Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2155-9597.19.10.358
F. Toulah, Ibtehal Mohammad Albalawi
Hydatidosis is one of the most parasitic diseases transmitted from carnivores (dogs) to human, causing deterioration in health and also transmitted to herbivores animals causing a substantial economic loss in the productivity of meat with low quality. In these days there is an increase in gain dogs at home, with its high risk of infection with many parasitic diseases such as Hydatidosis. The present study was conducted to provide a recent view on the current status of Hydatidosis among slaughter sheep in Makkah through periodic visiting to Alkaakia slaughterhouse three times on week for one year from January 2017 to January 2018. Summer revealed the highest prevalence in sheep. Obtained data about the infection were analyzed statistically was done on the sheep slaughtered there. The total infection rate was 8.12% (4284/52783) in sheep, while the most infected organs were liver. In conclusion, the high infectivity rate of slaughtered sheep with hydatid cyst revealed to the low health awareness among people, and there is no examination of dogs from parasitic diseases
{"title":"Prevalence of Hydatidosis among Slaughtered Sheep in Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","authors":"F. Toulah, Ibtehal Mohammad Albalawi","doi":"10.35248/2155-9597.19.10.358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2155-9597.19.10.358","url":null,"abstract":"Hydatidosis is one of the most parasitic diseases transmitted from carnivores (dogs) to human, causing deterioration in health and also transmitted to herbivores animals causing a substantial economic loss in the productivity of meat with low quality. In these days there is an increase in gain dogs at home, with its high risk of infection with many parasitic diseases such as Hydatidosis. The present study was conducted to provide a recent view on the current status of Hydatidosis among slaughter sheep in Makkah through periodic visiting to Alkaakia slaughterhouse three times on week for one year from January 2017 to January 2018. Summer revealed the highest prevalence in sheep. Obtained data about the infection were analyzed statistically was done on the sheep slaughtered there. The total infection rate was 8.12% (4284/52783) in sheep, while the most infected organs were liver. In conclusion, the high infectivity rate of slaughtered sheep with hydatid cyst revealed to the low health awareness among people, and there is no examination of dogs from parasitic diseases","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81955142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2155-9597.1000350
Demissew Shenkute, Tsegahun Asfaw
Background: Dental caries is an irreversible microbial disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth. Streptococcus mutans is a bacterial resident of the oral cavity and is considered to be the principal etiological agent of dental caries in humans. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Streptococcus mutans dental caries. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among patients who attended Debre Berhan referral hospital dental clinic. Patient’s demographic and clinical information was collected by using pre-tested questionnaire. Dental plaques from all patients was picked up by forceps and suspended in to phosphate-buffered saline for further Streptococcus mutans identification. Result: From a total of 115 study participants 56 (48.7%) and 59 (51.3%) were males and females respectively. The overall prevalence of Streptococcus mutans was 79 (68.7%) among patients with dental caries. participants 25 (21.7%) had gem bleeding and 47 (40.9%) of the participants had previous tooth decay. Conclusion: In this study, again Streptococcus mutans is the common public health problem among dental caries patients. Drinking soft drinks, oral debris and gingival index were the associated risk factor for dental caries of Streptococcus mutans.
{"title":"Streptococcus mutans Dental Caries among Patients Attending Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, Ethiopia","authors":"Demissew Shenkute, Tsegahun Asfaw","doi":"10.35248/2155-9597.1000350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2155-9597.1000350","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Dental caries is an irreversible microbial disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth. Streptococcus mutans is a bacterial resident of the oral cavity and is considered to be the principal etiological agent of dental caries in humans. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Streptococcus mutans dental caries. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among patients who attended Debre Berhan referral hospital dental clinic. Patient’s demographic and clinical information was collected by using pre-tested questionnaire. Dental plaques from all patients was picked up by forceps and suspended in to phosphate-buffered saline for further Streptococcus mutans identification. Result: From a total of 115 study participants 56 (48.7%) and 59 (51.3%) were males and females respectively. The overall prevalence of Streptococcus mutans was 79 (68.7%) among patients with dental caries. participants 25 (21.7%) had gem bleeding and 47 (40.9%) of the participants had previous tooth decay. Conclusion: In this study, again Streptococcus mutans is the common public health problem among dental caries patients. Drinking soft drinks, oral debris and gingival index were the associated risk factor for dental caries of Streptococcus mutans.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78723979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Invasive Trichosporon inkin fungal infections are rare and unusual, occurring nearly exclusively in immunocompromised patients experiencing prolonged neutropenia during treatment of malignant hemopathies or other immunodeficiency conditions. We report a case of a 27-year-old patient with severe aplastic anemia who developed Trichosporon inkin sepsis with skin lesions during aplasia after myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplant. He was treated with liposomal amphotericin B but died from multiple organ failure. We then discuss the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic features of these serious fungal infections compared to the published data.
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2155-9597.19.10.362
R. Linder, Camille D. McIntyre
Cooperative (or synergistic) hemolysis, the ability of two bacterial species to jointly lyse erythrocytes, has long been recognized as a helpful tool in the identification of common pathogens (i.e. the CAMP reaction between Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus). However, to examine these biological partnerships separately from their use in the diagnostic lab provides new perspectives on toxicity to host tissue during infections and in health. Many examples of such pairings exist, and typically reflect the sequential action of a phospholipase (e.g., PLC from Staphylococcus aureus or Clostridium perfringens), followed by a second bacterial toxin acting on the altered membrane, e.g. the CAMP protein of group B streptococci, or the cholesterol oxidase of Rhodococcus equi. Commonly occurring cooperative cytotoxic partnerships are reviewed, along with their biochemical mechanisms of action. Newly reported is the ability of hemolytic collaborations to accommodate a midcourse change in conditions of oxygenation. Thus, erythrocytes altered by PLC of C. perfringens grown anaerobically, are lysed following exposure to the strict aerobe R. equi, in air. Why does this matter? Microbial communities on tissue (i.e. the microbiome) are increasingly understood to impact the health of hosts. Pathogenesis, especially in anaerobic infections, often reflects the combined actions of microbial pathogens, commensal (resident) microorganisms, and metabolites from the host. Products of some cooperative reactions (i.e., ceramide and oxysterol) are directly toxic, e.g., to the immune system. Host environments include a range of oxygenation not intuitively evident, i.e., extreme anaerobiosis in the mouth, creating ideal conditions for cooperative cytotoxicity to occur in vivo. To appreciate the impact of common hydrolytic enzymes and other proteins from diverse sources deepens our understanding of the host and its complex microbial community.
{"title":"Cooperative Cytotoxins: A New Look at an Old Observation of Bacterial Crosstalk","authors":"R. Linder, Camille D. McIntyre","doi":"10.35248/2155-9597.19.10.362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2155-9597.19.10.362","url":null,"abstract":"Cooperative (or synergistic) hemolysis, the ability of two bacterial species to jointly lyse erythrocytes, has long been recognized as a helpful tool in the identification of common pathogens (i.e. the CAMP reaction between Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus). However, to examine these biological partnerships separately from their use in the diagnostic lab provides new perspectives on toxicity to host tissue during infections and in health. Many examples of such pairings exist, and typically reflect the sequential action of a phospholipase (e.g., PLC from Staphylococcus aureus or Clostridium perfringens), followed by a second bacterial toxin acting on the altered membrane, e.g. the CAMP protein of group B streptococci, or the cholesterol oxidase of Rhodococcus equi. Commonly occurring cooperative cytotoxic partnerships are reviewed, along with their biochemical mechanisms of action. Newly reported is the ability of hemolytic collaborations to accommodate a midcourse change in conditions of oxygenation. Thus, erythrocytes altered by PLC of C. perfringens grown anaerobically, are lysed following exposure to the strict aerobe R. equi, in air. Why does this matter? Microbial communities on tissue (i.e. the microbiome) are increasingly understood to impact the health of hosts. Pathogenesis, especially in anaerobic infections, often reflects the combined actions of microbial pathogens, commensal (resident) microorganisms, and metabolites from the host. Products of some cooperative reactions (i.e., ceramide and oxysterol) are directly toxic, e.g., to the immune system. Host environments include a range of oxygenation not intuitively evident, i.e., extreme anaerobiosis in the mouth, creating ideal conditions for cooperative cytotoxicity to occur in vivo. To appreciate the impact of common hydrolytic enzymes and other proteins from diverse sources deepens our understanding of the host and its complex microbial community.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79850576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-23DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597-C2-048
F. M. E. Assal
Shortage in animal protein resources is a problem facing developing countries. Fish may be a good solution for this problem. But, fish may cause many serious diseases by carrying trematode encysted metacercariae. Fish–born zoonotic trematodes cause great public health problems worldwide. An estimate of 1840 million infected people with intestinal flukes was reported by the WHO. Meanwhile, there are unknown million infected. Consuming raw fish and crustaceans (sushi, sashimi, koi-pla etc.,) in particular in the Far East, is becoming increasingly common in many countries. This increase in the consumption of raw sea food led to a rise in the incidence of zoonotic diseases. Fish infected with heterophyid encysted metacercariae, commonly consumed by local inhabitants, pose a serious zoonotic risk. Infection may cause, beside diseases (e.g.Heterophyasis), loss of fish in lakes and rivers. Morbidity and serious damages to aquacultures. Microscopical examination of 452 fresh and brackish water fish, representing Clarias gariepinus, Lebeo noliticus and Mugil cephalus species, collected from low socioeconomic areas, allover one year, revealed the occurrence of trematode encysted metacercariae in their flesh. The infection rate differed according to the fish species, season and fish weight. The impact of infection on humans and animals is discussed as well as the prevention protocol for parasitic diseases associated with infected fish. Biography: Dr Faiza M El Assal is professor of invertebrate zoology and parasitology at the Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University. She is interested in the conservation of the freshwater ecosystem and biological control of the snail vectors of parasitic diseases. She published more than 50 papers in international and national journals. She supervised more than 60 M Sc & Ph D theses and was reviewer for many theses. She planned and supervised projects on biological control of schistosomiasis snail vector.
动物蛋白资源短缺是发展中国家面临的一个问题。鱼可能是解决这个问题的好办法。但是，鱼类因携带吸虫包囊囊蚴而引起许多严重疾病。鱼类传播的人畜共患病在世界范围内引起了严重的公共卫生问题。据世界卫生组织报道，估计有1.40亿人感染了肠道吸虫。与此同时，还有未知的百万感染者。特别是在远东地区，食用生鱼和甲壳类动物(寿司、生鱼片、鲤鱼等)在许多国家正变得越来越普遍。生海鲜消费的增加导致人畜共患疾病的发病率上升。当地居民常食用感染异源包囊囊蚴的鱼类，造成严重的人畜共患风险。感染除了引起疾病(如异虫病)外，还可能造成湖泊和河流中鱼类的死亡。发病率和对水产养殖的严重损害。一年来对社会经济条件较差地区采集的452条淡水鱼和咸水鱼进行了显微检查，发现其肉中存在吸虫囊性囊蚴，分别为Clarias gariepinus、Lebeo noliticus和Mugil cephalus。感染率因鱼种、季节和鱼重不同而不同。讨论了感染对人类和动物的影响，以及与受感染鱼类相关的寄生虫病的预防方案。简介:Faiza M El Assal博士是开罗大学理学院动物学系无脊椎动物学和寄生虫学教授。她对淡水生态系统的保护和寄生虫病的蜗牛载体的生物控制感兴趣。在国内外期刊上发表论文50余篇。指导硕士、博士论文60余篇，并担任多篇论文审稿人。她策划和监督血吸虫病病媒蜗牛生物防治项目。
{"title":"Fish infected with trematode encysted metacercariae and its role in transmitting parasitic diseases to humans and domestic animals","authors":"F. M. E. Assal","doi":"10.4172/2155-9597-C2-048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9597-C2-048","url":null,"abstract":"Shortage in animal protein resources is a problem facing developing countries. Fish may be a good solution for this problem. But, fish may cause many serious diseases by carrying trematode encysted metacercariae. Fish–born zoonotic trematodes cause great public health problems worldwide. An estimate of 1840 million infected people with intestinal flukes was reported by the WHO. Meanwhile, there are unknown million infected. Consuming raw fish and crustaceans (sushi, sashimi, koi-pla etc.,) in particular in the Far East, is becoming increasingly common in many countries. This increase in the consumption of raw sea food led to a rise in the incidence of zoonotic diseases. Fish infected with heterophyid encysted metacercariae, commonly consumed by local inhabitants, pose a serious zoonotic risk. Infection may cause, beside diseases (e.g.Heterophyasis), loss of fish in lakes and rivers. Morbidity and serious damages to aquacultures. Microscopical examination of 452 fresh and brackish water fish, representing Clarias gariepinus, Lebeo noliticus and Mugil cephalus species, collected from low socioeconomic areas, allover one year, revealed the occurrence of trematode encysted metacercariae in their flesh. The infection rate differed according to the fish species, season and fish weight. The impact of infection on humans and animals is discussed as well as the prevention protocol for parasitic diseases associated with infected fish. Biography: Dr Faiza M El Assal is professor of invertebrate zoology and parasitology at the Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University. She is interested in the conservation of the freshwater ecosystem and biological control of the snail vectors of parasitic diseases. She published more than 50 papers in international and national journals. She supervised more than 60 M Sc & Ph D theses and was reviewer for many theses. She planned and supervised projects on biological control of schistosomiasis snail vector.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73383300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-08DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000E130
Suhail Ahmad
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major infectious disease causing considerable morbidity and mortality among the most vulnerable individuals around the globe. Most active TB disease cases in humans are caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis [1]. Active TB disease typically results from recent infection/re-infection in low-income, high TB burden countries while in high income, low TB incidence countries, it is usually caused by reactivation of a previously acquired infection (reactivation of latent infection) [1,2]. Despite declining trends in TB disease incidence and deaths in the past few years, the disease burden is still enormous. According to the recent WHO estimates, there were 10.4 million active TB disease cases (including 1 million patients coinfected with HIV in 2016 which killed 1.7 million people worldwide [3]. The largest number (45%) of disease cases occurred in South-East Asia region with five countries accounting for ~56% of all TB cases [3]. The incidence varies considerably around the globe and is usually low
{"title":"Recent Developments in the Rapid Diagnosis of MDR-TB","authors":"Suhail Ahmad","doi":"10.4172/2155-9597.1000E130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9597.1000E130","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) is a major infectious disease causing considerable morbidity and mortality among the most vulnerable individuals around the globe. Most active TB disease cases in humans are caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis [1]. Active TB disease typically results from recent infection/re-infection in low-income, high TB burden countries while in high income, low TB incidence countries, it is usually caused by reactivation of a previously acquired infection (reactivation of latent infection) [1,2]. Despite declining trends in TB disease incidence and deaths in the past few years, the disease burden is still enormous. According to the recent WHO estimates, there were 10.4 million active TB disease cases (including 1 million patients coinfected with HIV in 2016 which killed 1.7 million people worldwide [3]. The largest number (45%) of disease cases occurred in South-East Asia region with five countries accounting for ~56% of all TB cases [3]. The incidence varies considerably around the globe and is usually low","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87244408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000342
C. Pownall
Introduction: Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete infection of the genus Borrelia, transmitted through bites of the sheep tick Ixodes Ricinus on the Isle of Man. This can lead to a number of short-term non-specific symptoms, and longer-term debilitating effects. Objective: This study analyzed the requesting of Lyme disease serology at the Immunoserology laboratory at Noble’s Hospital in order to look for money saving opportunities. Materials and Methods: A data grab was performed on the LIMS system in use at Noble’s Hospital, Isle of Man, for Lyme disease testing requested over a five-year period, with results transferred to an Excel spreadsheet. This data was then sorted into various categories, including year-by-year and month-by-month totals, percentage of requests honored, source of requests, in-depth investigations of GP requests, and results of tests. Results: Findings indicated that Lyme disease requesting had doubled over this five-year period, with over twothirds of requests being from General Practitioners. Several surgeries were found to be requesting significantly more than the proportion of the population served indicated was appropriate. Discussion: In order to ensure that clinicians made suitable judgments, and therefore the best use of resources, this report makes three recommendations: 1. Communication sent to GP practices reminding them of the importance of testing only in the event of clinical suspicion, characteristic rash, and evidence of a tick bite. Limitations of testing and details of specialist advice from Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory (RIPL) also included. 2. RIPL contact information also added to the comment automatically applied to a negative sample. Comment added to positive samples regarding the limitations of the test, and RIPL contact details. 3. Information disseminated to the public regarding the Public Health England (PHE) Tick Surveillance Scheme in order to maintain epidemiological data.
{"title":"A Report into the Requesting of Lyme Disease Tests in the Immunoserology Department at Nobles Hospital, Isle of Man","authors":"C. Pownall","doi":"10.4172/2155-9597.1000342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9597.1000342","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete infection of the genus Borrelia, transmitted through bites of the sheep tick Ixodes Ricinus on the Isle of Man. This can lead to a number of short-term non-specific symptoms, and longer-term debilitating effects. Objective: This study analyzed the requesting of Lyme disease serology at the Immunoserology laboratory at Noble’s Hospital in order to look for money saving opportunities. Materials and Methods: A data grab was performed on the LIMS system in use at Noble’s Hospital, Isle of Man, for Lyme disease testing requested over a five-year period, with results transferred to an Excel spreadsheet. This data was then sorted into various categories, including year-by-year and month-by-month totals, percentage of requests honored, source of requests, in-depth investigations of GP requests, and results of tests. Results: Findings indicated that Lyme disease requesting had doubled over this five-year period, with over twothirds of requests being from General Practitioners. Several surgeries were found to be requesting significantly more than the proportion of the population served indicated was appropriate. Discussion: In order to ensure that clinicians made suitable judgments, and therefore the best use of resources, this report makes three recommendations: 1. Communication sent to GP practices reminding them of the importance of testing only in the event of clinical suspicion, characteristic rash, and evidence of a tick bite. Limitations of testing and details of specialist advice from Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory (RIPL) also included. 2. RIPL contact information also added to the comment automatically applied to a negative sample. Comment added to positive samples regarding the limitations of the test, and RIPL contact details. 3. Information disseminated to the public regarding the Public Health England (PHE) Tick Surveillance Scheme in order to maintain epidemiological data.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"78 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75152355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000335
Benoît Desguin
Enzymatic racemization of lactate has been reported in several bacterial species, including Lactobacillus species. The role of lactate racemase (Lar) is still a matter of debate and is probably dependent if the species in which it is found is a lactate producer, a lactate consumer, or both. A transcriptomic experiment revealed the involvement of two operons of 9 genes in lactate racemization in L. plantarum: the larR (MN) QO and the larABCDE operons. The lactate racemase, LarA, has been shown to harbour a tethered nickel pincer complex, which we call Nickel Pincer Nucleotide or NPN in this review. This cofactor seems well adapted to catalyse lactate racemisation by a hydride transfer mechanism. The cofactor is synthesized from nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide by the NPN biosynthetic enzymes: LarB, LarC, and LarE. LarD is an aquaglyceroporin, LarR a transcriptional regulator, and Lar (MN) QO a three-component nickel transporter. Lactate racemase gene was reported to be widespread in bacterial and archaeal genomes. We suggest that many other enzymatic functions are present in the LarA superfamily of enzymes in addition to lactate racemization.
{"title":"Lactate Racemization and Beyond","authors":"Benoît Desguin","doi":"10.4172/2155-9597.1000335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9597.1000335","url":null,"abstract":"Enzymatic racemization of lactate has been reported in several bacterial species, including Lactobacillus species. The role of lactate racemase (Lar) is still a matter of debate and is probably dependent if the species in which it is found is a lactate producer, a lactate consumer, or both. A transcriptomic experiment revealed the involvement of two operons of 9 genes in lactate racemization in L. plantarum: the larR (MN) QO and the larABCDE operons. The lactate racemase, LarA, has been shown to harbour a tethered nickel pincer complex, which we call Nickel Pincer Nucleotide or NPN in this review. This cofactor seems well adapted to catalyse lactate racemisation by a hydride transfer mechanism. The cofactor is synthesized from nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide by the NPN biosynthetic enzymes: LarB, LarC, and LarE. LarD is an aquaglyceroporin, LarR a transcriptional regulator, and Lar (MN) QO a three-component nickel transporter. Lactate racemase gene was reported to be widespread in bacterial and archaeal genomes. We suggest that many other enzymatic functions are present in the LarA superfamily of enzymes in addition to lactate racemization.","PeriodicalId":15045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81809453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000341
Parisa Mousavi, H. Mirhendi, H. K. Valian, S. Shojaee, Shirzad Fallahi, A. Farhang, M. Mohaghegh, Rasool Jafari
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that causes a variety of clinical manifestations. Acute and chronic phases of toxoplasmosis are considered as the presence of actively proliferating tachyzoites in the nucleated cells of mammalian hosts such as humans, and spread through blood to other parts of the body, which subsequently forms tissue cysts. The present study was aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of nested real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the acute and chronic phases of toxoplasmosis in the laboratory mice using compared to conventional real-time PCR. To induce acute toxoplasmosis, 103 tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain were intraperitoneally inoculated to 25 BALB/c mice. In order to induce chronic toxoplasmosis, the mice were subcutaneously infected by the parasite and then treated with sulfadiazine from day one to day 14 post-injection. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood and brain tissues. Real-time and nested real-time PCR targeting 529 bp repeated element (RE) was performed. All mice with acute infection were positive for Toxoplasma gondii using nested real-time PCR and 21 were positive by real-time PCR. In the chronic phase, all blood samples were negative with real-time PCR and three were positive using nested real-time PCR. However, of the 25 brain samples, 28%, 52% and 72% were positive with the microscopic, real-time PCR and nested real-time PCR methods, respectively. The results of the present study showed that the molecular methods have high sensitivity for the diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis. In the chronic phase, a blood sample is not suitable for the detection of the infection, and other tissue samples may be used instead. Also, nested real-time PCR has even higher sensitivity compared to the conventional real-time PCR.
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Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000343
K. Sylla, R. Tine, D. Sow, Souléye Lélo, L. Ndiaye, B. Faye, M. Ndiaye, T. Dieng, O. Gaye
Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infection (IPI) remains major public health problem in worldwide, being most prevalent in developing countries. Mass drug administration with Mebendazole is an effective strategy for the control of these diseases in pre-school and schoolchildren. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and established associated risk factors among pre-school and schoolchildren living in rural area in Senegal. Materials and method: A cross sectional survey was carried out between Novembers to December 2014. Children less than 10 years were randomly selected using a systematic random sampling method. Stool samples were examined by light microscopy for the detection of parasite using direct examination, Modified Ritchie Method and the modified Ziehl Neelsen staining method. Results: Among 392 children selected in the study, 137 were found with at least one intestinal parasite representing an overall prevalence of 34.95% [CI 95% (29.3–41.3)]. Protozoan infection was more frequent than helminthic infection (93.4% versus 2.2% respectively). Association between helminths and protozoa was 4.4%. Intestinal parasites identified were Giardia intestinales (72.48%), Entamoeba coli (13.76%), Blastocystis hominis (3.67%) and Hymenolepis nana (1.83%). Prevalence was higher among children aged over 5 years old (48.4%) (aOR= 5.39; 95% IC (2.06–13.9); p=0.001). Children living in family with more than 10 individuals and those drinking unsafe water were found most infected respectively 37.5%) (aOR= 1.24; 95% CI (0.65–2.38); p=0.51) and (42.3%) (aOR=1.45; 95% CI (0.83–2.52); p=0.18). Prevalence was higher in children with underweight 36.3% [aOR= 1.53; 95% IC (0.88–2.67); p=0.13). No correlation was found between sex and intestinal parasitic infection. Conclusion: This study showed that intestinal parasites remain prevalent in pre-school and schoolchildren with a changing of the epidemiological profile. Protozoan infection was more frequent than helminthic infection. Preventive measures including mass drug administration with Albendazole and water supply could reduce the prevalence of these diseases.
肠道寄生虫感染(IPI)仍然是世界范围内主要的公共卫生问题，在发展中国家最为普遍。在学龄前儿童和学龄儿童中，大量使用甲苯咪唑给药是控制这些疾病的有效策略。本研究的目的是评估塞内加尔农村地区学龄前儿童和学龄儿童肠道寄生虫感染的流行情况，并确定相关危险因素。材料与方法:于2014年11月至12月进行横断面调查。采用系统随机抽样方法，随机抽取10岁以下儿童。采用光镜下直接检查、改良Ritchie法和改良Ziehl - Neelsen染色法对粪便标本进行寄生虫检测。结果:在研究中选择的392名儿童中，发现137名至少有一种肠道寄生虫，总体患病率为34.95% [CI 95%(29.3-41.3)]。原虫感染发生率高于蠕虫感染发生率(93.4% vs 2.2%)。蠕虫与原生动物的关联度为4.4%。检出的肠道寄生虫分别为肠贾第虫(72.48%)、大肠内阿米巴(13.76%)、人芽囊虫(3.67%)和膜膜绦虫(1.83%)。5岁以上儿童患病率较高(48.4%)(aOR= 5.39;95% IC (2.06-13.9);p = 0.001)。10人以上家庭儿童和饮用不安全饮用水儿童感染最多，分别为37.5% (aOR= 1.24;95% ci (0.65-2.38);p=0.51)和(42.3%)(aOR=1.45;95% ci (0.83-2.52);p = 0.18)。体重不足儿童患病率较高，为36.3% [aOR= 1.53;95% IC (0.88-2.67);p = 0.13)。性别与肠道寄生虫感染无相关性。结论:肠道寄生虫在学龄前和学龄儿童中普遍存在，但流行病学资料有所变化。原虫感染较蠕虫感染多见。预防措施包括大量服用阿苯达唑和供水可减少这些疾病的流行。
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