environment. China, Japan, India and South Korea have been criticized for their imports of illegal timber. Based on a trade balance analysis method, this paper evaluates the imports of illegal timber of China, Japan, India and South Korea. The results show that China has serious illegal timber imports with the Republic of Congo, Ghana, Papua New Guinea, Laos, Brazil and Malaysia. India has serious illegal timber imports with Brazil and Papua New Guinea. Japan has serious illegal timber imports with the Republic of the Congo, Cameroon, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea. South Korea has serious illegal timber imports with Malaysia. In order to control the imports of illegal timber, there is a need to further strengthen international cooperation and domestic legislation, enhance the protection and cultivation of forest resources and reduce dependence on imported timber.","PeriodicalId":14414,"journal":{"name":"International Wood Products Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"211 - 225"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20426445.2020.1785604","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43533810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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