Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2024-12-25DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100618
Jiang-Rui Wang , Yin-Long Li , Hai-Tao Zhang , Zhao-Bao Xiang , Jing Zuo , Bo Peng , Xing-Yu Liu , Hong Ou
A green and efficient ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was developed to acquire flavonoids from Rudbeckia hirta L. flowers. Among 14 DESs synthesized from choline chloride and different hydrogen bond donors, choline chloride:ethylene glycol (1:2) was identified as the best for flavonoid extraction. Response surface methodology, adopted for parameter optimization of the DES-UAE method, revealed that the maximal total flavonoid content (TFC), at 37.41 ± 1.32 mg rutin equivalents/g dry mass, was extracted at 50 °C, a DES water content of 16 %, and 85 W ultrasonic power. DES-UAE increased the TFC and the antioxidant capacity of the extract while reducing the time, temperature, and ultrasonic power required for extraction when compared with conventional extraction techniques. HPLC analysis revealed that the replacement of DES for ethanol in UAE increased the contents of individual flavonoids of interest (quercetagitrin, patulitrin, patuletin, and quercetin) in the extracts in a range from 9.4 % to 24.4 %. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract, assessed using a lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammation model, was substantially higher after using DES-UAE than after using traditional methods. The flavonoids present in the extract may be responsible for most of the anti-inflammatory activity of the R. hirta extract. In summary, DES-UAE is a sustainable and high-performance extraction procedure for the extraction of natural flavonoids from plants. Moreover, R. hirta can be regarded as a good resource for the isolation of natural anti-inflammatory agents and flavonoids.
{"title":"Ultrasound-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Rudbeckia hirta L. flowers using deep eutectic solvents: Optimization, HPLC analysis and anti-inflammatory activity","authors":"Jiang-Rui Wang , Yin-Long Li , Hai-Tao Zhang , Zhao-Bao Xiang , Jing Zuo , Bo Peng , Xing-Yu Liu , Hong Ou","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A green and efficient ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was developed to acquire flavonoids from <em>Rudbeckia hirta</em> L. flowers. Among 14 DESs synthesized from choline chloride and different hydrogen bond donors, choline chloride:ethylene glycol (1:2) was identified as the best for flavonoid extraction. Response surface methodology, adopted for parameter optimization of the DES-UAE method, revealed that the maximal total flavonoid content (TFC), at 37.41 ± 1.32 mg rutin equivalents/g dry mass, was extracted at 50 °C, a DES water content of 16 %, and 85 W ultrasonic power. DES-UAE increased the TFC and the antioxidant capacity of the extract while reducing the time, temperature, and ultrasonic power required for extraction when compared with conventional extraction techniques. HPLC analysis revealed that the replacement of DES for ethanol in UAE increased the contents of individual flavonoids of interest (quercetagitrin, patulitrin, patuletin, and quercetin) in the extracts in a range from 9.4 % to 24.4 %. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract, assessed using a lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammation model, was substantially higher after using DES-UAE than after using traditional methods. The flavonoids present in the extract may be responsible for most of the anti-inflammatory activity of the <em>R. hirta</em> extract. In summary, DES-UAE is a sustainable and high-performance extraction procedure for the extraction of natural flavonoids from plants. Moreover, <em>R. hirta</em> can be regarded as a good resource for the isolation of natural anti-inflammatory agents and flavonoids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100618"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anabasis articulata, a medicinal plant used in Algeria to treat various ailments, also has significant pastoral and ecological value. Assessing its tolerance to temperature changes and soil salinity is crucial for understanding its potential use in the restoration of salt-affected lands in dry and semi-arid regions. The objectives of the present work were to determine the optimal temperature for seed germination of an important medicinal species and evaluate the degree of tolerance to saline and thermal stresses during germination and early seedling stages of Anabasis articulata. Seeds were collected from individuals of two populations of Anabasis articulata located in Sed Rahal (Djelfa-Algeria) and Oued N’sa (Ouargla-Algeria). Seeds were germinated at seven salinity levels (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 mM) and incubated at eight temperatures (5,10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45°C). The germination attributes studied were germination kinetics, germination percentage, germination rate, and the measurement of shoot and root lengths of seedlings. The statistical analysis revealed that salinity level and temperature variations significantly affected germination and post-germination characteristics. The highest germination percentages were obtained under non-saline conditions; salt stress delayed or limited the germination process and seedling growth. High temperatures (35–45°C) have a more negative effect than lower temperatures (5–15°C). Optimum temperatures range from 20 to 30°C. At these temperatures, even at a saline concentration of 600 mM, 46 % of the seeds were able to germinate for the Sed Rahal station and 21 % for the Oued N’sa station. Sed Rahal exhibited higher final germination percentages, germination rates, and seedling growth compared to Oued N’sa, particularly under moderate temperatures and lower salinity levels, demonstrating better resilience to salinity and temperature extremes. Sed Rahal seedlings exhibited more reduction in root length at low temperatures, while Oued N’sa seedlings showed more reduction in shoot length at high temperatures. The results demonstrate that this species possesses significant ecological adaptation in germination and seedling stages, making it suitable for the restoration of damaged ecosystems and marginal areas.
在阿尔及利亚用于治疗各种疾病的一种药用植物，也具有重要的畜牧和生态价值。评估其对温度变化和土壤盐度的耐受性对于了解其在干旱和半干旱地区受盐影响的土地恢复中的潜在用途至关重要。本研究的目的是确定一种重要药用植物种子萌发的最佳温度，并评价其萌发和幼苗早期对盐胁迫和热胁迫的耐受程度。在阿尔及利亚杰尔法的Sed Rahal和阿尔及利亚瓦尔格拉的Oued N 'sa两个居群中采集了Anabasis articulata的种子。种子在7种盐度水平（0、100、200、300、400、500和600 mM）下发芽，并在8种温度（5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40和45℃）下孵育。研究了发芽动力学、发芽率、发芽率以及幼苗的茎长和根长。统计分析表明，盐度和温度变化对发芽和萌发后性状有显著影响。无盐条件下发芽率最高；盐胁迫延缓或限制了种子萌发过程和幼苗生长。高温（35-45°C）比低温（5-15°C）的负面影响更大。最佳温度范围为20 ~ 30°C。在这样的温度下，即使盐浓度为600 mM， Sed Rahal站的46 %种子能够发芽，Oued N 'sa站的21 %种子能够发芽。与Oued N 'sa相比，Sed Rahal表现出更高的最终发芽率、发芽率和幼苗生长，特别是在中等温度和较低盐度水平下，表现出更好的盐度和温度极端应变能力。Sed Rahal幼苗在低温下根长减少较多，而Oued N 'sa幼苗在高温下茎长减少较多。结果表明，该树种在萌芽期和苗期具有较强的生态适应性，适合于破坏生态系统和边缘地区的恢复。
{"title":"Effect of salinity and temperature on germination and post germination of Anabasis articulata (Forssk.) Moq. (Amaranthaceae): An important salt tolerant plant in Algeria","authors":"Madjda Aouache , Hafida Trabelsi , Mohammed Elhafed Kherraze , Anouar Chafou , Achouak Guerbazi , Bougoutaia Youcef , Marius-Nicusor Grigore , Ali El-Keblawy","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Anabasis articulata</em>, a medicinal plant used in Algeria to treat various ailments, also has significant pastoral and ecological value. Assessing its tolerance to temperature changes and soil salinity is crucial for understanding its potential use in the restoration of salt-affected lands in dry and semi-arid regions. The objectives of the present work were to determine the optimal temperature for seed germination of an important medicinal species and evaluate the degree of tolerance to saline and thermal stresses during germination and early seedling stages of <em>Anabasis articulata</em>. Seeds were collected from individuals of two populations of <em>Anabasis articulata</em> located in Sed Rahal (Djelfa-Algeria) and Oued N’sa (Ouargla-Algeria). Seeds were germinated at seven salinity levels (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 mM) and incubated at eight temperatures (5,10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45°C). The germination attributes studied were germination kinetics, germination percentage, germination rate, and the measurement of shoot and root lengths of seedlings. The statistical analysis revealed that salinity level and temperature variations significantly affected germination and post-germination characteristics. The highest germination percentages were obtained under non-saline conditions; salt stress delayed or limited the germination process and seedling growth. High temperatures (35–45°C) have a more negative effect than lower temperatures (5–15°C). Optimum temperatures range from 20 to 30°C. At these temperatures, even at a saline concentration of 600 mM, 46 % of the seeds were able to germinate for the Sed Rahal station and 21 % for the Oued N’sa station. Sed Rahal exhibited higher final germination percentages, germination rates, and seedling growth compared to Oued N’sa, particularly under moderate temperatures and lower salinity levels, demonstrating better resilience to salinity and temperature extremes. Sed Rahal seedlings exhibited more reduction in root length at low temperatures, while Oued N’sa seedlings showed more reduction in shoot length at high temperatures. The results demonstrate that this species possesses significant ecological adaptation in germination and seedling stages, making it suitable for the restoration of damaged ecosystems and marginal areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100619"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2025-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100629
Xuelin Su , Xuying Wang , Nan Cui , Hailing Xu , Ting Tian , Bo Wei
Malania oleifera is an economically and medicinally important endangered forest tree endemic to the karst region of southwestern China, known for the high neurotic acid content of its seed oil. However, it faces challenges of low germination and survival rates due to its dormancy characteristics and high fatty acid content (prone to mildew). This study examines the impact of gibberellic acid (GA3) on M. oleifera seed germination and the associated physiological and biochemical responses. The results showed that the freshly harvested seeds of M. oleifera remained high (78.33 %) viability but germination was low (50 %) after 5 months of storage. 600 mg/L GA3 significantly increased the seed germination index, but had no effect on the mildew rate, while 400 mg/L GA3 reduced the mildew rate. Soluble sugar content was inversely related to GA3 concentration, while soluble protein levels varied, reaching a minimum at 600 mg/L. Antioxidant (SOD, CAT, POD) and starch-degrading enzyme (α-amylase and β-amylase) activities peaked at this GA3 concentration. The soluble protein level under 600 mg/L GA3 treatment was lowest at early stage (S1) and soluble sugar level was lowest at late stage (S2). Antioxidant enzyme and starch-degrading enzyme activities increased with germination, peaking at the final stage (S3). In summary, under the 600 mg/L GA3 treatment, germination parameters, antioxidant enzymes, and starch - degrading enzymes in M. oleifera seeds were all maximized. Further observation of the four germination stages revealed significant changes in nutrients and enzyme activities, accelerating nutrient consumption and enhancing antioxidant defense.
{"title":"Enhancing germination and growth in Malania oleifera Chun & S. K. Lee seeds through gibberellic acid priming","authors":"Xuelin Su , Xuying Wang , Nan Cui , Hailing Xu , Ting Tian , Bo Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Malania oleifera</em> is an economically and medicinally important endangered forest tree endemic to the karst region of southwestern China, known for the high neurotic acid content of its seed oil. However, it faces challenges of low germination and survival rates due to its dormancy characteristics and high fatty acid content (prone to mildew). This study examines the impact of gibberellic acid (GA<sub>3</sub>) on <em>M. oleifera</em> seed germination and the associated physiological and biochemical responses. The results showed that the freshly harvested seeds of <em>M. oleifera</em> remained high (78.33 %) viability but germination was low (50 %) after 5 months of storage. 600 mg/L GA<sub>3</sub> significantly increased the seed germination index, but had no effect on the mildew rate, while 400 mg/L GA<sub>3</sub> reduced the mildew rate. Soluble sugar content was inversely related to GA<sub>3</sub> concentration, while soluble protein levels varied, reaching a minimum at 600 mg/L. Antioxidant (SOD, CAT, POD) and starch-degrading enzyme (α-amylase and β-amylase) activities peaked at this GA<sub>3</sub> concentration. The soluble protein level under 600 mg/L GA<sub>3</sub> treatment was lowest at early stage (S1) and soluble sugar level was lowest at late stage (S2). Antioxidant enzyme and starch-degrading enzyme activities increased with germination, peaking at the final stage (S3). In summary, under the 600 mg/L GA<sub>3</sub> treatment, germination parameters, antioxidant enzymes, and starch - degrading enzymes in <em>M. oleifera</em> seeds were all maximized. Further observation of the four germination stages revealed significant changes in nutrients and enzyme activities, accelerating nutrient consumption and enhancing antioxidant defense.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100629"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A large amount of residual waste biomass is generated from medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) sector that needs to be utilized through effective recycling as resources and to reduce environmental load. In this study, identification of functional groups, surface morphology, nature of crystallinity, thermal property, biochemical (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin), and elemental profiling (macro and micro nutrients) was carried out in residual biomasses of six aromatic and two medicinal plants to understand their best alternate use as different bio-refinery potential such as bioethanol, biochar, compost, bioactive rich extract, and growth medium. The biochemical and elemental profile provided quantitative data for primary grouping of the biomasses based on their possible usage that was supported by qualitative (or semi-quantitative) data from functional, morphological characterization, analysis of crystallinity and thermal behaviour. The biomass of MAPs like lemongrass, palmarosa, java citronella, isabgol and ashwagandha had higher cellulose and hemicellulose content (structural, crystalline and biochemical information), make them useful for preparing bioethanol. On the other hand, biomasses with high aromaticity and thermal stability in their structure like- holy basil, sweet basil, menthol mint and isabgol, found suitable towards development of biochar. Elemental profile showed suitability of holy basil, sweet basil, menthol mint and isabgol biomass for their composting potential. All biomasses seemed to be useful for growth medium preparation based on biochemical, functional and morphological analysis. Amalgamation of different characterization techniques were found rational to understand the best alternative(s) for residual biomasses. Thus, this study helps to develop a strategy for complete recycling of biomasses under model bio-refinery, which also advocate circular economy.
{"title":"Recycling of residual biomass of medicinal and aromatic plants: A valuable alternative towards bio-refinery","authors":"Rohan Sarkar , B.B. Basak , Atanu Banerjee , Elias Mosaffa , Arpan Bhowmik","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A large amount of residual waste biomass is generated from medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) sector that needs to be utilized through effective recycling as resources and to reduce environmental load. In this study, identification of functional groups, surface morphology, nature of crystallinity, thermal property, biochemical (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin), and elemental profiling (macro and micro nutrients) was carried out in residual biomasses of six aromatic and two medicinal plants to understand their best alternate use as different bio-refinery potential such as bioethanol, biochar, compost, bioactive rich extract, and growth medium. The biochemical and elemental profile provided quantitative data for primary grouping of the biomasses based on their possible usage that was supported by qualitative (or semi-quantitative) data from functional, morphological characterization, analysis of crystallinity and thermal behaviour. The biomass of MAPs like lemongrass, palmarosa, java citronella, isabgol and ashwagandha had higher cellulose and hemicellulose content (structural, crystalline and biochemical information), make them useful for preparing bioethanol. On the other hand, biomasses with high aromaticity and thermal stability in their structure like- holy basil, sweet basil, menthol mint and isabgol, found suitable towards development of biochar. Elemental profile showed suitability of holy basil, sweet basil, menthol mint and isabgol biomass for their composting potential. All biomasses seemed to be useful for growth medium preparation based on biochemical, functional and morphological analysis. Amalgamation of different characterization techniques were found rational to understand the best alternative(s) for residual biomasses. Thus, this study helps to develop a strategy for complete recycling of biomasses under model bio-refinery, which also advocate circular economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100624"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01Epub Date: 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100609
Gerald Binder , Matthias Knödler , Bernhard Klier , Patricia Zang , Hagen Albert , Alexandra Barofsky , Barbara Steinhoff
In order to guarantee the safety of patients and consumers, the European legal framework restricts the content of heavy metals and further elements in plant material used for the production of medicinal and food products. This data evaluation comprises findings on seven elements between 2016 and 2021 which were assessed against the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur.) and the ICH Q3D guideline on elemental impurities. !5.328 herbal drug samples from 427 products and 537 essential oil samples from 25 products were included in this evaluation which demonstrates that the Ph. Eur. limits set for cadmium, lead and mercury are considered appropriate. Samples from organic production revealed a lower occurrence of cadmium, lead and mercury as compared to samples from conventional production. With regard to the ICH Q3D requirements, none of the herbal drug samples exceeded the respective limit for cobalt, nickel and vanadium, while for arsenic higher values were observed in individual cases. A comparison of the findings with a former period of evaluation showed an increase in positive findings and also a few more exceedances of the Ph.Eur. limits. For essential oils, it can be confirmed that independent from the production process, the probability of heavy metal contamination is low.
为了保证患者和消费者的安全，欧洲法律框架限制了用于生产医药和食品的植物材料中的重金属和其他元素含量。本数据评估包括 2016 年至 2021 年期间对七种元素的检测结果，并根据《欧洲药典》（Ph.Eur.）和 ICH Q3D 元素杂质指南的要求进行了评估。来自 427 个产品的 5.328 个草药样品和来自 25 个产品的 537 个精油样品被纳入评估范围，这表明《欧洲药典》对镉、铅和汞的限制是适当的。与传统生产的样品相比，有机生产的样品中镉、铅和汞的含量较低。根据 ICH Q3D 的要求，所有中草药样品中的钴、镍和钒都没有超过相应的限值，而砷的限值在个别情况下较高。与前一阶段的评估结果相比，阳性结果有所增加，同时也发现了一些超出欧洲药典限值的情况。对于精油来说，可以确认的是，与生产过程无关，重金属污染的可能性很低。
{"title":"Findings on the heavy metal content in herbal drugs and essential oils – An updated database evaluation","authors":"Gerald Binder , Matthias Knödler , Bernhard Klier , Patricia Zang , Hagen Albert , Alexandra Barofsky , Barbara Steinhoff","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to guarantee the safety of patients and consumers, the European legal framework restricts the content of heavy metals and further elements in plant material used for the production of medicinal and food products. This data evaluation comprises findings on seven elements between 2016 and 2021 which were assessed against the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur.) and the ICH Q3D guideline on elemental impurities. !5.328 herbal drug samples from 427 products and 537 essential oil samples from 25 products were included in this evaluation which demonstrates that the Ph. Eur. limits set for cadmium, lead and mercury are considered appropriate. Samples from organic production revealed a lower occurrence of cadmium, lead and mercury as compared to samples from conventional production. With regard to the ICH Q3D requirements, none of the herbal drug samples exceeded the respective limit for cobalt, nickel and vanadium<em>,</em> while for arsenic higher values were observed in individual cases. A comparison of the findings with a former period of evaluation showed an increase in positive findings and also a few more exceedances of the Ph.Eur. limits. For essential oils, it can be confirmed that independent from the production process, the probability of heavy metal contamination is low.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100609"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01Epub Date: 2024-11-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100612
Jorge Warner , Yesly Camacho-Solís , Víctor M. Jiménez , Alfonso García-Piñeres
Vanilla (Orchidaceae) is a highly valued spice used in a wide range of products. Although wild crop relatives of Vanilla planifolia, the primary cultivated species, may possess traits for crop improvement, they have received limited attention. This study presents an optimized and reproducible flow cytometry protocol adapted to Vanilla leaves, that effectively prevents nuclei clustering and raphide interference. Assessing nuclear C-DNA content and estimating DNA ploidy in succulent plant tissues pose significant challenges. The abundance of polysaccharides and raphides in Vanilla tissues often leads to inaccuracies in cytometric measurements and difficulties in instrument maintenance. To address this issue, we used a nuclei isolation buffer containing 2.0 % (v/v) detergent and utilized the clear upper phase of the filtrate after raphide sedimentation to obtain accurate nuclear DNA content values. We applied this protocol to estimate the C-DNA content of 12 Vanilla species native to Costa Rica and a widely cultivated commercial hybrid. The values ranged from 5.211 ± 0.008 pg in V. planifolia to 9.0 ± 1.3 pg in V. pompona, with no clear distinction between species of the subgenera Vanilla and Xanata. For the first time, we report the 2C-DNA content of V. costaricensis, V. dressleri, V. hartii, V. helleri, V. inodora, V. karen-christianae and the 'Vaitsy' hybrid. Our results confirm the occurrence of partial endoreplication in all samples analyzed. This study contributes to the understanding of less studied wild crop relatives of V. planifolia and provides an improved method for flow cytometric analysis that can be applied to tissues containing mucilaginous compounds and raphides of other plant species.
{"title":"Optimized flow cytometry protocol for assessing DNA content in Vanilla (Orchidaceae) species: Insights into crop wild relatives and a commercial hybrid","authors":"Jorge Warner , Yesly Camacho-Solís , Víctor M. Jiménez , Alfonso García-Piñeres","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vanilla (Orchidaceae) is a highly valued spice used in a wide range of products. Although wild crop relatives of <em>Vanilla planifolia</em>, the primary cultivated species, may possess traits for crop improvement, they have received limited attention. This study presents an optimized and reproducible flow cytometry protocol adapted to <em>Vanilla</em> leaves, that effectively prevents nuclei clustering and raphide interference. Assessing nuclear C-DNA content and estimating DNA ploidy in succulent plant tissues pose significant challenges. The abundance of polysaccharides and raphides in <em>Vanilla</em> tissues often leads to inaccuracies in cytometric measurements and difficulties in instrument maintenance. To address this issue, we used a nuclei isolation buffer containing 2.0 % (v/v) detergent and utilized the clear upper phase of the filtrate after raphide sedimentation to obtain accurate nuclear DNA content values. We applied this protocol to estimate the C-DNA content of 12 <em>Vanilla</em> species native to Costa Rica and a widely cultivated commercial hybrid. The values ranged from 5.211 ± 0.008 pg in <em>V. planifolia</em> to 9.0 ± 1.3 pg in <em>V. pompona</em>, with no clear distinction between species of the subgenera <em>Vanilla</em> and <em>Xanata</em>. For the first time, we report the 2C-DNA content of <em>V. costaricensis</em>, <em>V. dressleri</em>, <em>V. hartii</em>, <em>V. helleri</em>, <em>V. inodora</em>, <em>V. karen-christianae</em> and the 'Vaitsy' hybrid. Our results confirm the occurrence of partial endoreplication in all samples analyzed. This study contributes to the understanding of less studied wild crop relatives of <em>V. planifolia</em> and provides an improved method for flow cytometric analysis that can be applied to tissues containing mucilaginous compounds and raphides of other plant species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100612"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143164541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acorus tatarinowii is a natural medicinal plant integral to traditional aromatic therapies. It is commonly employed in the treatment of depression, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease due to its significant medicinal and aromatic properties. However, the genetic diversity of wild A. tatarinowii resources has declined due to over-exploitation and habitat destruction. This study aims to assess the genetic diversity of the natural populations of A. tatarinowii, establish a core germplasm bank, explore its genetic richness and uniqueness, prevent genetic erosion, and identify beneficial genes. In this study, for the first time, 429A. tatarinowii samples from 40 populations were analyzed for genetic diversity and population structure using Hyper-Seq technology. A total of 4772,850 high-quality Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and 1563,000 Insertions and Deletions (InDels) variant loci were identified, with C/T as the predominant variant type and a Ts/Tv ratio of 1.079. Annotation of these loci indicated that the majority of variants occurring in intergenic regions, accounting for 50.59 % of the total. Moreover, the heterozygosity, nucleotide diversity, and FST of A. tatarinowii suggested low genetic diversity within this species within the populations. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the population variation of A. tatarinowii is mainly caused by the variation between populations (72.06 %), while the variation within populations only contributes a small part (27.94 %) Through NJ tree, PCA, and ADMIXTURE analyses, the 429A. tatarinowii samples were classified into five subgroups, with some genetic exchange observed. A total of 7163 high-quality polymorphic SNPs were identified, and a core germplasm consisting of 85 samples was established, achieving genotype retention rates similar to those of the original germplasm. This indicates that a smaller number of germplasm resources can effectively represent the majority of the genetic diversity. Additionally, PCA analysis further confirmed the representativeness and validity of the constructed core germplasm resources. Furthermore, the DNA fingerprints of the 429 accessions were established using the most effective combinations of 26 SNP markers, which served as specific markers to effectively distinguish all samples. In conclusion, these findings offer valuable insights into the genetic structure of A. tatarinowii, facilitating the identification of high-quality genes and providing a scientific foundation for the development of breeding programs and conservation strategies for A. tatarinowii.
唐菖蒲是传统芳香疗法中不可或缺的天然药用植物。由于其显著的药用和芳香特性，它通常被用于治疗抑郁症、癫痫和老年痴呆症。然而，由于过度开发和栖息地破坏，野生 A. tatarinowii 资源的遗传多样性已经下降。本研究旨在评估 A. tatarinowii 自然种群的遗传多样性，建立核心种质库，探索其遗传丰富性和独特性，防止遗传侵蚀，并鉴定有益基因。本研究首次利用 Hyper-Seq 技术分析了来自 40 个种群的 429 个 A. tatarinowii 样本的遗传多样性和种群结构。共鉴定出 4772850 个高质量单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）和 1563000 个插入和缺失（InDels）变异位点，其中 C/T 为主要变异类型，Ts/Tv 比为 1.079。对这些位点的注释表明，大多数变异发生在基因间区域，占总数的 50.59%。此外，A. tatarinowii 的杂合度、核苷酸多样性和 FST 表明该物种在种群内的遗传多样性较低。分子方差分析（AMOVA）显示，A. tatarinowii的种群变异主要由种群间的变异引起（72.06%），而种群内的变异只占一小部分（27.94%）。通过NJ树、PCA和ADMIXTURE分析，429个A. tatarinowii样本被分为5个亚群，并观察到一些遗传交换。共鉴定出 7163 个高质量多态 SNPs，并建立了由 85 个样本组成的核心种质，其基因型保留率与原始种质相似。这表明，数量较少的种质资源也能有效代表大部分遗传多样性。此外，PCA 分析进一步证实了所构建的核心种质资源的代表性和有效性。此外，利用 26 个 SNP 标记的最有效组合，建立了 429 个样本的 DNA 指纹，这些标记作为特异性标记可有效区分所有样本。总之，这些研究结果为了解 A. tatarinowii 的遗传结构提供了宝贵的信息，有助于鉴定优质基因，并为制定 A. tatarinowii 的育种计划和保护策略提供了科学依据。
{"title":"Assessment of genetic diversity and construction of core germplasm in populations of Acorus tatarinowii based on SNP markers","authors":"Qian Qin, Yanjing Dong, Jiaqi He, Jialong Chen, Danyang Wu, Shouwen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Acorus tatarinowii</em> is a natural medicinal plant integral to traditional aromatic therapies. It is commonly employed in the treatment of depression, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease due to its significant medicinal and aromatic properties. However, the genetic diversity of wild <em>A. tatarinowii</em> resources has declined due to over-exploitation and habitat destruction. This study aims to assess the genetic diversity of the natural populations of <em>A. tatarinowii</em>, establish a core germplasm bank, explore its genetic richness and uniqueness, prevent genetic erosion, and identify beneficial genes. In this study, for the first time, 429A. tatarinowii samples from 40 populations were analyzed for genetic diversity and population structure using Hyper-Seq technology. A total of 4772,850 high-quality Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and 1563,000 Insertions and Deletions (InDels) variant loci were identified, with C/T as the predominant variant type and a Ts/Tv ratio of 1.079. Annotation of these loci indicated that the majority of variants occurring in intergenic regions, accounting for 50.59 % of the total. Moreover, the heterozygosity, nucleotide diversity, and FST of <em>A. tatarinowii</em> suggested low genetic diversity within this species within the populations. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the population variation of <em>A. tatarinowii</em> is mainly caused by the variation between populations (72.06 %), while the variation within populations only contributes a small part (27.94 %) Through NJ tree, PCA, and ADMIXTURE analyses, the 429<em>A. tatarinowii</em> samples were classified into five subgroups, with some genetic exchange observed. A total of 7163 high-quality polymorphic SNPs were identified, and a core germplasm consisting of 85 samples was established, achieving genotype retention rates similar to those of the original germplasm. This indicates that a smaller number of germplasm resources can effectively represent the majority of the genetic diversity. Additionally, PCA analysis further confirmed the representativeness and validity of the constructed core germplasm resources. Furthermore, the DNA fingerprints of the 429 accessions were established using the most effective combinations of 26 SNP markers, which served as specific markers to effectively distinguish all samples. In conclusion, these findings offer valuable insights into the genetic structure of <em>A. tatarinowii</em>, facilitating the identification of high-quality genes and providing a scientific foundation for the development of breeding programs and conservation strategies for <em>A. tatarinowii</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100605"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142723020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01Epub Date: 2024-11-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100611
Mingxing Wang , Rong Xu , Ming Luo , Xinyao Li , Lu Wei , Mi Lei , Dahui Liu , Yuhuan Miao
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. is a widely used Chinese Medicinal Material with economic and medicinal value. Few molecular studies have been conducted on P. ternata, resulting in a lack of applicable molecular markers. This present research analyzed the genetic diversity of 255 P. ternata germplasm resources from China, including 117 wild germplasm resources and 138 cultivated germplasm resources. Following the development of 17 pairs of highly polymorphic primers, 126 alleles were found; the average polymorphism was 99.21 %. The average number of observed alleles (Na), effective alleles (Ne) were 1.98 and 1.36, respectively. The mean of the Nei genetic diversity index (H), the Shannon's information index (I) and the polymorphic information content (PIC) were 0.23, 0.36 and 0.6482, respectively. The population structure of P. ternata germplasm resources was categorized into two groups, designated as Group 1 and Group 2. The majority of wild germplasm resources was clustered in Group 1. Phylogenetic and population structure analyses produced similar results. A comparison of the genetic diversity parameters of wild and cultivated germplasm revealed that the genetic diversity was higher in the former, while the genetic differentiation level of the two types of germplasm was low. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) demonstrated that 9 % of the genetic variation was between populations and 91 % of the genetic variation was within populations. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) served to corroborate the findings of the cluster and population structure analysis. It was found that P. ternata with tubers having red epidermis was more separated from other germplasm resources. Association analysis based on the generalized linear model (GLM) detected four EST-SSR markers significantly associated with P. ternata tuber color. This study will be helpful for P. ternata germplasm resource conservation, identification and trait-specific breeding programs.
{"title":"Analysis of genetic diversity and population structure of Pinellia ternata using EST-SSR markers","authors":"Mingxing Wang , Rong Xu , Ming Luo , Xinyao Li , Lu Wei , Mi Lei , Dahui Liu , Yuhuan Miao","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Pinellia ternata</em> (Thunb.) Breit. is a widely used Chinese Medicinal Material with economic and medicinal value. Few molecular studies have been conducted on <em>P. ternata</em>, resulting in a lack of applicable molecular markers. This present research analyzed the genetic diversity of 255 <em>P. ternata</em> germplasm resources from China, including 117 wild germplasm resources and 138 cultivated germplasm resources. Following the development of 17 pairs of highly polymorphic primers, 126 alleles were found; the average polymorphism was 99.21 %. The average number of observed alleles (<em>Na</em>), effective alleles (<em>Ne</em>) were 1.98 and 1.36, respectively. The mean of the Nei genetic diversity index (<em>H</em>), the Shannon's information index (<em>I</em>) and the polymorphic information content (<em>PIC</em>) were 0.23, 0.36 and 0.6482, respectively. The population structure of <em>P. ternata</em> germplasm resources was categorized into two groups, designated as Group 1 and Group 2. The majority of wild germplasm resources was clustered in Group 1. Phylogenetic and population structure analyses produced similar results. A comparison of the genetic diversity parameters of wild and cultivated germplasm revealed that the genetic diversity was higher in the former, while the genetic differentiation level of the two types of germplasm was low. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) demonstrated that 9 % of the genetic variation was between populations and 91 % of the genetic variation was within populations. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) served to corroborate the findings of the cluster and population structure analysis. It was found that <em>P. ternata</em> with tubers having red epidermis was more separated from other germplasm resources. Association analysis based on the generalized linear model (GLM) detected four EST-SSR markers significantly associated with <em>P. ternata</em> tuber color. This study will be helpful for <em>P. ternata</em> germplasm resource conservation, identification and trait-specific breeding programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100611"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01Epub Date: 2024-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100615
Raquel Parra Loureiro , Thiago Luis Aguayo de Castro , Claudia Andrea Lima Cardoso
The use of medicinal plants that produce a secondary metabolite continues to grow along with population growth. One of these species is Campomanesia sessiliflora (O. Berg) Mattos. The literature reports that C. sessiliflora is rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which possess high anti-aging activity and can be utilized in the cosmetic and food industries. Optimizing the extraction of bioactive compounds from this plant is crucial for its industrial application. Currently, Campomanesia sessiliflora leaves are discarded as pruning waste. The evaluation of secondary metabolites from C. sessiliflora leaves is essential to making their use feasible for obtaining antioxidant and photoprotective extracts. This study aims to optimize the extraction of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, chlorophyll α, chlorophyll β, and carotenoids, as well as evaluate the antioxidant potential, sun protection factor (SPF), and the ultraviolet region scans of the leaf extracts. Liquid chromatography with a diode array detector was used to identify chemical compounds. The extracts were evaluated using different plant-to-solvent ratios and varying ethanol concentrations in water. A correlation test was conducted between the spectrophotometric profile and the levels of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and the antioxidant potential of C. sessiliflora leaf extracts. Results showed a positive correlation between ethanol levels and the presence of chlorophyll α, chlorophyll β, carotenoids, and flavonoids. Additionally, a correlation was found between antioxidant potential, SPF, and phenolic compound content. Statistical analyses indicate that the ethanol concentration in water is more significantly relevant than the different plant-to-solvent proportions. Gallic acid, syringic acid, catechin, epicatechin, and rutin were identified in all samples. Absorption at the 260 nm wavelength can be used for extract quality control. Regarding the monitored parameters, the best extract was obtained using 2 % leaves in 25 % ethanol in water.
{"title":"Optimization of the extraction of bioactive compounds from the leaves of Campomanesia sessiliflora (O. Berg) Mattos: Standardizing the utilization of a new resource","authors":"Raquel Parra Loureiro , Thiago Luis Aguayo de Castro , Claudia Andrea Lima Cardoso","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of medicinal plants that produce a secondary metabolite continues to grow along with population growth. One of these species is <em>Campomanesia sessiliflora</em> (O. Berg) Mattos. The literature reports that <em>C. sessiliflora</em> is rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which possess high anti-aging activity and can be utilized in the cosmetic and food industries. Optimizing the extraction of bioactive compounds from this plant is crucial for its industrial application. Currently, <em>Campomanesia sessiliflora</em> leaves are discarded as pruning waste. The evaluation of secondary metabolites from C. sessiliflora leaves is essential to making their use feasible for obtaining antioxidant and photoprotective extracts. This study aims to optimize the extraction of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, chlorophyll α, chlorophyll β, and carotenoids, as well as evaluate the antioxidant potential, sun protection factor (SPF), and the ultraviolet region scans of the leaf extracts. Liquid chromatography with a diode array detector was used to identify chemical compounds. The extracts were evaluated using different plant-to-solvent ratios and varying ethanol concentrations in water. A correlation test was conducted between the spectrophotometric profile and the levels of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and the antioxidant potential of <em>C. sessiliflora</em> leaf extracts. Results showed a positive correlation between ethanol levels and the presence of chlorophyll α, chlorophyll β, carotenoids, and flavonoids. Additionally, a correlation was found between antioxidant potential, SPF, and phenolic compound content. Statistical analyses indicate that the ethanol concentration in water is more significantly relevant than the different plant-to-solvent proportions. Gallic acid, syringic acid, catechin, epicatechin, and rutin were identified in all samples. Absorption at the 260 nm wavelength can be used for extract quality control. Regarding the monitored parameters, the best extract was obtained using 2 % leaves in 25 % ethanol in water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100615"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alpine medicinal plant growth, physiological processes and final number of metabolites are affected by elevation, demonstrating phenotypic plasticity. Therefore, in-depth understanding the alpine medicinal plant behaviors in responding to shift elevation has actually implications for resources protection, sustainable utilization and domestication cultivation. Currently, lots of literature detailly studied the effect of environmental factors on the synthesis and metabolism of second metabolisms in medicinal plants while the responding results of phenotype and metabolism to constrain environmental still lack systematic classification and summary. Hence, basing on previous works and literature, the adjustment of morphology and metabolism of alpine medicinal plants in responding of shift elevation were systematically outlined. The results of this reviews can know how the alpine plant adapting to shift elevation through physiological, metabolic and morphological adaptation. And this knowledge can be integrated into a framework for domesticating and protecting alpine medicinal plants, and can also serve as a quick tool to study the effects of climate warming on plateau medicinal plants.
{"title":"Morphological and physiological plasticity of alpine medicinal plants along an elevational gradient","authors":"Xuemei Wu , Liwen Zhong , Guopeng Chen , Shihong Zhong , Rui Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alpine medicinal plant growth, physiological processes and final number of metabolites are affected by elevation, demonstrating phenotypic plasticity. Therefore, in-depth understanding the alpine medicinal plant behaviors in responding to shift elevation has actually implications for resources protection, sustainable utilization and domestication cultivation. Currently, lots of literature detailly studied the effect of environmental factors on the synthesis and metabolism of second metabolisms in medicinal plants while the responding results of phenotype and metabolism to constrain environmental still lack systematic classification and summary. Hence, basing on previous works and literature, the adjustment of morphology and metabolism of alpine medicinal plants in responding of shift elevation were systematically outlined. The results of this reviews can know how the alpine plant adapting to shift elevation through physiological, metabolic and morphological adaptation. And this knowledge can be integrated into a framework for domesticating and protecting alpine medicinal plants, and can also serve as a quick tool to study the effects of climate warming on plateau medicinal plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100613"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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