Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.19.11.191
A. Obioma, Ihua Nnenna, Eze Evelyn Mgebeoma
Across the globe, vulnerable subjects are burdened with mono infections of HIV, Hepatitis B and C virus infections; however, with the increasing trend of robust awareness and intervention advocacy targeted towards early diagnosis, prevention and other management strategies in place, it is expected that the prevalence of the infection would be drastically reduced in an appreciable manner among vulnerable groups in our communities. Nonetheless, it is strongly believed that commensurate preparedness and early detection and smart management of co-infections, especially in the developing communities’ remains key and paramount, if the fight must be moved to the next level of robust health care priority outcome. However, there seems to be practical evidence of scarcity of information and probably dearth of robust reliable data in the region, thus this present study investigated viral mono and co-infections (dual and triple) among selected subjects in some selected facilities. Nonetheless, this observational cross sectional study recruited 3,062 subjects, with about 250 from a cohort of HIV subjects. Laboratory diagnosis involved sequential testing using both qualitative (MP rapid kits and ELISA) and quantitative (Molecular-primer design q16 real-time PCR). Nevertheless, Gpower version 3.2 was used to estimate the sample size, even as the qualitative and quantitative data analysis involved the use of frequency and percentage outcome for descriptive analysis, while Chi square, correlation for association and odd ratio were explored using SPSS version 21, even as hypothesis were tested at 0.05 significant level. Significant difference was observed between the mono and coinfection rates; education, marital status and body mass index also showed evidence of significance (p<0.05) with chi square. Furthermore, exposure to most risk factors appeared small and general low sero-prevalence. Moreover, low incidence rates of 2.8% and 2.4% for Hepatitis B and C were observed respectively. Most risk factors correlated with viral infection. Further risk estimate using odd ratio showed two or more-fold increase for the exposed, although low disease frequency was reported here, but a retrospective review from this region showed much lower rate meaning, there is a progressive disease frequency transition therefore; care must be taken including adherence to the universal safe practices and precautionary measures. However, vaccination against Hepatitis infection as a preventive measure and its compulsory incorporation in the HIV management procedure must be strongly underpinned in the region, if we must check and manage the increasing trend in our remote communities in good time.
{"title":"Increasing trend of Viral Morbidity and Mortality even in an Era of HAART Intervention Strategies: A Study of Mono and Co-infection of Subjects Accessing Care in Some Selected Facilities in Niger Delta","authors":"A. Obioma, Ihua Nnenna, Eze Evelyn Mgebeoma","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.19.11.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.19.11.191","url":null,"abstract":"Across the globe, vulnerable subjects are burdened with mono infections of HIV, Hepatitis B and C virus infections; however, with the increasing trend of robust awareness and intervention advocacy targeted towards early diagnosis, prevention and other management strategies in place, it is expected that the prevalence of the infection would be drastically reduced in an appreciable manner among vulnerable groups in our communities. Nonetheless, it is strongly believed that commensurate preparedness and early detection and smart management of co-infections, especially in the developing communities’ remains key and paramount, if the fight must be moved to the next level of robust health care priority outcome. However, there seems to be practical evidence of scarcity of information and probably dearth of robust reliable data in the region, thus this present study investigated viral mono and co-infections (dual and triple) among selected subjects in some selected facilities. Nonetheless, this observational cross sectional study recruited 3,062 subjects, with about 250 from a cohort of HIV subjects. Laboratory diagnosis involved sequential testing using both qualitative (MP rapid kits and ELISA) and quantitative (Molecular-primer design q16 real-time PCR). Nevertheless, Gpower version 3.2 was used to estimate the sample size, even as the qualitative and quantitative data analysis involved the use of frequency and percentage outcome for descriptive analysis, while Chi square, correlation for association and odd ratio were explored using SPSS version 21, even as hypothesis were tested at 0.05 significant level. Significant difference was observed between the mono and coinfection rates; education, marital status and body mass index also showed evidence of significance (p<0.05) with chi square. Furthermore, exposure to most risk factors appeared small and general low sero-prevalence. Moreover, low incidence rates of 2.8% and 2.4% for Hepatitis B and C were observed respectively. Most risk factors correlated with viral infection. Further risk estimate using odd ratio showed two or more-fold increase for the exposed, although low disease frequency was reported here, but a retrospective review from this region showed much lower rate meaning, there is a progressive disease frequency transition therefore; care must be taken including adherence to the universal safe practices and precautionary measures. However, vaccination against Hepatitis infection as a preventive measure and its compulsory incorporation in the HIV management procedure must be strongly underpinned in the region, if we must check and manage the increasing trend in our remote communities in good time.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"63 1 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84741253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.19.11.190
Mohamed Ibrahim, A. M. Hussein, I. Elkhidir, Dina N. Abdelrahman, K. Enan
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents a major health burden According to the world health organization (WHO) there are more than 170 million people infected worldwide and 3-4 million new infections are estimated per year. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of interleukin B 28(IL B 28) polymorphism in predicting the treatment induced and spontaneous clearance from hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and genome-wide association studies have shown that single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) near interleukin 28B gene are good predictors of response to treatment. The present study aimed to isolate and identify IL 28 B gene rs8099917 polymorphism from HCV infected individuals DNA. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 50 blood samples from patients with chronic HCV infection as detected by ELISA kit (RIBA-11 and c-200/c-22 ELISA Company and country). DNA was extracted from the samples and the frequency of the polymorphism was analyzed by using PCR-RFLP method. Results: The analysis of the data for G/T polymorphism showed that GT heterozygous was found in 14(28%) patients (10 males, 4 females), and TT homozygote was detected in 36(72%) patients (26 males, 10 females) and no GG homozygous genotype was detected. Conclusion: In this study investigation of rs8099917 (T/G) Polymorphism in interleukin 28B gene (IL28B) in 50 HCV positive patients from Khartoum State indicated that the TT genotype was the dominant genotype detected.
{"title":"Molecular Detection of Interleukin 28B Gene rs8099917 Polymorphism in chronic HCV Patients from Khartoum State, Sudan","authors":"Mohamed Ibrahim, A. M. Hussein, I. Elkhidir, Dina N. Abdelrahman, K. Enan","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.19.11.190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.19.11.190","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents a major health burden According to the world health organization (WHO) there are more than 170 million people infected worldwide and 3-4 million new infections are estimated per year. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of interleukin B 28(IL B 28) polymorphism in predicting the treatment induced and spontaneous clearance from hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and genome-wide association studies have shown that single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) near interleukin 28B gene are good predictors of response to treatment. The present study aimed to isolate and identify IL 28 B gene rs8099917 polymorphism from HCV infected individuals DNA. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 50 blood samples from patients with chronic HCV infection as detected by ELISA kit (RIBA-11 and c-200/c-22 ELISA Company and country). DNA was extracted from the samples and the frequency of the polymorphism was analyzed by using PCR-RFLP method. Results: The analysis of the data for G/T polymorphism showed that GT heterozygous was found in 14(28%) patients (10 males, 4 females), and TT homozygote was detected in 36(72%) patients (26 males, 10 females) and no GG homozygous genotype was detected. Conclusion: In this study investigation of rs8099917 (T/G) Polymorphism in interleukin 28B gene (IL28B) in 50 HCV positive patients from Khartoum State indicated that the TT genotype was the dominant genotype detected.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85421698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.19.11.189
M. Nosik, I. Rymanova, S. Sevostyanihin, K. Ryzhov, A. Sobkin
Objective: The goal of the work was to study the socio-demographic and clinical profile of the patients with TB/ HIV co-infection, as well as the treatment effectiveness to understand what shortcomings in the work of TB and HIV services are needed to be corrected. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was performed among 377 patients with dual co-infection TB/HIV between January 2015 and December 2016. TB diagnoses were based on clinical symptoms, sputum microscopy, and radiological analyses. The patients were diagnosed as HIV seropositive by ELISA and by Western blot. Results: Out of 377 individuals with co-infection HIV/TB there were 56.8% of patients with newly diagnosed TB. About 30.8% of individuals with newly diagnosed TB did not know they were HIV-positive and attended the hospital for TB treatment. It was revealed that the most predominant TB-form was disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis in the phase of infiltration/decay both among newly diagnosed HIV positive patients and the HIV/ TB patients registered in specialized care centers-50.5% and 49.7%, respectively. The active TB-form (MbT+) accounted for 40.3%. Cavities in the lungs were revealed in 19.9% of patients. The treatment effectiveness cessation of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis allocation was 75.2% in newly diagnosed TB patients and 55.3% in registered patients. Cavity closure had occurred in 54.1% in patients with newly diagnosed TB and 34.2% in registered patients. Only half of the patients (51.1%) constantly took prescribed medications. Conclusion: The high rate of HIV-infected patients with newly diagnosed TB (56.8%) indicates insufficient effectiveness of programmes for early TB testing. Also, the fact that about 30.8% of individuals with newly diagnosed TB were not aware of their HIV positive status indicates the urgent necessity for optimizing the interaction between TB and HIV services. One should also pay attention to the low patients’ adherence to the treatment as only 47.5% of patients did undergo treatment.
{"title":"HIV-Associated Tuberculosis in Russia: Results of the Retrospective Cohort Study over the Period of Two Years","authors":"M. Nosik, I. Rymanova, S. Sevostyanihin, K. Ryzhov, A. Sobkin","doi":"10.35248/1948-5964.19.11.189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1948-5964.19.11.189","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The goal of the work was to study the socio-demographic and clinical profile of the patients with TB/ HIV co-infection, as well as the treatment effectiveness to understand what shortcomings in the work of TB and HIV services are needed to be corrected. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was performed among 377 patients with dual co-infection TB/HIV between January 2015 and December 2016. TB diagnoses were based on clinical symptoms, sputum microscopy, and radiological analyses. The patients were diagnosed as HIV seropositive by ELISA and by Western blot. Results: Out of 377 individuals with co-infection HIV/TB there were 56.8% of patients with newly diagnosed TB. About 30.8% of individuals with newly diagnosed TB did not know they were HIV-positive and attended the hospital for TB treatment. It was revealed that the most predominant TB-form was disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis in the phase of infiltration/decay both among newly diagnosed HIV positive patients and the HIV/ TB patients registered in specialized care centers-50.5% and 49.7%, respectively. The active TB-form (MbT+) accounted for 40.3%. Cavities in the lungs were revealed in 19.9% of patients. The treatment effectiveness cessation of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis allocation was 75.2% in newly diagnosed TB patients and 55.3% in registered patients. Cavity closure had occurred in 54.1% in patients with newly diagnosed TB and 34.2% in registered patients. Only half of the patients (51.1%) constantly took prescribed medications. Conclusion: The high rate of HIV-infected patients with newly diagnosed TB (56.8%) indicates insufficient effectiveness of programmes for early TB testing. Also, the fact that about 30.8% of individuals with newly diagnosed TB were not aware of their HIV positive status indicates the urgent necessity for optimizing the interaction between TB and HIV services. One should also pay attention to the low patients’ adherence to the treatment as only 47.5% of patients did undergo treatment.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"64 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89476623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1948-5964.1000176
Shou-Wu Lee
Background: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) genotype 1b is predominant in Taiwan. We report here using real-world data on a chronic HCV genotype 1b-infected patient given treatments of oral Pro-D or DAC/ASV. Methods: Data from subjects with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1b-infection undergoing DAAs therapy was retrospectively collected from October 2015 to January 2017. The DAAs regimens included a 12-week Pro-D and 24-week DCV+ASV. The therapeutic effectiveness and safety, including ALT, bilirubin, EOTVR and SVR at 12 weeks were all recorded. Results: Among all 81 subjects, 60 and 21 cases belonged to the Pro-D group and DCV/ASV group, with the rate of EOTVR and SVR12 being 98.3% and 90.5% respectively. Elevation of ALT was noted at the third month of DCV/ASV treatment, and increasing bilirubin was found at the secondary weeks of Pro-D treatment. Conclusion: Our study found SVR12 were 90.5% to 98.3% and 90.5%. Elevated liver function parameters were noted during the therapeutic period.
{"title":"Treatments of Chronic Hepatitis C Genotype 1b with Oral Paritaprevir/Ritonavir/Ombitasvir+Dasabuvir or Daclatasvir/Asunaprevir: A Real-World Data from Taiwan","authors":"Shou-Wu Lee","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000176","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) genotype 1b is predominant in Taiwan. We report here using real-world data on a chronic HCV genotype 1b-infected patient given treatments of oral Pro-D or DAC/ASV. Methods: Data from subjects with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1b-infection undergoing DAAs therapy was retrospectively collected from October 2015 to January 2017. The DAAs regimens included a 12-week Pro-D and 24-week DCV+ASV. The therapeutic effectiveness and safety, including ALT, bilirubin, EOTVR and SVR at 12 weeks were all recorded. Results: Among all 81 subjects, 60 and 21 cases belonged to the Pro-D group and DCV/ASV group, with the rate of EOTVR and SVR12 being 98.3% and 90.5% respectively. Elevation of ALT was noted at the third month of DCV/ASV treatment, and increasing bilirubin was found at the secondary weeks of Pro-D treatment. Conclusion: Our study found SVR12 were 90.5% to 98.3% and 90.5%. Elevated liver function parameters were noted during the therapeutic period.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"22 1","pages":"23-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79422970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1948-5964.1000e141
Shuang Li, Shilin Li, Limin Chen
During viral infection, the host innate immune response provides early protection. To control virus spread, the host cells produce type I interferons (IFNs) as first line of defense, acting as antiviral and inflammatory cytokines. Type I IFNs binding with interferon α/β receptor (IFNAR) triggers the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway to induce the synthesis of a few hundred IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) which inhibit virus replication at different steps of the virus replication cycle [1]. Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 is one of the most strongly and promptly induced ISG following virus infection, and many studies have demonstrated that ISG15 can directly inhibit viral replication and modulate host immune response. ISG15 is one of the members of ubiquitin families, which include ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers (Ubls). ISG15 can covalently conjugate to target proteins via isopeptide bonds and this conjugation process of protein modification is known as ISGylation which is involved in the regulation of many cellular processes. To date, proteomic studies have identified a few hundred ISG15 target proteins [2,3]. Research of specific ISG15 targeted proteins have found that through competing with ubiquitin binding sites, ISG15 can inhibit protein ubiquitination, indirectly regulating protein degradation [4].
{"title":"ISG15 and ISGylation Regulate the Host Response to Viral Infections","authors":"Shuang Li, Shilin Li, Limin Chen","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000e141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000e141","url":null,"abstract":"During viral infection, the host innate immune response provides early protection. To control virus spread, the host cells produce type I interferons (IFNs) as first line of defense, acting as antiviral and inflammatory cytokines. Type I IFNs binding with interferon α/β receptor (IFNAR) triggers the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway to induce the synthesis of a few hundred IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) which inhibit virus replication at different steps of the virus replication cycle [1]. Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 is one of the most strongly and promptly induced ISG following virus infection, and many studies have demonstrated that ISG15 can directly inhibit viral replication and modulate host immune response. ISG15 is one of the members of ubiquitin families, which include ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers (Ubls). ISG15 can covalently conjugate to target proteins via isopeptide bonds and this conjugation process of protein modification is known as ISGylation which is involved in the regulation of many cellular processes. To date, proteomic studies have identified a few hundred ISG15 target proteins [2,3]. Research of specific ISG15 targeted proteins have found that through competing with ubiquitin binding sites, ISG15 can inhibit protein ubiquitination, indirectly regulating protein degradation [4].","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"33 1","pages":"23-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87964486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1948-5964.1000177
Waqar Hussain, Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Sohail Afzalv, N. Rasool
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is one of the major concerns to the farmers as it infects several crops of economic importance such as tomato. The mechanism of viral infection in host initiates on the entry of TMV in the host cell and production of a capping enzyme i.e. RNA polymerase. Replication of virus produces multiple mRNAs which further encodes multiple proteins including coat proteins, movement proteins and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). In the present study, TMV replicase domain has been targeted using a set of novel penta-1,4-diene-3-one oxime derivatives bearing a pyridine moiety. To further assess the reactivity of these compounds against TMV, molecular orbital energy descriptors were calculated using Density Functional Theory (DFT) correlations. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacological properties have also been analysed as the crop yields are to be consumed by the humans. Results revealed that among the 16 derivatives of penta-1,4-diene-3-one oxime, compound C, J, O and P showed the highest inhibitory potential. Reactivity of these compounds was also high, however, only compound C showed effective pharmacokinetics and pharmacological properties. Based on these results, it is concluded that compound C can be used as a potent inhibitor against TMV and the yields produced by a crop will be safe to be consumed by humans. reactivity of strongly inhibiting compounds is also analysed by calculating molecular orbital energy descriptors and their band energy gap. Furthermore, pharmacological properties and pharmacokinetics have also been analysed for the compounds. Materials and Methods
{"title":"Penta-1,4-Diene-3-One Oxime Derivatives Strongly Inhibit the Replicase Domain of Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Elucidation Through Molecular Docking and Density Functional Theory Mechanistic Computations","authors":"Waqar Hussain, Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Sohail Afzalv, N. Rasool","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000177","url":null,"abstract":"Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is one of the major concerns to the farmers as it infects several crops of economic importance such as tomato. The mechanism of viral infection in host initiates on the entry of TMV in the host cell and production of a capping enzyme i.e. RNA polymerase. Replication of virus produces multiple mRNAs which further encodes multiple proteins including coat proteins, movement proteins and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). In the present study, TMV replicase domain has been targeted using a set of novel penta-1,4-diene-3-one oxime derivatives bearing a pyridine moiety. To further assess the reactivity of these compounds against TMV, molecular orbital energy descriptors were calculated using Density Functional Theory (DFT) correlations. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacological properties have also been analysed as the crop yields are to be consumed by the humans. Results revealed that among the 16 derivatives of penta-1,4-diene-3-one oxime, compound C, J, O and P showed the highest inhibitory potential. Reactivity of these compounds was also high, however, only compound C showed effective pharmacokinetics and pharmacological properties. Based on these results, it is concluded that compound C can be used as a potent inhibitor against TMV and the yields produced by a crop will be safe to be consumed by humans. reactivity of strongly inhibiting compounds is also analysed by calculating molecular orbital energy descriptors and their band energy gap. Furthermore, pharmacological properties and pharmacokinetics have also been analysed for the compounds. Materials and Methods","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"3 1","pages":"28-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87391580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1948-5964.1000174
Gamil S. G. Zeedan, A. Abdalhamed, A. Ghazy, N. Ghoneim
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) is a major pathogen in livestock animals and had led to significant economic losses to the industrial production worldwide. However, IBR symptoms are not life-threatening. The present study was achieved to make seroprevalence and isolation of bovine herpes virus type (BHV-1) from nasal and ocular swabs samples of suspected cows and buffaloes, identification by serological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Total of 380 blood samples were collected from suspected 287 cattle and 93 buffaloes in different districts at Beni-suef and El-Fayoum governorates in winter 2017. Nasal and ocular discharge swabs were collected from cattle and buffaloes with clinical respiratory signs (Nasal discharge, cough, lachrymal discharge with or without mild diarrhea and higher body temperature). A total of 106 (27.89%) samples were positive by indirect ELISA and the positivity of 80 (27.87%) samples from cattle and 26 (27.96%) samples from buffaloes located at different centers at Beni-Suif and El-Fayoum governorates. Virus was isolated from nasal and ocular discharges swabs samples and it was adapted in chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 11-day-old embryonated chickens eggs and in MDBK cells. Virus-infected CAM showed congestion, edematous vacuole, thickening small foci ranged from 2 to 3 mm in diameter, scattered on CAM membrane and MDBK cell line inoculated blind serial passages at 3rd passage showed characteristic of cytopathic effect (CPE). Identification of virus isolated on CAM and infected cell culture fluid gave precipitation against positive specific anti-BHV-1 immune serum by AGPT and clear blue zone by Dot ELISA, absent of pock lesion in pock reduction test (PRT), and confirmed by PCR with product size of 175 bp. Finally BHV-1 virus was isolated from nasal and ocular discharges of cattle and buffaloes but the further extensive study still need for clear final classification by phylogenic analysis.
{"title":"Serological and Molecular Identification of Infectious Bovine Rhinotrachetitis Virus Isolation and Adaptation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs","authors":"Gamil S. G. Zeedan, A. Abdalhamed, A. Ghazy, N. Ghoneim","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000174","url":null,"abstract":"Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) is a major pathogen in livestock animals and had led to significant economic losses to the industrial production worldwide. However, IBR symptoms are not life-threatening. The present study was achieved to make seroprevalence and isolation of bovine herpes virus type (BHV-1) from nasal and ocular swabs samples of suspected cows and buffaloes, identification by serological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Total of 380 blood samples were collected from suspected 287 cattle and 93 buffaloes in different districts at Beni-suef and El-Fayoum governorates in winter 2017. Nasal and ocular discharge swabs were collected from cattle and buffaloes with clinical respiratory signs (Nasal discharge, cough, lachrymal discharge with or without mild diarrhea and higher body temperature). A total of 106 (27.89%) samples were positive by indirect ELISA and the positivity of 80 (27.87%) samples from cattle and 26 (27.96%) samples from buffaloes located at different centers at Beni-Suif and El-Fayoum governorates. Virus was isolated from nasal and ocular discharges swabs samples and it was adapted in chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 11-day-old embryonated chickens eggs and in MDBK cells. Virus-infected CAM showed congestion, edematous vacuole, thickening small foci ranged from 2 to 3 mm in diameter, scattered on CAM membrane and MDBK cell line inoculated blind serial passages at 3rd passage showed characteristic of cytopathic effect (CPE). Identification of virus isolated on CAM and infected cell culture fluid gave precipitation against positive specific anti-BHV-1 immune serum by AGPT and clear blue zone by Dot ELISA, absent of pock lesion in pock reduction test (PRT), and confirmed by PCR with product size of 175 bp. Finally BHV-1 virus was isolated from nasal and ocular discharges of cattle and buffaloes but the further extensive study still need for clear final classification by phylogenic analysis.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"3 1","pages":"12-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85135221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1948-5964.1000173
Eve Bosseboeuf, M. Aubry, T. Nhan, J. Pina, J. Rolain, D. Raoult, D. Musso
Background: The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) is associated to dramatic complications in fetuses and neonates. As there is no vaccine and no drug to prevent and treat ZIKV infections, there is an urgent need to have active drugs against ZIKV that can be used during pregnancy. Large screening strategies suggested that azithromycin (AZ) has an in vitro activity against ZIKV, we provide additional data supporting this hypothesis. Methods: We tested the efficacy of AZ on ZIKV-infected Vero cells at a concentration that can be reached in vivo in amniotic fluid. We conducted two experiments with addition to infected cells of a single dose or multi doses of 50 mg/L of AZ, and analyzed ZIKV replication by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and by measuring viral RNA loads at different times up to 96 h post-infection (hpi). Results: Addition of a single dose of 50 mg/L of AZ prevented replication of ZIKV during 48 hpi; after 48 hpi, ZIKV replication was detected by IFA but viral RNA loads remained lower than in untreated infected cells. ZIKV replication was inhibited by addition of multi doses of 50 mg/L of AZ. Conclusions: Our data confirm the in vitro activity of AZ against ZIKV. Since there will be no active specific drugs and vaccine available soon against ZIKV, AZ might be the first compound that could prevent and treat ZIKV infections, with the advantages of being an approved and safe drug usable during pregnancy.
背景:寨卡病毒(ZIKV)的出现与胎儿和新生儿的严重并发症有关。由于没有预防和治疗寨卡病毒感染的疫苗和药物，因此迫切需要在怀孕期间使用针对寨卡病毒的有效药物。大型筛选策略提示阿奇霉素(AZ)具有抗寨卡病毒的体外活性，我们提供了支持这一假设的额外数据。方法:在羊水中检测AZ对zikv感染的Vero细胞在体内达到的浓度的效果。在感染细胞中分别添加单剂量或多剂量50mg /L的AZ进行实验，并通过免疫荧光法(IFA)和感染后96 h (hpi)不同时间的病毒RNA载量测定来分析ZIKV复制。结果:在48hpi期间，单次添加50mg /L的AZ可阻止ZIKV的复制;48hpi后，IFA检测到ZIKV复制，但病毒RNA载量仍低于未处理的感染细胞。多剂量50mg /L的AZ可以抑制ZIKV的复制。结论:我们的数据证实了AZ对ZIKV的体外活性。由于目前还没有针对寨卡病毒的活性特异性药物和疫苗，阿斯利康可能是第一种可以预防和治疗寨卡病毒感染的化合物，其优点是它是一种经批准的安全药物，可在怀孕期间使用。
{"title":"Azithromycin Inhibits the Replication of Zika Virus","authors":"Eve Bosseboeuf, M. Aubry, T. Nhan, J. Pina, J. Rolain, D. Raoult, D. Musso","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000173","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) is associated to dramatic complications in fetuses and neonates. As there is no vaccine and no drug to prevent and treat ZIKV infections, there is an urgent need to have active drugs against ZIKV that can be used during pregnancy. Large screening strategies suggested that azithromycin (AZ) has an in vitro activity against ZIKV, we provide additional data supporting this hypothesis. Methods: We tested the efficacy of AZ on ZIKV-infected Vero cells at a concentration that can be reached in vivo in amniotic fluid. We conducted two experiments with addition to infected cells of a single dose or multi doses of 50 mg/L of AZ, and analyzed ZIKV replication by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and by measuring viral RNA loads at different times up to 96 h post-infection (hpi). Results: Addition of a single dose of 50 mg/L of AZ prevented replication of ZIKV during 48 hpi; after 48 hpi, ZIKV replication was detected by IFA but viral RNA loads remained lower than in untreated infected cells. ZIKV replication was inhibited by addition of multi doses of 50 mg/L of AZ. Conclusions: Our data confirm the in vitro activity of AZ against ZIKV. Since there will be no active specific drugs and vaccine available soon against ZIKV, AZ might be the first compound that could prevent and treat ZIKV infections, with the advantages of being an approved and safe drug usable during pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"44 1","pages":"6-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74943895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1948-5964.1000175
W. Shibabaw, Wondim Melkam, Agumas Shiabbaw
Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the major global public health problems. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) helps to prevent transmission of HIV from infected pregnant women to the un-born babies. ART adherence rate, as high as 95% is crucial to effectively decrease maternal viral load and risk of vertical transmission of HIV. The aim of this study was to evaluate ART adherence level among HIV positive pregnant women in Ayder referral hospital.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to May 2016 at Ayder referral hospital. All HIV positive pregnant women who were on ART follow up during the study period were included. Data were collected through direct interview of participants and review of their medical records. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software.Results: A total of 41 HIV-positive pregnant women were interviewed. The mean age was 30.1 ± 2.3 years. Thirty eight (92.7%) participants were within the age group of 20-34 years. Forty participants (97.6%) were disclosed their HIV status to their husband and/or families. Nineteen (46.3%) participants were taking ART medication for less than 2 years. Thirty nine participants had good adherence rate (≥ 95%). Illiterate participants had lower adherence rate (71.4%) as compared to literates. The common reasons for missing a dose in the last one month were forgetfulness and side effect of the drug.Conclusions: This study showed a good ART adherence among HIV positive pregnant women. The main reasons for missing a dose in the last one month were forgetfulness and side effect of the drug.
{"title":"Adherence to Anti-retroviral Therapy among HIV Positive Pregnant Women in Ayder Refferal Hospital, Northern Ethiopia","authors":"W. Shibabaw, Wondim Melkam, Agumas Shiabbaw","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000175","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the major global public health problems. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) helps to prevent transmission of HIV from infected pregnant women to the un-born babies. ART adherence rate, as high as 95% is crucial to effectively decrease maternal viral load and risk of vertical transmission of HIV. The aim of this study was to evaluate ART adherence level among HIV positive pregnant women in Ayder referral hospital.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to May 2016 at Ayder referral hospital. All HIV positive pregnant women who were on ART follow up during the study period were included. Data were collected through direct interview of participants and review of their medical records. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software.Results: A total of 41 HIV-positive pregnant women were interviewed. The mean age was 30.1 ± 2.3 years. Thirty eight (92.7%) participants were within the age group of 20-34 years. Forty participants (97.6%) were disclosed their HIV status to their husband and/or families. Nineteen (46.3%) participants were taking ART medication for less than 2 years. Thirty nine participants had good adherence rate (≥ 95%). Illiterate participants had lower adherence rate (71.4%) as compared to literates. The common reasons for missing a dose in the last one month were forgetfulness and side effect of the drug.Conclusions: This study showed a good ART adherence among HIV positive pregnant women. The main reasons for missing a dose in the last one month were forgetfulness and side effect of the drug.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"40 1","pages":"18-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78417955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1948-5964.1000E142
Xinzhong Liao, Limin Chen, X. Duan
Several studies have demonstrated that overexpression of IFITMs could inhibit virus entry and infection of a variety of virus families (including orthomyxoviridae and flaviviruses) in cell culture systems [2,3]. Over-expression of IFITM1, IFITM2 or IFITM3 restricted early viral replication. On the contrary, knock-down of IFITM3 stimulated influenza A virus replication [4]. Researchers reported that IFITM3 is required for IFNα-induced anti-viral defense and restricts influenza A virus infection at viral entry and early-stage of virus life cycle. Knockdown of IFITM3 dampen 40%-70% of IFN's anti-viral effect. Thus, IFITM proteins are critical for the innate immunity to influenza A virus mediated by IFNs [5]. IFITMs have been demonstrated to suppress the replication of several flaviviruses including West Nile virus, dengue virus, hepatitis C virus and Zika virus [4]. IFITM1 and IFITM3 inhibit ZIKV infection at early stage of the viral life cycle. In addition, IFITM3 could inhibit ZIKV-induced cell death [6]. Another IFITMs superfamily member TMEM2 has been found to inhibit HBV infection by activating the Jak/STAT signaling pathway [7]. Notably, these restricted viruses were all encapsulated, containing the ssRNA genome, and were reported to enter cells by membrane fusion after endocytosis. However, some retroviruses, such as HIV-1 and Moloney leukaemia virus and Bunyaviridae, Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, are obviously not affected by IFITMs. In the past studies, IFITMs were not shown to inhibit HIV-1 infection [4]. However, recent studies have reported that IFITM2 and IFITM3 could interact with HIV-1 Env protein in viral producer cells, leading to impaired Env processing and virion incorporation [8]. Meanwhile, some evidence showed that IFITM3 could also limit Non-enveloped Reoviridae, reovirus replication, suggesting that IFITMs affected a variety of viruses, not limited to viruses with envelopes [9].
{"title":"The Role of Interferon-Inducible Transmembrane Proteins in Virus Infection","authors":"Xinzhong Liao, Limin Chen, X. Duan","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000E142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000E142","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies have demonstrated that overexpression of IFITMs could inhibit virus entry and infection of a variety of virus families (including orthomyxoviridae and flaviviruses) in cell culture systems [2,3]. Over-expression of IFITM1, IFITM2 or IFITM3 restricted early viral replication. On the contrary, knock-down of IFITM3 stimulated influenza A virus replication [4]. Researchers reported that IFITM3 is required for IFNα-induced anti-viral defense and restricts influenza A virus infection at viral entry and early-stage of virus life cycle. Knockdown of IFITM3 dampen 40%-70% of IFN's anti-viral effect. Thus, IFITM proteins are critical for the innate immunity to influenza A virus mediated by IFNs [5]. IFITMs have been demonstrated to suppress the replication of several flaviviruses including West Nile virus, dengue virus, hepatitis C virus and Zika virus [4]. IFITM1 and IFITM3 inhibit ZIKV infection at early stage of the viral life cycle. In addition, IFITM3 could inhibit ZIKV-induced cell death [6]. Another IFITMs superfamily member TMEM2 has been found to inhibit HBV infection by activating the Jak/STAT signaling pathway [7]. Notably, these restricted viruses were all encapsulated, containing the ssRNA genome, and were reported to enter cells by membrane fusion after endocytosis. However, some retroviruses, such as HIV-1 and Moloney leukaemia virus and Bunyaviridae, Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, are obviously not affected by IFITMs. In the past studies, IFITMs were not shown to inhibit HIV-1 infection [4]. However, recent studies have reported that IFITM2 and IFITM3 could interact with HIV-1 Env protein in viral producer cells, leading to impaired Env processing and virion incorporation [8]. Meanwhile, some evidence showed that IFITM3 could also limit Non-enveloped Reoviridae, reovirus replication, suggesting that IFITMs affected a variety of viruses, not limited to viruses with envelopes [9].","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"42 1","pages":"86-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87097707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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