Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1948-5964.1000178
Po-An Tu, J. Shiu, F. Lai, Yi-Hsuan Chen, J. Shiau, V. Pang, Pei-Hwa Wang
For better control and eradicate enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) in Taiwan, a more sensitive but also convenient method for detecting proviral bovine leukemia virus (BLV) DNA is required. The retrovirus BLV establishes a persistent infection that can result in reduced milk production and reduced survival rates, causing substantial economic losses in the dairy industry. BLV replicates by integrating its proviral DNA into the host genome; therefore, the detection of proviral DNA is recommended for identifying BLV carriers to help establish BLV-free herds. The integration of recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and lateral flow dipstick (LFD) in this study for on-site BLV detection. The optimal amplification condition for the RPA was 30 min at 37 ̊C and followed by 5 min of LFD at room temperature. The sensitivity of this assay of 400 pg of total DNA and 10 copies of plasmid DNA. The method showed no cross-reaction with other tested viruses, including bovine foamy virus, bovine immunodeficiency virus, and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. For the detection of BLV field samples, the RPA-LFD was parallel tested with serological enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and hydrolysis probe insulated isothermal PCR (iiPCR). The RPA-LFD assay exhibited a better sensitivity, with 83.5% of the 200 samples collected in Taiwan testing positive. A significant difference in the positive rates was found between the iiPCR and RPA-LFD methods, indicating that the RPA-LFD method for detecting BLV nucleic acid is sensitive at a lower limit. This RPA-LFD protocol can serve as an alternative tool to ELISA for the preliminary screening of BLV for its simplicity and portability, and is suitable for both laboratory and field application.
{"title":"A Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Lateral Flow Dipstick for Field Diagnosis of Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection and its Effectiveness Compared to iiPCR. and ELISA","authors":"Po-An Tu, J. Shiu, F. Lai, Yi-Hsuan Chen, J. Shiau, V. Pang, Pei-Hwa Wang","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000178","url":null,"abstract":"For better control and eradicate enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) in Taiwan, a more sensitive but also convenient method for detecting proviral bovine leukemia virus (BLV) DNA is required. The retrovirus BLV establishes a persistent infection that can result in reduced milk production and reduced survival rates, causing substantial economic losses in the dairy industry. BLV replicates by integrating its proviral DNA into the host genome; therefore, the detection of proviral DNA is recommended for identifying BLV carriers to help establish BLV-free herds. The integration of recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and lateral flow dipstick (LFD) in this study for on-site BLV detection. The optimal amplification condition for the RPA was 30 min at 37 ̊C and followed by 5 min of LFD at room temperature. The sensitivity of this assay of 400 pg of total DNA and 10 copies of plasmid DNA. The method showed no cross-reaction with other tested viruses, including bovine foamy virus, bovine immunodeficiency virus, and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. For the detection of BLV field samples, the RPA-LFD was parallel tested with serological enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and hydrolysis probe insulated isothermal PCR (iiPCR). The RPA-LFD assay exhibited a better sensitivity, with 83.5% of the 200 samples collected in Taiwan testing positive. A significant difference in the positive rates was found between the iiPCR and RPA-LFD methods, indicating that the RPA-LFD method for detecting BLV nucleic acid is sensitive at a lower limit. This RPA-LFD protocol can serve as an alternative tool to ELISA for the preliminary screening of BLV for its simplicity and portability, and is suitable for both laboratory and field application.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"13 1","pages":"35-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80584317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1948-5964.1000172
Hernando Trujillo, A. Lalueza, M. Corral-Blanco, D. Folgueira, C. Gonzalez-Gomez, C. Lumbreras
Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is a rare, but increasingly reported disease characterized by severe dysfunction of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells, often associated with poor outcome. It has been related to multiple processes including a large variety of infections. Even though viral infections have been described as triggers of HPS, influenza associated hemophagocytic syndrome in adults has been rarely reported. Here, we present a case of an 85 year-old man with essential thrombocytemia who developed HPS triggered by influenza A H1N1 infection and a review of the literature with special emphasis on the importance of a prompt diagnosis and an early treatment to achieve a more favourable outcome. Hemophagocytic syndrome secondary to influenza virus infection is a rare condition with high mortality that should be suspected in patients with an aggressive disease course. Early diagnosis and initiation of antiviral treatment and in some cases immunomodulatory therapy are crucial for the prognosis.
{"title":"Influenza-Associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome in Adults: Case Report and Review","authors":"Hernando Trujillo, A. Lalueza, M. Corral-Blanco, D. Folgueira, C. Gonzalez-Gomez, C. Lumbreras","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000172","url":null,"abstract":"Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is a rare, but increasingly reported disease characterized by severe dysfunction of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells, often associated with poor outcome. It has been related to multiple processes including a large variety of infections. Even though viral infections have been described as triggers of HPS, influenza associated hemophagocytic syndrome in adults has been rarely reported. Here, we present a case of an 85 year-old man with essential thrombocytemia who developed HPS triggered by influenza A H1N1 infection and a review of the literature with special emphasis on the importance of a prompt diagnosis and an early treatment to achieve a more favourable outcome. Hemophagocytic syndrome secondary to influenza virus infection is a rare condition with high mortality that should be suspected in patients with an aggressive disease course. Early diagnosis and initiation of antiviral treatment and in some cases immunomodulatory therapy are crucial for the prognosis.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"104 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88106840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-04DOI: 10.4172/1948-5964.1000168
O. Hotta, C. Inoue, Ayaki Tanaka, N. Ieiri
Chronic epipharyngitis is a common latent but serious condition that may contribute to a wide range of diseases in humans, including collagen diseases, glomerulonephritis and autonomic nervous disorders. In a previous study, we presented a putative causal role of chronic epipharyngitis in the development of functional somatic symptoms and syndromes following human papillomavirus vaccination by demonstrating a significant improvement in symptoms following abrasive therapy using ZnCl2 on the epipharynx. Since this initial study, we have expanded our clinical experience, providing epipharyngeal abrasive therapy to 988 patients with confirmed chronic epipharyngitis associated with a wide variety of clinical symptoms. These symptoms could be classified into three broad categories, namely local inflammation-referred, autoimmune-related, and neuroendocrine symptoms. Symptom alleviation was achieved in the majority of patients with repeated epipharyngeal abrasive therapy.Through an in-depth review of the literature on epipharyngeal abrasive therapy, combined with our clinical experience, we propose three mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of epipharyngeal abrasive therapy: the astringent anti-inflammatory effect of ZnCl2, a blood-letting effect that promotes removal of epipharyngeal activated lymphocytes and drainage of excess inflammatory fluids containing various antigens, cytokines or noxious substances, and a neuromodulation effect achieved through stimulation of the vagus nerve. These effects can be explained within the context of current understanding of immunology, lymphology and neuroscience.Our hypothesis-driven review provides a theoretical basis for the observed therapeutic effects of epipharyngeal abrasive therapy in ameliorating various diseases, including functional somatic symptoms and syndromes following human papillomavirus vaccination.
{"title":"Possible Mechanisms Underlying Epipharyngeal Abrasive Therapy (EAT) with ZnCl2 Solution for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases and Functional Somatic Syndrome","authors":"O. Hotta, C. Inoue, Ayaki Tanaka, N. Ieiri","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000168","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic epipharyngitis is a common latent but serious condition that may contribute to a wide range of diseases in humans, including collagen diseases, glomerulonephritis and autonomic nervous disorders. In a previous study, we presented a putative causal role of chronic epipharyngitis in the development of functional somatic symptoms and syndromes following human papillomavirus vaccination by demonstrating a significant improvement in symptoms following abrasive therapy using ZnCl2 on the epipharynx. Since this initial study, we have expanded our clinical experience, providing epipharyngeal abrasive therapy to 988 patients with confirmed chronic epipharyngitis associated with a wide variety of clinical symptoms. These symptoms could be classified into three broad categories, namely local inflammation-referred, autoimmune-related, and neuroendocrine symptoms. Symptom alleviation was achieved in the majority of patients with repeated epipharyngeal abrasive therapy.Through an in-depth review of the literature on epipharyngeal abrasive therapy, combined with our clinical experience, we propose three mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of epipharyngeal abrasive therapy: the astringent anti-inflammatory effect of ZnCl2, a blood-letting effect that promotes removal of epipharyngeal activated lymphocytes and drainage of excess inflammatory fluids containing various antigens, cytokines or noxious substances, and a neuromodulation effect achieved through stimulation of the vagus nerve. These effects can be explained within the context of current understanding of immunology, lymphology and neuroscience.Our hypothesis-driven review provides a theoretical basis for the observed therapeutic effects of epipharyngeal abrasive therapy in ameliorating various diseases, including functional somatic symptoms and syndromes following human papillomavirus vaccination.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"31 1","pages":"81-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82592490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-04DOI: 10.4172/1948-5964.1000169
A. Lai, L. Milazzo, A. Bergna, Maurizio Polano, F. Binda, M. Franzetti, V. Micheli, P. Ronzi, G. Zehender, S. Sollima, M. Galli, C. Balotta
Because of the high variability of Hepatitis C virus (HCV), it might be important to characterize in vivo the evolution of resistance-associated mutations (RAVs) to direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in different genotypes. NS3-, NS5A- and NS5B-HCV substitutions were studied by next generation sequencing (NGS) on 74 HCVinfected patients who started a DAA regimen. RAVs with frequencies of 1% and 15% were analyzed. Globally, 43, 15, 12 and 4 patients were infected with subtype 1a, 1b, genotype 4 and subtype 3a, respectively. The majority of patients (64.8%) had cirrhosis, 70.3% were HIV-coinfected and 14.9% were DAA-experienced. Overall baseline prevalence of RAVs was 74.3%, 52.2%, 45.9% and 36.8% to any NS3, NS5B and NS5A inhibitors available at that time, respectively, and dropped to 39.2%, 26.1%, 22.8% and 16.2%, respectively, when only mutations associated with the ongoing regimen were considered. The highest proportion of mutations was detected in subtype 1a (81.4%, p=.026), particularly in NS3 region (76.9%, p<.001). Among the 7 failing patients, 57.1% had a baseline sequence showing substitutions as majority species. At the time of viral relapse two patients accumulated further RAVs that were missing even as minority variants at baseline Although almost half of the patients showed natural substitutions at baseline, these substitutions did not induce resistance to DAAs. A limited role of NGS with a low cut-off was suggested by our study, as the detection of minor species seems not to predict the selection for resistant variants at the time of failure. The impact of pre-treatment RAVs on the achievement of sustained virologic response with DAA is limited.
{"title":"Evolution of Resistance-Associated Variants of All-Oral Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy of Hepatitis C in a Clinical Setting","authors":"A. Lai, L. Milazzo, A. Bergna, Maurizio Polano, F. Binda, M. Franzetti, V. Micheli, P. Ronzi, G. Zehender, S. Sollima, M. Galli, C. Balotta","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000169","url":null,"abstract":"Because of the high variability of Hepatitis C virus (HCV), it might be important to characterize in vivo the evolution of resistance-associated mutations (RAVs) to direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in different genotypes. NS3-, NS5A- and NS5B-HCV substitutions were studied by next generation sequencing (NGS) on 74 HCVinfected patients who started a DAA regimen. RAVs with frequencies of 1% and 15% were analyzed. Globally, 43, 15, 12 and 4 patients were infected with subtype 1a, 1b, genotype 4 and subtype 3a, respectively. The majority of patients (64.8%) had cirrhosis, 70.3% were HIV-coinfected and 14.9% were DAA-experienced. Overall baseline prevalence of RAVs was 74.3%, 52.2%, 45.9% and 36.8% to any NS3, NS5B and NS5A inhibitors available at that time, respectively, and dropped to 39.2%, 26.1%, 22.8% and 16.2%, respectively, when only mutations associated with the ongoing regimen were considered. The highest proportion of mutations was detected in subtype 1a (81.4%, p=.026), particularly in NS3 region (76.9%, p<.001). Among the 7 failing patients, 57.1% had a baseline sequence showing substitutions as majority species. At the time of viral relapse two patients accumulated further RAVs that were missing even as minority variants at baseline Although almost half of the patients showed natural substitutions at baseline, these substitutions did not induce resistance to DAAs. A limited role of NGS with a low cut-off was suggested by our study, as the detection of minor species seems not to predict the selection for resistant variants at the time of failure. The impact of pre-treatment RAVs on the achievement of sustained virologic response with DAA is limited.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"79 1","pages":"87-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73336055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-24DOI: 10.4172/1948-5964.1000165
S. Hussain, S. Maroof, A. Zeb, N. Rehman
In this paper, we discuss the asymptotic behavior of the optimal condition to control Ebola virus by considering the SEIRS model. First, we show stability and dynamical behavior of the model. Then, we find the conditions on parameters used in model which would minimize number of infected individuals. Finally, we give the graphical representations for different data.
{"title":"Optimal Conditions for the Control of Ebola Viral Disease","authors":"S. Hussain, S. Maroof, A. Zeb, N. Rehman","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000165","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we discuss the asymptotic behavior of the optimal condition to control Ebola virus by considering the SEIRS model. First, we show stability and dynamical behavior of the model. Then, we find the conditions on parameters used in model which would minimize number of infected individuals. Finally, we give the graphical representations for different data.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"90 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76305228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-24DOI: 10.4172/1948-5964.1000163
Hai‐Yan Lu, Jing-Bo Li, A. Lin, Dan Xu, Bao‐guo Chen, Huazhong Chen, Wei-Hua Yan
Both human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) was associated with the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Whether peripheral MDSCs express HLA-G during virus infection remains unknown. We investigated the frequency of HLA-G+ MDSCs and its subsets in patients infected with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). In this study, frequencies of peripheral MDSCs (Lin1-HLA-DR-CD33+CD11b+) and HLA-G expressing subsets from 50 CHB patients and 27 normal controls were analyzed using flow cytometry. Data revealed the median percentage of MDSCs was not significantly different between the CHB patients and controls (0.30% vs. 0.29%; p=0.884). Among MDSCs, similar frequency was observed for CD14+ monocytic MDSC (mMDSCs; 31.25% vs. 23.35%; p=0.063) and CD15+ granulocytic MDSC (gMDSCs; 22.60% vs. 21.55%; p=0.558) between the two groups. However, HLA-G+ MDSCs was significantly increased in CHB patients compared with that of controls (3.30% vs. 0.50%; p<0.001). Furthermore, both HLA-G+ mMDSCs (0.99% vs. 0.00%; p<0.001) and HLAG+ gMDSC (0.78% vs. 0.00%; p<0.001) were also dramatically increased in CHB patients. Particularly, HLA-G+ gMDSC was inversely correlated to the viral DNA loads and significantly increased in HBeAb positive patients. Summary, this work reports for the first time HLA-G+ MDSCs, a new population of peripheral MDSCs, were expanded in CHB patients; however, its clinical relevance yet to be further explored.
人白细胞抗原- g (HLA-G)和髓源性抑制细胞(MDSCs)都与传染病的发病机制有关。病毒感染期间外周MDSCs是否表达HLA-G尚不清楚。我们调查了慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)感染患者中HLA-G+ MDSCs及其亚群的频率。本研究采用流式细胞术分析了50例CHB患者和27例正常人外周血MDSCs (Lin1-HLA-DR-CD33+CD11b+)和HLA-G表达亚群的频率。数据显示，CHB患者和对照组间MDSCs的中位数百分比无显著差异(0.30% vs 0.29%;p = 0.884)。在MDSCs中，CD14+单核细胞MDSCs (mmdsc;31.25% vs. 23.35%;p=0.063)和CD15+粒细胞MDSC (gmdsc;22.60% vs. 21.55%;P =0.558)。然而，与对照组相比，CHB患者的HLA-G+ MDSCs显著增加(3.30% vs 0.50%;p < 0.001)。此外，HLA-G+ mmdsc (0.99% vs. 0.00%;p<0.001)和HLAG+ gMDSC (0.78% vs. 0.00%;p<0.001)在慢性乙型肝炎患者中也显著增加。特别是，HLA-G+ gMDSC与病毒DNA载量呈负相关，在HBeAb阳性患者中显著升高。总之，这项工作首次报道了HLA-G+ MDSCs，一种新的外周MDSCs群体，在慢性乙型肝炎患者中扩大;然而，其临床意义还有待进一步探讨。
{"title":"Expansion of HLA-G-Expressing Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection","authors":"Hai‐Yan Lu, Jing-Bo Li, A. Lin, Dan Xu, Bao‐guo Chen, Huazhong Chen, Wei-Hua Yan","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000163","url":null,"abstract":"Both human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) was associated with the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Whether peripheral MDSCs express HLA-G during virus infection remains unknown. We investigated the frequency of HLA-G+ MDSCs and its subsets in patients infected with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). In this study, frequencies of peripheral MDSCs (Lin1-HLA-DR-CD33+CD11b+) and HLA-G expressing subsets from 50 CHB patients and 27 normal controls were analyzed using flow cytometry. Data revealed the median percentage of MDSCs was not significantly different between the CHB patients and controls (0.30% vs. 0.29%; p=0.884). Among MDSCs, similar frequency was observed for CD14+ monocytic MDSC (mMDSCs; 31.25% vs. 23.35%; p=0.063) and CD15+ granulocytic MDSC (gMDSCs; 22.60% vs. 21.55%; p=0.558) between the two groups. However, HLA-G+ MDSCs was significantly increased in CHB patients compared with that of controls (3.30% vs. 0.50%; p<0.001). Furthermore, both HLA-G+ mMDSCs (0.99% vs. 0.00%; p<0.001) and HLAG+ gMDSC (0.78% vs. 0.00%; p<0.001) were also dramatically increased in CHB patients. Particularly, HLA-G+ gMDSC was inversely correlated to the viral DNA loads and significantly increased in HBeAb positive patients. Summary, this work reports for the first time HLA-G+ MDSCs, a new population of peripheral MDSCs, were expanded in CHB patients; however, its clinical relevance yet to be further explored.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80816964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-30DOI: 10.4172/1948-5964.1000162
T. Bashir, M. Asim, Muhammad Ahsan, M. Z. Zafar, Kashif Hussain
Hepatitis c virus is a RNA virus cause’s inflammation of liver. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease worldwide, About 10 million Pakistani populations is infected with Hepatitis C virus. A male who is 19 years of age was indulged in fever and he visited the physician with the symptoms of stomach irritation and high temperature. Doctor advised him some lab tests like Complete blood count test and liver functioning test (LFTs), after the laboratory reports came he was diagnosed with increased values of liver enzymes then the physician recommended him polymerase chain reaction test and by this test his hepatitis confirmed and genotype of infection identified by other test and identified genotype is 3. Then the physician prescribed him drug therapy for six months, different adverse effects were observed during the course of treatment. After six months he got rid of hepatitis c but he felt weakness in his after the completion of drug therapy. Hepatitis C is caused by the hepatitis C virus. It is spread by contact with an infected person's blood, contaminated syringes and can also be sexually transmitted. There should be public awareness regarding disease to the patient, thus physician can play a vital role in the prevention of disease by the counseling the patients about Hepatitis C dangers. Now a day’s its effective and useful therapy is available.
{"title":"A Case Report: Patient with the History of Hepatitis C Virus","authors":"T. Bashir, M. Asim, Muhammad Ahsan, M. Z. Zafar, Kashif Hussain","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000162","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis c virus is a RNA virus cause’s inflammation of liver. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease worldwide, About 10 million Pakistani populations is infected with Hepatitis C virus. A male who is 19 years of age was indulged in fever and he visited the physician with the symptoms of stomach irritation and high temperature. Doctor advised him some lab tests like Complete blood count test and liver functioning test (LFTs), after the laboratory reports came he was diagnosed with increased values of liver enzymes then the physician recommended him polymerase chain reaction test and by this test his hepatitis confirmed and genotype of infection identified by other test and identified genotype is 3. Then the physician prescribed him drug therapy for six months, different adverse effects were observed during the course of treatment. After six months he got rid of hepatitis c but he felt weakness in his after the completion of drug therapy. Hepatitis C is caused by the hepatitis C virus. It is spread by contact with an infected person's blood, contaminated syringes and can also be sexually transmitted. There should be public awareness regarding disease to the patient, thus physician can play a vital role in the prevention of disease by the counseling the patients about Hepatitis C dangers. Now a day’s its effective and useful therapy is available.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"123 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83507863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-31DOI: 10.4172/1948-5964.1000161
S. Manzoor, Sajjad-ur-Rahman, I. Khan
A rapid, simple, and accurate Modified Counter Current Immuno-electrophoresis (MCCIE) technique was developed and compared with the Reverse Passive Heamagglutination Assay (RPHA) for the titration of HPS virus. The MCCIE test had 100% correlation with the conventional RPHA and correctly titrated 116 samples which were already titrated with RPHA. Instead of horizontal electrophoresis chamber used in counter current Immuno-electrophoresis test, a modification in Counter Current Immuno-Electrophoresis (CCIE) test was made by using 1% melted agarose gel filled in 8 cm long and 3 mm narrow U-shaped glass tubing for the detection as well as quantification & titration of HPS virus. Results of Liver samples of 116 poultry birds including 16 broilers (6 livers were from clinically positive), 50 Desi and 50 commercial layers (adult) obtained through modified counter current Immuno-electrophoresis (MCCIE) were found similar to those found though CCIE and titres obtained through MCCIE were found similar to RPHA tests. The titres in MCCIE test were expressed as appearance of hazy colored precipitation band in the twelve U-shaped tubes. All of the six clinically positive liver samples gave positive results with titres ranging from 1:32 to 1:128. Of these 6 positive, 3 samples had 1:32, 2 samples had 1:64 and 1 sample had 1:128 titres. While none of desi and commercial layer was found to be positive. The results indicated that MCCIE is simple and inexpensive test as compared to CCIE & RPHA to detect and titrate HPS virus in the infected poultry liver samples. All the HPS virus isolates from HPS infected broiler livers and adenovirus group-I obtained from NARC, Islamabad and VRI, Lahore showed MCCIE & RPHA titre (1:64) with specific HPS antibodies.
{"title":"Identification and Titration of Hydro Pericardium Syndrome Virus (HPSV) by using Modified Counter-Current Immuno-Electrophoresis (MCCIE)","authors":"S. Manzoor, Sajjad-ur-Rahman, I. Khan","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000161","url":null,"abstract":"A rapid, simple, and accurate Modified Counter Current Immuno-electrophoresis (MCCIE) technique was developed and compared with the Reverse Passive Heamagglutination Assay (RPHA) for the titration of HPS virus. The MCCIE test had 100% correlation with the conventional RPHA and correctly titrated 116 samples which were already titrated with RPHA. Instead of horizontal electrophoresis chamber used in counter current Immuno-electrophoresis test, a modification in Counter Current Immuno-Electrophoresis (CCIE) test was made by using 1% melted agarose gel filled in 8 cm long and 3 mm narrow U-shaped glass tubing for the detection as well as quantification & titration of HPS virus. Results of Liver samples of 116 poultry birds including 16 broilers (6 livers were from clinically positive), 50 Desi and 50 commercial layers (adult) obtained through modified counter current Immuno-electrophoresis (MCCIE) were found similar to those found though CCIE and titres obtained through MCCIE were found similar to RPHA tests. The titres in MCCIE test were expressed as appearance of hazy colored precipitation band in the twelve U-shaped tubes. All of the six clinically positive liver samples gave positive results with titres ranging from 1:32 to 1:128. Of these 6 positive, 3 samples had 1:32, 2 samples had 1:64 and 1 sample had 1:128 titres. While none of desi and commercial layer was found to be positive. The results indicated that MCCIE is simple and inexpensive test as compared to CCIE & RPHA to detect and titrate HPS virus in the infected poultry liver samples. All the HPS virus isolates from HPS infected broiler livers and adenovirus group-I obtained from NARC, Islamabad and VRI, Lahore showed MCCIE & RPHA titre (1:64) with specific HPS antibodies.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75914917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-13DOI: 10.4172/1948-5964.1000160
M. Woldu, Melaku Tileku Tamiru, Belete Ayalneh Worku
A 9-year-old, 17 kg, female patient was admitted to pediatric ward of a large, teaching referral hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia because of high grade fever (HGF), severe headache & abnormal body movement (ABM) of 1 month duration. The child was taking unspecified Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) regimen from another government hospital ART clinic and unspecified per os (PO) medicines and herbs ordered from private clinics and traditional herbalists, respectively. She was put on Tenofovir/Lamivudine/Efavirenz (TDF/3TC/EFV) fixed dose combination therapy since 8 months back and has been taking phenytoin 50mg PO BID for the last one and half year. The patient has no known drug allergy (NKDA) or allergic diseases. Brain Computed Tomography (CT) scan was done on 27/02/2017 and revealed the presence of Pyogenic Brain Abscess (PBA) with subfalcine Herniation. Abdominal ultrasound was done on 08/03/2017 and showed Hepatomegaly. Head Magnetic Resonant Imaging (MRI) was done on 09/03/2017 and showed Left Frontoparietal Multiloculated Ring Enhancing Lesion with calcification and extensive vasogenic edema & mass effect more likely a Tuberculosis Brain Abscess (TBA). Chest X-ray (CXR) was done on 09/03/2017 with anterioposterior & left lateral position and revealed Left Upper Lobe Opacity more likely Tuberculosis (TB). Patient’s hemoglobin (Hgb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) all were below normal on two consecutive measurements indicating that patient was suffering from moderate microcytic anemia. The Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was also elevated as indication of non specific chronic inflammatory conditions most probably due to TB. Urinalysis was done on date 06/03/2017 and showed slight elevation in Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and White Blood Cells (WBCs) count and serum electrolyte assessment showed potassium was slightly below normal and chloride was increased and serum pH was slightly high causing metabolic alkalosis. Furthermore, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was slightly elevated indicating involvement of cranial bone and focal hepatic lesions. Based on the clinical, laboratory and imaging evidences, the final working diagnosis was Stage IV RVI on HAART plus Right Sided Hemiparesis Secondary to TBA and PBA plus Focal Seizure. The gradual worsening of ABM of right lower and upper extremities could be due to lack of appropriate titration of the dose of phenytoin. The Initial dose of phenytoin has to be initiated with 5 mg/kg/day orally in 2 or 3 equally divided doses, with subsequent dosage individualized to a maximum of 300 mg PO daily. The maintenance dose should be 4 to 8 mg/kg and for children over 6 years old and adolescents may require the minimum adult dose (300 mg/day). The major drug therapy problems identified in this case was the prescription of rifampin with dexamethasone or prednisolone. Rifampin has been known to decrease the level or effect of dexamethasone-prednisolone by affecting hep
一名9岁、17公斤的女性患者因高热(HGF)、严重头痛和身体运动异常(ABM)持续1个月入住埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴一家大型教学转诊医院儿科病房。该儿童正在从另一家政府医院的抗逆转录病毒治疗诊所接受未指明的高活性抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)方案，并分别从私人诊所和传统草药医生处订购未指明的药物和草药。8个月前开始使用替诺福韦/拉米夫定/依非韦伦(TDF/3TC/EFV)固定剂量联合治疗，并服用苯妥英50mg PO BID一年半。患者没有已知的药物过敏(NKDA)或过敏性疾病。于2017年2月27日行脑CT扫描，发现化脓性脑脓肿(PBA)伴癌下疝。08/03/2017腹部超声示肝肿大。2017年3月9日头颅磁共振成像(MRI)显示左侧额顶叶多室环形强化病变，钙化，广泛血管源性水肿和肿块效应，更可能为结核性脑脓肿(TBA)。2017年3月9日胸部x光片(CXR)，前后位和左侧位，显示左上肺叶不透明，更可能是结核病(TB)。患者连续两次检测血红蛋白(Hgb)、平均红细胞体积(MCV)、平均红细胞血红蛋白(MCH)均低于正常，提示患者为中度小细胞性贫血。红细胞沉降率(ESR)也升高，作为非特异性慢性炎症的指示，很可能是由结核病引起的。于2017年6月3日进行尿液分析，显示红细胞(红细胞)和白细胞(白细胞)计数轻微升高，血清电解质评估显示钾略低于正常水平，氯化物升高，血清pH略高，导致代谢性碱中毒。此外，碱性磷酸酶(ALP)略有升高，表明累及颅骨和局灶性肝脏病变。根据临床、实验室和影像学证据，最终诊断为HAART合并继发于TBA和PBA的右侧偏瘫合并局灶性癫痫发作的IV期RVI。右下肢和上肢ABM的逐渐恶化可能是由于缺乏适当的苯妥英剂量滴定。苯妥英的初始剂量必须为5mg /kg/天，分2或3次等分口服，随后的个体化剂量为每日最大300mg PO。维持剂量应为4 - 8mg /kg, 6岁以上儿童和青少年可能需要最低成人剂量(300mg /天)。在本病例中发现的主要药物治疗问题是利福平与地塞米松或强的松龙的处方。已知利福平通过影响肝脏/肠道CYP3A4酶代谢来降低地塞米松-强的松龙的水平或效果。因此，建议避免使用或使用替代药物。根据病人的主观证据，现在病人感觉好多了。预计将重复进行成像方式和实验室测试，并将在今后的通信中以简短通信或编辑说明的形式报告进一步的进展报告
{"title":"A 9 Year Old Female Ethiopian Patient with Stage IV Retroviral Infection and Right Side Hemiparesis","authors":"M. Woldu, Melaku Tileku Tamiru, Belete Ayalneh Worku","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000160","url":null,"abstract":"A 9-year-old, 17 kg, female patient was admitted to pediatric ward of a large, teaching referral hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia because of high grade fever (HGF), severe headache & abnormal body movement (ABM) of 1 month duration. The child was taking unspecified Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) regimen from another government hospital ART clinic and unspecified per os (PO) medicines and herbs ordered from private clinics and traditional herbalists, respectively. She was put on Tenofovir/Lamivudine/Efavirenz (TDF/3TC/EFV) fixed dose combination therapy since 8 months back and has been taking phenytoin 50mg PO BID for the last one and half year. The patient has no known drug allergy (NKDA) or allergic diseases. Brain Computed Tomography (CT) scan was done on 27/02/2017 and revealed the presence of Pyogenic Brain Abscess (PBA) with subfalcine Herniation. Abdominal ultrasound was done on 08/03/2017 and showed Hepatomegaly. Head Magnetic Resonant Imaging (MRI) was done on 09/03/2017 and showed Left Frontoparietal Multiloculated Ring Enhancing Lesion with calcification and extensive vasogenic edema & mass effect more likely a Tuberculosis Brain Abscess (TBA). Chest X-ray (CXR) was done on 09/03/2017 with anterioposterior & left lateral position and revealed Left Upper Lobe Opacity more likely Tuberculosis (TB). Patient’s hemoglobin (Hgb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) all were below normal on two consecutive measurements indicating that patient was suffering from moderate microcytic anemia. The Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was also elevated as indication of non specific chronic inflammatory conditions most probably due to TB. Urinalysis was done on date 06/03/2017 and showed slight elevation in Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and White Blood Cells (WBCs) count and serum electrolyte assessment showed potassium was slightly below normal and chloride was increased and serum pH was slightly high causing metabolic alkalosis. Furthermore, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was slightly elevated indicating involvement of cranial bone and focal hepatic lesions. Based on the clinical, laboratory and imaging evidences, the final working diagnosis was Stage IV RVI on HAART plus Right Sided Hemiparesis Secondary to TBA and PBA plus Focal Seizure. The gradual worsening of ABM of right lower and upper extremities could be due to lack of appropriate titration of the dose of phenytoin. The Initial dose of phenytoin has to be initiated with 5 mg/kg/day orally in 2 or 3 equally divided doses, with subsequent dosage individualized to a maximum of 300 mg PO daily. The maintenance dose should be 4 to 8 mg/kg and for children over 6 years old and adolescents may require the minimum adult dose (300 mg/day). The major drug therapy problems identified in this case was the prescription of rifampin with dexamethasone or prednisolone. Rifampin has been known to decrease the level or effect of dexamethasone-prednisolone by affecting hep","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"28 1","pages":"42-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84652743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：