Pub Date : 2017-11-13DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000327
Akyshbayeva Kulbarshin, S. Elmira, Ramazanova Bakyt, Kushugulova Almagul, Khassenbekova Zhanagul, S. Sergazy, M. Alía
Background: Urogenital trichomoniasis (UGT) is the most common sexually transmitted disease in Kazakhstan. Association of T. vaginalis infection with the development of ascites and multiple visceral abscesses was shown in experiments with intraperitoneal injection of infectious material. The effect of T. vaginalis on visceral organs in natural infection is unknown. Materials and methods: T.vaginalis effect on visceral organs was assessed with the model previously developed by us ("The Method of Urogenital Trichomoniasis Simulation", patent application No. 06 331 dated April 1, 2016). It was ethically carried out on animals with the approval of the KazNMU Ethics Committee (Registration No. 191). The material for histological and cytological studies was prepared in accordance with the conventional methods. Result: The changes was found in all visceral organs, most pronounced in hepatic parenchyma: parenchymal degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, significant edema with cellular infiltration in the portal tracts and separation of blood plasma from the formed elements in blood vessels representing changes in rheological properties of blood. Expressed changes were also observed in renal tissues. Less pronounced changes were observed in lung tissues. Conclusions: The results of our study showed high activity of T. vaginalis in visceral organs.
{"title":"Investigation of In Vivo Effects of Trichomonas Vaginalis on Visceral Organs","authors":"Akyshbayeva Kulbarshin, S. Elmira, Ramazanova Bakyt, Kushugulova Almagul, Khassenbekova Zhanagul, S. Sergazy, M. Alía","doi":"10.4172/2155-9597.1000327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9597.1000327","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Urogenital trichomoniasis (UGT) is the most common sexually transmitted disease in Kazakhstan. Association of T. vaginalis infection with the development of ascites and multiple visceral abscesses was shown in experiments with intraperitoneal injection of infectious material. The effect of T. vaginalis on visceral organs in natural infection is unknown. \u0000Materials and methods: T.vaginalis effect on visceral organs was assessed with the model previously developed by us (\"The Method of Urogenital Trichomoniasis Simulation\", patent application No. 06 331 dated April 1, 2016). It was ethically carried out on animals with the approval of the KazNMU Ethics Committee (Registration No. 191). The material for histological and cytological studies was prepared in accordance with the conventional methods. \u0000Result: The changes was found in all visceral organs, most pronounced in hepatic parenchyma: parenchymal degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, significant edema with cellular infiltration in the portal tracts and separation of blood plasma from the formed elements in blood vessels representing changes in rheological properties of blood. Expressed changes were also observed in renal tissues. Less pronounced changes were observed in lung tissues. \u0000Conclusions: The results of our study showed high activity of T. vaginalis in visceral organs.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"56 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73839370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-13DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000328
Y. Tyurin, L. Bayazitova, T. A. Chazova, I. Reshetnikova, Tyurina Ny
The article presents the results of a study of antibiotic resistance of 191 methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), isolated from outpatient and hospital patients. The data of molecular-genetic typing of strains of S. aureus and established types of SCCmec cassettes. There were significant differences in the sample genotype MRSA strains isolated from patients and hospital outpatient profile. Isolates from outpatients, contained in its composition genetic elements SCCmec IV a, c, d types. MRSA, isolates from hospital patients profile were identified only type II SCCmec cassettes. Vancomycin, fusidic acid, mupirocin antistaphylococcal possessed high activity against MRSA and MSSA. MRSA were more resistant to antimicrobial drugs compared to MSSA. Azithromycin and clindamycin demonstrated moderate anti-staphylococcal activity. Revealed low activity of chloramphenicol, tetracycline and erythromycin against staphylococci strains.
{"title":"Genotypic Characteristics of Outpatient Antibiotic Resistance and Nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus Strains","authors":"Y. Tyurin, L. Bayazitova, T. A. Chazova, I. Reshetnikova, Tyurina Ny","doi":"10.4172/2155-9597.1000328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9597.1000328","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of a study of antibiotic resistance of 191 methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), isolated from outpatient and hospital patients. The data of molecular-genetic typing of strains of S. aureus and established types of SCCmec cassettes. There were significant differences in the sample genotype MRSA strains isolated from patients and hospital outpatient profile. Isolates from outpatients, contained in its composition genetic elements SCCmec IV a, c, d types. MRSA, isolates from hospital patients profile were identified only type II SCCmec cassettes. Vancomycin, fusidic acid, mupirocin antistaphylococcal possessed high activity against MRSA and MSSA. MRSA were more resistant to antimicrobial drugs compared to MSSA. Azithromycin and clindamycin demonstrated moderate anti-staphylococcal activity. Revealed low activity of chloramphenicol, tetracycline and erythromycin against staphylococci strains.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"90 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90640567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-03DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000325
M. M. Mourão, Sandra Grossi Gava
Despite of the remarkable success of RNA interference (RNAi) application in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the exploitation of this powerful technique to helminths parasites with complex life-cycle has been a challenge for parasitologists. It has proved to be effective only for certain parasite species and specific target genes. To date, RNAi is the only methodology available for reverse genetics in trematodes and combined to rescue studies (such heterologous complementation) have been the only alternative to genetic manipulation in nematodes and helminths parasites, thus this subject is of great interest to the scientific community involved in the field. The RNAi technique is widely used to assess gene function in helminths parasites, in order to elucidate their role in parasite development, mechanisms of drug resistance, and validate therapeutic targets for disease control. After fifteen years of the first report of RNAi in parasitic helminths, many advances have been achieved, but pitfalls remain as challenges in gene expression manipulation in these organisms. In addition to the methodological particularities of the RNAi technique for each group of helminths, there are still other reasons behind the slow progress of RNAi in those parasites, such; the lack of homology between genes related to parasitism and genes of model organisms and the complex life cycle of these organisms, which results in difficulties for in vitro cultivation. At this point, a wide assortment of approaches for doubled stranded RNA “delivery” has been proposed. Thus, deeper studies on fundamental aspects of the RNAi methodology in parasitic helminths, such as off-target and the use of controls, can be useful in determining the reason of variations between and within species, facilitating the experimental design and the use of RNAi in the study and eradication of helminths parasites.
{"title":"RNA Interference and Nonspecific Controls in Parasitic Helminths","authors":"M. M. Mourão, Sandra Grossi Gava","doi":"10.4172/2155-9597.1000325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9597.1000325","url":null,"abstract":"Despite of the remarkable success of RNA interference (RNAi) application in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the exploitation of this powerful technique to helminths parasites with complex life-cycle has been a challenge for parasitologists. It has proved to be effective only for certain parasite species and specific target genes. To date, RNAi is the only methodology available for reverse genetics in trematodes and combined to rescue studies (such heterologous complementation) have been the only alternative to genetic manipulation in nematodes and helminths parasites, thus this subject is of great interest to the scientific community involved in the field. \u0000The RNAi technique is widely used to assess gene function in helminths parasites, in order to elucidate their role in parasite development, mechanisms of drug resistance, and validate therapeutic targets for disease control. \u0000After fifteen years of the first report of RNAi in parasitic helminths, many advances have been achieved, but pitfalls remain as challenges in gene expression manipulation in these organisms. In addition to the methodological particularities of the RNAi technique for each group of helminths, there are still other reasons behind the slow progress of RNAi in those parasites, such; the lack of homology between genes related to parasitism and genes of model organisms and the complex life cycle of these organisms, which results in difficulties for in vitro cultivation. \u0000At this point, a wide assortment of approaches for doubled stranded RNA “delivery” has been proposed. Thus, deeper studies on fundamental aspects of the RNAi methodology in parasitic helminths, such as off-target and the use of controls, can be useful in determining the reason of variations between and within species, facilitating the experimental design and the use of RNAi in the study and eradication of helminths parasites.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78598529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-26DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000324
M. G. Verso, D. Picciotto, N. LoCascio, E. NotoLaddeca, E. Amodio
Introduction and objective: Italy is a country with a low incidence of tuberculosis and in the last fifty years the annual number of TB cases decreased from 12,247 to 4,418, showing a reduction of approximately 64% in the number of cases and 71% in incidence. Despite of this encouraging trend, in the last years the epidemiology of tuberculosis changed and today it is a re-emerging infectious. The aim of this study is to measure the prevalence of positivity to tuberculosis infection (latent TB) in students, without any obvious manifestation of disease, attending degree courses of the health care professions and postgraduate medical courses of the School of Medicine of the University of Palermo, Italy. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional observational study in students of nursing, midwifery, dentistry degree courses and in resident physicians of postgraduate medical schools was carried out from January 2012 to July 2016. Mantoux test was performed and all positive cases were tested with Interferon-Gamma Release Assay (IGRA). Results: The 1,351 subjects evaluated, 25 (1.8%) resulted positive to Mantoux test; in 17 students (1.2%) the diagnosis was confirmed with IGRA. Positive cases were significantly more frequent among students attending Postgraduated Medical School Courses (p<0.001) and were older than negative cases (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study suggests that in our geographic area, latent TB shows a relatively low prevalence among students of medical schools. Despite of this evidence, and considering that several students have been found to be positive for TB, this infectious disease has to be considered a re-emerging biohazard that requires preventive strategies for the containment of the risk in exposed workers as well as in the general population.
{"title":"Screening for Latent Tuberculosis Infection among Students of Healthcare Professions and Postgraduates of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Palermo","authors":"M. G. Verso, D. Picciotto, N. LoCascio, E. NotoLaddeca, E. Amodio","doi":"10.4172/2155-9597.1000324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9597.1000324","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction and objective: Italy is a country with a low incidence of tuberculosis and in the last fifty years the annual number of TB cases decreased from 12,247 to 4,418, showing a reduction of approximately 64% in the number of cases and 71% in incidence. Despite of this encouraging trend, in the last years the epidemiology of tuberculosis changed and today it is a re-emerging infectious. The aim of this study is to measure the prevalence of positivity to tuberculosis infection (latent TB) in students, without any obvious manifestation of disease, attending degree courses of the health care professions and postgraduate medical courses of the School of Medicine of the University of Palermo, Italy. \u0000Materials and methods: A cross-sectional observational study in students of nursing, midwifery, dentistry degree courses and in resident physicians of postgraduate medical schools was carried out from January 2012 to July 2016. Mantoux test was performed and all positive cases were tested with Interferon-Gamma Release Assay (IGRA). \u0000Results: The 1,351 subjects evaluated, 25 (1.8%) resulted positive to Mantoux test; in 17 students (1.2%) the diagnosis was confirmed with IGRA. Positive cases were significantly more frequent among students attending Postgraduated Medical School Courses (p<0.001) and were older than negative cases (p<0.001). \u0000Conclusion: This study suggests that in our geographic area, latent TB shows a relatively low prevalence among students of medical schools. Despite of this evidence, and considering that several students have been found to be positive for TB, this infectious disease has to be considered a re-emerging biohazard that requires preventive strategies for the containment of the risk in exposed workers as well as in the general population.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82425315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-23DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597-c1-044
Ajibola K Ibironke
{"title":"Effectiveness of quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) as sepsis screening tool in the emergency department (ED)","authors":"Ajibola K Ibironke","doi":"10.4172/2155-9597-c1-044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9597-c1-044","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85065836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-17DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597-C1-040
A. Richard
We postulate a pathway to Alzheimer’s disease that begins with microbial pathogens, spirochetes, that make biofilms which upregulate the innate immune system. This leads to the destruction of the tissue and the formation of Aβ by known biochemical and microbiological pathways. The spirochetes also form biofilms intracellularly; and, in the process, create Aβ which stimulates the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. This ultimately leads to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and dendritic disintegration. All the steps in this pathway have been shown to be present by direct pathological observation or by known microbiological/biochemical pathways. As one proof of concept, things that negatively impact AD, such as diabetes, smoking, and certain drug exposures have been shown to influence one or another component of the pathway.
{"title":"Tips for a successful technology transfer in life sciences","authors":"A. Richard","doi":"10.4172/2155-9597-C1-040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9597-C1-040","url":null,"abstract":"We postulate a pathway to Alzheimer’s disease that begins with microbial pathogens, spirochetes, that make biofilms which upregulate the innate immune system. This leads to the destruction of the tissue and the formation of Aβ by known biochemical and microbiological pathways. The spirochetes also form biofilms intracellularly; and, in the process, create Aβ which stimulates the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. This ultimately leads to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and dendritic disintegration. All the steps in this pathway have been shown to be present by direct pathological observation or by known microbiological/biochemical pathways. As one proof of concept, things that negatively impact AD, such as diabetes, smoking, and certain drug exposures have been shown to influence one or another component of the pathway.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85230574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-17DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597-C1-036
Mok Yu-Keung
{"title":"Structure of AcrH-AopB chaperone-translocator complex reveals a role for membrane hairpins in type III secretion system translocon assembly","authors":"Mok Yu-Keung","doi":"10.4172/2155-9597-C1-036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9597-C1-036","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88747053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-22DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000320
N. S. Mendes, M. Costa, T. Paulino, F. Agostinho, M. Ribeiro, R. Paludo, W. Rodrigues, C. B. Miguel
After the description of an element with ability to combat the infectious processes originating from bacteria, starts a race for survival between the interrelationship of species, bacterial and human. With the evolution scientifictechnical, the man was able to synthesize new antibacterial substances, on the other hand the mechanisms of gene evolution enabled the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Some of this organisms are frequent on hospital environment and have high adaptability to new drugs, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. resistant to oxacillin and vancomycin, considered drugs of choice against multidrug-resistant microorganisms. So, a new antibiotics class was developed, superior to vancomycin and oxazolidinone, the linezolid. Thus, the present study aimed at understanding the use of linezolid in drug therapy against multi-resistant bacteria. To perform this study, a literature review of last 10 years was performed. In 2002, after the liberation of the use of linezolid as treatment for infectious processes against gram-positive bacteria, this drug was commonly used throughout the world. Similarly, the pressure of natural selection stood out, and there were records of resistant strains to linezolid. As prospects for control of infections caused by these resistant strains, was approved by the FDA in 2014 the use of drugs with linezolid resistant anti-strains activity. However, we conclude that, in addition to natural selection and genetic variation process, human behavior regarding the use of antibiotics, increases the selection of resistant microorganisms to antibiotic, including linezolid.
{"title":"Linezolid use in Medicine Therapy against Multiresistant Bacteria-AReview","authors":"N. S. Mendes, M. Costa, T. Paulino, F. Agostinho, M. Ribeiro, R. Paludo, W. Rodrigues, C. B. Miguel","doi":"10.4172/2155-9597.1000320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9597.1000320","url":null,"abstract":"After the description of an element with ability to combat the infectious processes originating from bacteria, starts a race for survival between the interrelationship of species, bacterial and human. With the evolution scientifictechnical, the man was able to synthesize new antibacterial substances, on the other hand the mechanisms of gene evolution enabled the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Some of this organisms are frequent on hospital environment and have high adaptability to new drugs, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. resistant to oxacillin and vancomycin, considered drugs of choice against multidrug-resistant microorganisms. So, a new antibiotics class was developed, superior to vancomycin and oxazolidinone, the linezolid. Thus, the present study aimed at understanding the use of linezolid in drug therapy against multi-resistant bacteria. To perform this study, a literature review of last 10 years was performed. In 2002, after the liberation of the use of linezolid as treatment for infectious processes against gram-positive bacteria, this drug was commonly used throughout the world. Similarly, the pressure of natural selection stood out, and there were records of resistant strains to linezolid. As prospects for control of infections caused by these resistant strains, was approved by the FDA in 2014 the use of drugs with linezolid resistant anti-strains activity. However, we conclude that, in addition to natural selection and genetic variation process, human behavior regarding the use of antibiotics, increases the selection of resistant microorganisms to antibiotic, including linezolid.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"110 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76061825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-11DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000319
K. Djenadi
The aim of the current investigation was to look on the presence of the antibiotic resistance bacteria in natural environment in Algeria. From fresh water, multidrug resistant bacteria were harvested, and then investigated for their resistance profile and extend spectrum Beta lactamase and metallo Beta lactamase production. From isolate bacteria only Aeromonas hydrophila catch our attention, because of their metallo Beta lactamase production and alimentary and clinical impact. This finding confirmed our hypothesis that natural environment could be colonized by multidrug resistant bacteria especially to carbapenem antibiotic who may be induced by mutation or horizontal gene transfer. The spread of these kinds of resistance organisms may become a serious issue for the public health and food security.
{"title":"Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria from Rivers Water in Algeria","authors":"K. Djenadi","doi":"10.4172/2155-9597.1000319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9597.1000319","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the current investigation was to look on the presence of the antibiotic resistance bacteria in natural environment in Algeria. From fresh water, multidrug resistant bacteria were harvested, and then investigated for their resistance profile and extend spectrum Beta lactamase and metallo Beta lactamase production. From isolate bacteria only Aeromonas hydrophila catch our attention, because of their metallo Beta lactamase production and alimentary and clinical impact. This finding confirmed our hypothesis that natural environment could be colonized by multidrug resistant bacteria especially to carbapenem antibiotic who may be induced by mutation or horizontal gene transfer. The spread of these kinds of resistance organisms may become a serious issue for the public health and food security.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"49 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90694453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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