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Semitransparent Cu2O Films Based on CuO Back Layer for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting and Photovoltaic Applications. 基于 CuO 背层的半透明 Cu2O 薄膜,用于光电化学水分离和光伏应用。
IF 7.5 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-27 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202401994
Linxiao Wu, Jinshui Cheng, Jingshan Luo

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) as an intrinsic p-type semiconductor is promising for solar energy conversion. The major challenge in fabricating Cu2O lies in achieving both high transparency and high performance in a tandem device. The Cu2O photocathodes often employ gold as the back contact layer. However, it is not an optimal choice in tandem device due to its poor transmission, scarcity, and electron-hole recombination at the interface of Au and Cu2O. Here, we presented a facile method that utilizes the earth-abundant material copper oxide (CuO) to fabricate highly transparent Cu2O devices. The maximum transmittance of the Cu2O film on CuO (FTO/CuO/Cu2O) increased from 42 % to 58 % compared with Cu2O film on Au (FTO/Au (3 nm)/Cu2O) in 550-800 nm. After coating atomic layer deposition (ALD) layers and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst, the photocurrent density at 0 V (versus RHE) of the semitransparent Cu2O photocathode with CuO as the back layer for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting reached -4.9 mA cm-2, which showed a 24.5 % improvement compared with FTO/Au/Cu2O photocathode. Moreover, expanding the CuO layer strategy to the field of solar cells enables Cu2O solar cells to achieve a PCE of 2.37 %.

氧化亚铜(Cu2O)作为一种本征 p 型半导体,在太阳能转换方面大有可为。制造 Cu2O 的主要挑战在于如何在串联器件中实现高透明度和高性能。Cu2O 阴极通常采用金作为背接触层。然而,由于金的透光性差、稀缺性以及金与 Cu2O 接口处的电子-空穴重组,它并不是串联器件的最佳选择。在这里,我们介绍了一种利用地球富集材料氧化铜(CuO)制造高透明 Cu2O 器件的简便方法。与金上的氧化铜薄膜(FTO/Au/Cu2O)相比,在 550-800 纳米波长范围内,氧化铜上的氧化铜薄膜(FTO/CuO/Cu2O)的最大透射率从 42% 提高到 58%。在涂覆原子层沉积(ALD)层和氢进化反应(HER)催化剂后,以 CuO 为背层的半透明 Cu2O 阴极在 0 V(相对于 RHE)下的光电流密度达到了 -4.9 mA-cm-2,与 FTO/Au/Cu2O 阴极相比提高了 24.5%。此外,将 CuO 层战略扩展到太阳能电池领域,可使 Cu2O 太阳能电池的 PCE 达到 2.37%。
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引用次数: 0
Nickel-Nitrogen Doped MnO2 as Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyst for Aluminum Air Batteries. 作为铝空气电池氧还原反应催化剂的掺镍氮二氧化锰
IF 7.5 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202401385
Lizi He, Ning Han, Zirui Lang, Meiyang Wang, Yuqin Wang, Lishuang Li

Aluminum-air battery has the advantages of high energy density, low cost and environmental protection, and is considered as an ideal next-generation energy storage conversion system. However, the slow oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in air cathode leads to its unsatisfactory performance. Here, we report an electrode made of N and Ni co-doped MnO2 nanotubes. In alkaline solution, Ni/N-MnO2 has higher oxygen reduction activity than undoped MnO2, with an initial potential of 1.00 V and a half-wave potential of 0.75 V. This is because it has abundant defects, high specific surface area and sufficient Mn3+ active sites, which promote the transfer of electrons and oxygen-containing intermediates. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that MnO2 doped with N and Ni atoms reduces the reaction overpotential and improves the ORR kinetics. The peak power density and energy density of the Ni/N-MnO2 air electrode increased by 34.03 mW cm-2 and 316.41 mWh g-1, respectively. The results show that N and Ni co-doped MnO2 nanotubes are a promising air electrode, which can provide some ideas for the research of aluminum-air batteries.

铝空气电池具有能量密度高、成本低和环保等优点,被认为是理想的下一代储能转换系统。然而,空气阴极中缓慢的氧还原反应(ORR)导致其性能不尽如人意。在此,我们报告了一种由 N 和 Ni 共掺杂的 MnO2 纳米管制成的电极。在碱性溶液中,Ni/N-MnO2 比未掺杂的 MnO2 具有更高的氧还原活性,初始电位为 1.00 V,半波电位为 0.75 V,这是因为它具有丰富的缺陷、高比表面积和足够的 Mn3+ 活性位点,这些都促进了电子和含氧中间产物的转移。密度泛函理论(DFT)计算表明,掺杂 N 原子和 Ni 原子的 MnO2 可降低反应过电位,改善 ORR 动力学。Ni/N-MnO2 空气电极的峰值功率密度和能量密度分别增加了 34.03 mW-cm-2 和 316.41 mWh-g-1。结果表明,N和Ni共掺杂的MnO2纳米管是一种很有前景的空气电极,可为铝空气电池的研究提供一些思路。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic Reconstruction of Cu Catalyst Under Electrochemical NO Reduction to NH3. 电化学将 NO 还原成 NH3 时 Cu 催化剂的动态重构。
IF 7.5 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202401978
Seonjeong Cheon, Beomseo Kim, Hyun-Woo Kim, DongYeon Kim, Jong-In Han

The electrochemical reduction of nitric oxide (NO) to ammonia (NH3) offers a sustainable way of simultaneously treating the air pollutant and producing a useful chemical. Among catalyst candidates, Cu emerges as a stand-out choice for its superb NH3 selectivity and production rate. However, a comprehensive study concerning its catalytic behavior in the NO reduction environment is still lacking. Here, we unravel the dynamic rearrangement of Cu catalysts during NO reduction: the emergence of a bundled nanowire structure dependent on the applied potential. This unique structure is closely linked to an enhancement in double-layer capacitance, leading to a progressive increase in current density from 236 mA cm-2 by 20 % over 1 h, while maintaining a Faradaic efficiency of 95 % for NH3. Characterizations of Cu oxidation states suggest that the nanostructure results from the dissolution-redeposition of Cu in the aqueous electrolyte, influenced by the interaction with NO or other reactive intermediates. This understanding contributes to the broader exploration of Cu-based catalysts for sustainable and efficient NH3 synthesis from NO.

将一氧化氮(NO)电化学还原成氨气(NH3)是同时处理空气污染物和生产有用化学品的一种可持续方法。在候选催化剂中,铜因其出色的 NH3 选择性和生产率而脱颖而出。然而,有关其在氮氧化物还原环境中的催化行为的全面研究还很缺乏。在此,我们揭示了铜催化剂在氮氧化物还原过程中的动态重排:出现了一种取决于外加电势的束状纳米线结构。这种独特的结构与双层电容的增强密切相关,导致电流密度在 1 小时内从 236 mA cm-2 逐步增加 20%,同时对 NH3 的法拉第效率保持在 95%。对铜氧化态的表征表明,纳米结构是铜在水性电解质中溶解-再沉积的结果,受到与 NO 或其他反应性中间产物相互作用的影响。这一认识有助于对铜基催化剂进行更广泛的探索,以实现从 NO 到 NH3 的可持续高效合成。
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引用次数: 0
FeCo Bimetallic ZIF Derivatives Decorated with CoFe-LDH to Promote Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysis Activation. 用 CoFe-LDH 装饰的铁钴双金属 ZIF 衍生物促进双功能氧电催化活化。
IF 7.5 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202401556
Feng Zhang, Yu Lei, Guang Li, Yangchen Xie, Xinjia Guo, Xiaoyan Zhang, Xianyou Wang

Reasonably screening the targeted oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)/oxygen evolution reaction (OER) constituents and constructing high-efficiency and stabilized ORR/OER bifunctional electrocatalysts are pivotal for the advancement of rechargeable zinc-air batteries (ZABs). Here, CoFe layered double hydroxide (CoFe-LDH) nanosheets are deposited on nitrogen-doped graphite-carbon polyhedra with FeCo alloy nanoparticles (FeCo/LDH-NGCP). Due to the synergic effect between FeCo-NGCP, CoFe-LDH and FeCo/LDH-NGCP, the electrocatalyst with the abundant and accessible active sites can provide good charge/mass transfer, and thus shows wonderful ORR and OER bifunctional electrocatalytic performance. In ORR tests, FeCo/LDH-NGCP catalyst displays larger half-wave potential (E1/2, 0.89 V vs. 0.85 V), higher limiting current density (JL, 5.91 mA/cm2 vs. 5.14 mA/cm2) and better stability than commercial Pt/C. As for OER, FeCo/LDH-NGCP possesses a smaller overpotential (η) of 299.6 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 and more durable stability than commercial RuO2 (330.6 mV). Furthermore, in ZAB tests, the cycling stability of ZAB-FeCo/LDH-NGCP (over 470 h) outperforms the ZAB-Pt/C+RuO2 (92 h) with commercial electrocatalyst (Pt/C+RuO2). Therefore, the FeCo/LDH-NGCP catalyst offers a new perspective to construct ZABs bifunctional catalysts and their commercial application in ZABs.

合理筛选目标氧还原反应(ORR)/氧进化反应(OER)成分并构建高效稳定的氧还原反应/氧进化反应双功能电催化剂对于可充电锌空气电池(ZAB)的发展至关重要。在这里,CoFe 层状双氢氧化物(CoFe-LDH)纳米片沉积在氮掺杂石墨-碳多面体与 FeCo 合金纳米颗粒(FeCo/LDH-NGCP)上。由于FeCo-NGCP、CoFe-LDH和FeCo/LDH-NGCP之间的协同效应,该电催化剂具有丰富且可触及的活性位点,可提供良好的电荷/质量转移,从而表现出优异的ORR和OER双功能电催化性能。在 ORR 测试中,与商用 Pt/C 相比,FeCo/LDH-NGCP 催化剂具有更大的半波电位(E1/2,0.89 V 对 0.85 V)、更高的极限电流密度(JL,5.91 mA/cm2 对 5.14 mA/cm2)和更好的稳定性。至于 OER,在电流密度为 10 mA/cm2 时,FeCo/LDH-NGCP 的过电位 (η) 为 299.6 mV,比商用 RuO2(330.6 mV)具有更小的过电位和更持久的稳定性。此外,在 ZAB 测试中,ZAB-FeCo/LDH-NGCP 的循环稳定性(超过 470 小时)优于商用电催化剂(Pt/C+RuO2)的 ZAB-Pt/C+RuO2(92 小时)。因此,FeCo/LDH-NGCP 催化剂为构建 ZAB 双功能催化剂及其在 ZAB 中的商业应用提供了一个新的视角。
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引用次数: 0
Regulating Molecular Interactions in Polybenzimidazole Membrane for Efficient Vanadium Redox Flow Battery. 调节聚苯并咪唑膜中的分子相互作用以实现高效的钒氧化还原液流电池
IF 7.5 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202401576
Yuke Su, Suqin Liu, Weiwei Zhu, Kui Huang, Da Huang, Peng Jiang, Jianhui Liu, Guang Yang, Zhen He, Jue Wang

The tightly bonded structure of polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane is the origin of its poor proton conductivity, which severely hinders achieving a cost-effective membrane for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). It desires a strategy to relax the membrane structure to significantly improve the proton conductivity and maintain its structure stability. Therefore, this work proposes a novel strategy through regulating molecular interactions within PBI membrane to loosen up the structure of PBI membrane and dramatically enhance the proton conductivity. The interactions in PBI membrane are switched by DMSO/water and acid through sequentially treating membrane with these solutions. The efficient PBI membrane prepared using this strategy demonstrates an outstanding performance for VRFB, with the proton conductivity enhanced by 3850 % (from 1.9 to 76.3 mS cm-1), and VRFB achieves a high energy efficiency of 80.5 % under 200 mA cm-2. More importantly, this work shed lights on the structure-property relationship of PBI membrane, and the mechanism in enhancing proton conductivity is unraveled, which is of great significance for the development of VRFB membranes.

聚苯并咪唑(PBI)膜的紧键结构是其质子传导性差的根源,这严重阻碍了钒氧化还原液流电池(VRFB)膜成本效益的实现。这就需要一种放松膜结构的策略,以显著提高质子传导性并保持其结构稳定性。因此,本研究提出了一种新策略,通过调节 PBI 膜内的分子相互作用来松弛 PBI 膜的结构,从而显著提高质子传导性。通过用二甲基亚砜/水和酸依次处理 PBI 膜,可以切换膜内的相互作用。利用这种策略制备的高效 PBI 膜在 VRFB 上表现出了卓越的性能,质子电导率提高了 3850%(从 1.9 mS cm-1 提高到 76.3 mS cm-1),VRFB 在 200 mA cm-2 下实现了 80.5% 的高能效。更重要的是,该研究揭示了 PBI 膜的结构-性能关系,揭示了质子传导性增强的机理,对 VRFB 膜的开发具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Win-Win Strategies Enable Efficient Anode-Less Zinc-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors. 双赢战略实现高效无阳极锌离子混合超级电容器。
IF 7.5 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202402140
Tai-Feng Hung, Rene Mary Amirtha, Chun-Chen Yang

Boosting the energy and power densities of electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices to broaden their practicality is of great significance and emergently desirable. Recently, the EES cells with an anode-free concept have been announced to realize those targets. Herein, 20 μm of a zincophilic layer prepared by blending ZIF-8 and sodium alginate (SA) is uniformly coated on Cu foil (Z8-SA@Cu) as an alternative anode for anode-less zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ALZHSCs). Contributing by the distinctive features evidenced by electrochemical measurements and post-mortem analyses: (1) less nucleation barrier and overpotential, (2) limited zincate formation, (3) improved Zn2+ flux and (4) efficient Zn plating/stripping, the as-prepared Z8-SA@Cu is rationally considered to be a promising anode for ALZHSCs. Encouragingly, the assembled ALZHSC device not only delivers an impressive rate capability (40 mAh/g at 1 mA/cm2 and 34 mAh/g at 10 mA/cm2) but also achieves the excellent cycling stability (capacity retention: 88 % after 12,000 cycles at 5 mA). Most importantly, the ALZHSC device also reveals significant increases in gravimetric energy density and high-power ability as compared to the traditional ZHSCs.

提高电化学储能(EES)装置的能量密度和功率密度以扩大其实用性具有重要意义,也是当务之急。为了实现这些目标,最近发布了无阳极概念的 EES 电池。在这里,通过混合 ZIF-8 和海藻酸钠(SA)制备的 20 μm 亲锌层被均匀涂覆在铜箔(Z8-SA@Cu)上,作为无阳极锌离子混合超级电容器(ALZHSCs)的替代阳极。电化学测量和死后分析表明,制备的 Z8-SA@Cu 具有以下显著特点:(1)成核障碍和过电位较小;(2)锌酸盐形成有限;(3)Zn2+ 通量提高;(4)锌镀层/剥离效率高。令人鼓舞的是,组装后的 ALZHSC 器件不仅具有令人印象深刻的速率能力(1 mA/cm2 时为 40 mAh/g,10 mA/cm2 时为 34 mAh/g),而且实现了出色的循环稳定性(5 mA 下循环 12,000 次后容量保持率为 88%)。最重要的是,与传统的 ZHSC 相比,ALZHSC 器件的重力能量密度和高功率能力也有显著提高。
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引用次数: 0
Learning Strategies from Nature's Blueprint to Cyclic Carbonate Synthesis. 从大自然的环碳酸盐合成蓝图中学习策略。
IF 7.5 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202402061
Erika Saccullo, Vincenzo Patamia, Chiara Zagni, Antonio Rescifina, Giuseppe Floresta

Nature is a remarkable source of inspiration for developing sustainable and eco-friendly synthetic procedures. In recent years, the synthesis of cyclic carbonates has garnered significant attention due to their versatile applications in various fields, including materials science, pharmaceuticals, and green chemistry. Drawing inspiration from nature, researchers have explored innovative synthetic routes that mimic biological processes to produce cyclic carbonates efficiently and sustainably. This article reviews nature-inspired synthetic procedures for cyclic carbonate formation, highlighting the key strategies and principles employed. Through biomimicry, researchers aim to harness the efficiency and selectivity observed in biological systems to develop greener and more sustainable methods for cyclic carbonate synthesis. Integrating bio-inspired strategies offers opportunities for improving synthetic efficiency and contributes to reducing the environmental impact associated with traditional chemical processes. This review underscores the potential of nature-inspired approaches in advancing the field of cyclic carbonate synthesis toward more sustainable and environmentally benign practices, focusing on recent literature.

大自然是开发可持续和生态友好型合成程序的重要灵感来源。近年来,环碳酸盐的合成因其在材料科学、制药和绿色化学等多个领域的广泛应用而备受关注。研究人员从大自然中汲取灵感,探索了模仿生物过程的创新合成路线,以高效、可持续地生产环状碳酸盐。本文回顾了环状碳酸盐形成的自然启发合成程序,重点介绍了所采用的关键策略和原理。通过生物模拟,研究人员旨在利用在生物系统中观察到的效率和选择性,开发更环保、更可持续的环状碳酸盐合成方法。整合生物启发策略为提高合成效率提供了机会,并有助于减少传统化学工艺对环境的影响。本综述强调了自然启发方法在推动环碳酸酯合成领域朝着更可持续、更环保的方向发展方面的潜力,并重点介绍了近期的文献。
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引用次数: 0
A Fast and Highly Stable Aqueous Calcium-Ion Battery for Sustainable Energy Storage. 用于可持续能源存储的快速、高稳定性水性钙离子电池。
IF 7.5 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202401469
Raphael L Streng, Samuel Reiser, Sabrina Wager, Nykola Pommer, Aliaksandr S Bandarenka

Aqueous alkali-ion batteries are gaining traction as a low-cost, sustainable alternative to conventional organic lithium-ion batteries. However, the rapid degradation of commonly used electrode materials, such as Prussian Blue Analogs and carbonyl-based organic compounds, continues to challenge the economic viability of these devices. While stability issues can be addressed by employing highly concentrated water-in-salt electrolytes, this approach often requires expensive and, in many cases, fluorinated salts. Here, we show that replacing monovalent K+ ions with divalent Ca2+ ions in the electrolyte significantly enhances the stability of both a copper hexacyanoferrate cathode and a polyimide anode. These findings have direct implications for developing an optimized aqueous Ca-ion battery that demonstrates exceptional fast-charging capabilities and ultra-long cycle life and points toward applying Ca-based batteries for large-scale energy storage.

作为传统有机锂离子电池的一种低成本、可持续的替代品,水基锂离子电池正受到越来越多的关注。然而,常用电极材料(如普鲁士蓝类似物和羰基有机化合物)的快速降解继续对这些设备的经济可行性提出挑战。虽然可以通过采用高浓度盐包水型电解质来解决稳定性问题,但这种方法通常需要昂贵的盐,而且在很多情况下需要含氟盐。在这里,我们展示了用二价 Ca2+ 离子取代电解液中的一价 K+ 离子,可显著提高六氰基铁酸铜阴极和聚酰亚胺阳极的稳定性。这些发现对开发优化的水性钙离子电池具有直接意义,因为这种电池具有卓越的快速充电能力和超长的循环寿命,并有望将钙基电池应用于大规模能源存储。
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引用次数: 0
Advances in Two-Electron Water Oxidation Reaction for Hydrogen Peroxide Production: Catalyst Design and Interface Engineering. 用于生产过氧化氢的双电子水氧化反应的进展:催化剂设计和界面工程。
IF 7.5 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202401100
Huixuan Cao, Ge Chen, Yong Yan, Dong Wang

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a versatile and zero-emission material that is widely used in the industrial, domestic, and healthcare sectors. It is clear that it plays a critical role in advancing environmental sustainability, acting as a green energy source, and protecting human health. Conventional production techniques focused on anthraquinone oxidation, however, electrocatalytic synthesis has arisen as a means of utilizing renewable energy sources in conjunction with available resources like oxygen and water. These strides represent a substantial change toward more environmentally and energy-friendly H2O2 manufacturing techniques that are in line with current environmental and energy goals. This work reviews recent advances in two-electron water oxidation reaction (2e-WOR) electrocatalysts, including design principles and reaction mechanisms, examines catalyst design alternatives and experimental characterization techniques, proposes standardized assessment criteria, investigates the impact of the interfacial milieu on the reaction, and discusses the value of in situ characterization and molecular dynamics simulations as a supplement to traditional experimental techniques and theoretical simulations, as shown in Figure 1. The review also emphasizes the importance of device design, interface, and surface engineering in improving the production of H2O2. Through adjustments to the chemical microenvironment, catalysts can demonstrate improved performance, opening the door for commercial applications that are scalable through tandem cell development.

过氧化氢(H2O2)是一种用途广泛的零排放材料,广泛应用于工业、家庭和医疗保健领域。显然,它在促进环境可持续发展、充当绿色能源和保护人类健康方面发挥着至关重要的作用。传统的生产技术侧重于蒽醌氧化,然而,电催化合成作为一种利用可再生能源以及氧气和水等可用资源的手段已经出现。这些进步代表着向更环保、更节能的 H2O2 生产技术的实质性转变,符合当前的环境和能源目标。本研究回顾了双电子水氧化反应(2e-WOR)电催化剂的最新进展,包括设计原理和反应机理,考察了催化剂设计替代方案和实验表征技术,提出了标准化评估标准,研究了界面环境对反应的影响,并讨论了原位表征和分子动力学模拟作为传统实验技术和理论模拟补充的价值,如图 1 所示。综述还强调了设备设计、界面和表面工程在提高 H2O2 产量方面的重要性。通过调整化学微环境,催化剂的性能可以得到改善,从而为通过串联电池开发实现可扩展的商业应用打开大门。
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引用次数: 0
Recent Advances in Electrocatalytic C-N Coupling for Urea Synthesis. 用于尿素合成的电催化 C-N 偶联的最新进展。
IF 7.5 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202401865
Qiuyue Li, Jingjing Liu, Ze Wu, Aomeng Deng, Jiani Liu, Tian Chen, Jianlong Wei, Yiqiong Zhang, Hanwen Liu

Urea, one of the most widely used nitrogen-containing fertilizers globally, is essential for sustainable agriculture. Improving its production is crucial for meeting the increasing demand for fertilizers. Electrocatalytic co-reduction of CO₂ and nitrogenous compounds (NO₂-/NO₃-) has emerged as a promising strategy for green and energy-efficient urea synthesis. However, challenges such as slow reaction kinetics and complex multi-step electron transfers have hindered the development of efficient urea synthesis methods. This review explores recent advances in the electrocatalytic C-N coupling process, focusing on bimetallic catalysts, metal oxide/hydroxide catalysts, and carbon-based catalysts. The review also discusses the future prospects of designing effective catalysts for electrocatalytic C-N coupling to improve urea synthesis.

尿素是全球使用最广泛的含氮肥料之一,对可持续农业至关重要。提高尿素的产量对于满足日益增长的肥料需求至关重要。二氧化碳(CO₂)和含氮化合物(NO₂-/NO₃-)的电催化共还原已成为一种有前途的绿色节能尿素合成策略。然而,缓慢的反应动力学和复杂的多步电子转移等挑战阻碍了高效尿素合成方法的发展。本综述探讨了电催化 C-N 偶联过程的最新进展,重点关注双金属催化剂、金属氧化物/氢氧化物催化剂和碳基催化剂。综述还讨论了设计有效的电催化 C-N 偶联催化剂以改进尿素合成的未来前景。
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引用次数: 0
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