{"title":"First Record of the Invasive Poneracantha triangularis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Georgia (USA)","authors":"A. Harvey","doi":"10.18474/JES22-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-21","url":null,"abstract":"Sci. 57(4): 2022)","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"625 - 627"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42471125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Changqing Gou, Hai-ting Hao, Lan Wang, Hong-zu Feng
Abstract The mirid, Lygus pratensis (L.) (Hemiptera: Miridae), is a major pest of cotton (Gossypium spp.) in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. In this study, we aimed to reveal the preferences of L. pratensis toward four potential trap crop plants for use in controlling this pest. The population densities of L. pratensis on five host plants were investigated by visual observation, and the behavioral responses of L. pratensis to the five host plants were determined by Y-type olfactory assays and laboratory selectivity assays. The results showed significant differences in host preferences in the field. The average numbers of adults on the five host plants are in the following order, from high to low: Lepidium latifolium (L.), Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad, Chenopodium glaucum (L.), Medicago sativa (L.), and Gossypium spp. Laboratory selectivity assays found that K. prostrata had the highest number of adults at 5 min, but L. latifolium had the highest number of adults from 1.5 to 4.5 h. The Y-tube olfactometer assays found no significant evidence for selection of L. pratensis between the volatiles of M. sativa and pure air, but did for the other four plants. In conclusion, the blooming stage of L. latifolium was the most attractive to L. pratensis in the field and is, thus, a potential trap crop plant for L. pratensis.
{"title":"Preferences of Lygus pratensis (Hemiptera: Miridae) for Four Potential Trap Crop Plants","authors":"Changqing Gou, Hai-ting Hao, Lan Wang, Hong-zu Feng","doi":"10.18474/JES22-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-01","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The mirid, Lygus pratensis (L.) (Hemiptera: Miridae), is a major pest of cotton (Gossypium spp.) in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. In this study, we aimed to reveal the preferences of L. pratensis toward four potential trap crop plants for use in controlling this pest. The population densities of L. pratensis on five host plants were investigated by visual observation, and the behavioral responses of L. pratensis to the five host plants were determined by Y-type olfactory assays and laboratory selectivity assays. The results showed significant differences in host preferences in the field. The average numbers of adults on the five host plants are in the following order, from high to low: Lepidium latifolium (L.), Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad, Chenopodium glaucum (L.), Medicago sativa (L.), and Gossypium spp. Laboratory selectivity assays found that K. prostrata had the highest number of adults at 5 min, but L. latifolium had the highest number of adults from 1.5 to 4.5 h. The Y-tube olfactometer assays found no significant evidence for selection of L. pratensis between the volatiles of M. sativa and pure air, but did for the other four plants. In conclusion, the blooming stage of L. latifolium was the most attractive to L. pratensis in the field and is, thus, a potential trap crop plant for L. pratensis.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"548 - 560"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42863592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Aphis gossypii Glover and Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are important pests of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Xinjiang, China, that reduce yield and lint quality. We studied competition between the two aphid species in laboratory arenas to better understand population change and competitive advantage between the two and to provide a theoretical basis for the observed population outbreak of aphids in cotton fields. To study intraspecific competition, densities of 5, 10, and 15 aphids per 5-cm-diameter leaf disc were established in individual 6-cm-diameter arenas. Equal numbers of each species were placed on leaf discs in the arenas to establish densities of 3, 5, and 10 aphids of each species per leaf disc to assess interspecific competition. In intraspecific competition assays, the mean generation time (T) and the net reproductive rate (Ro) of both species decreased as aphid density increased, while the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) of Acy. gossypii increased as density increased. In interspecific competition assays, population growth of A. gossypii was higher than with Acy. gossypii at the same density, while the mean generation time of A. gossypii was less than with Acy. gossypii. The net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, and finite rate of increase were higher in A. gossypii than in Acy. gossypii. Density is a key factor affecting competition between A. gossypii and Acy. gossypii. The higher the density, the more intense the interspecific competition, with interspecific competitiveness of A. gossypii stronger than that of Acy. gossypii.
{"title":"Laboratory Assays of Density-Dependent Interspecific and Intraspecific Competition between Aphis gossypii and Acyrthosiphon gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)","authors":"Zhang Quancheng, Yan Wenjing, Wang Jungang","doi":"10.18474/JES21-88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES21-88","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aphis gossypii Glover and Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are important pests of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Xinjiang, China, that reduce yield and lint quality. We studied competition between the two aphid species in laboratory arenas to better understand population change and competitive advantage between the two and to provide a theoretical basis for the observed population outbreak of aphids in cotton fields. To study intraspecific competition, densities of 5, 10, and 15 aphids per 5-cm-diameter leaf disc were established in individual 6-cm-diameter arenas. Equal numbers of each species were placed on leaf discs in the arenas to establish densities of 3, 5, and 10 aphids of each species per leaf disc to assess interspecific competition. In intraspecific competition assays, the mean generation time (T) and the net reproductive rate (Ro) of both species decreased as aphid density increased, while the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) of Acy. gossypii increased as density increased. In interspecific competition assays, population growth of A. gossypii was higher than with Acy. gossypii at the same density, while the mean generation time of A. gossypii was less than with Acy. gossypii. The net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, and finite rate of increase were higher in A. gossypii than in Acy. gossypii. Density is a key factor affecting competition between A. gossypii and Acy. gossypii. The higher the density, the more intense the interspecific competition, with interspecific competitiveness of A. gossypii stronger than that of Acy. gossypii.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"530 - 547"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44549962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A generic trap lure blend of host volatiles (ethanol + α-pinene) and Ips bark beetle pheromones (ipsenol + ipsdienol) is effective for detecting numerous species of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in pine forests of North America. In 2021, the potential benefits of adding two other Ips pheromones (lanierone and cis-verbenol) to traps baited with the pine beetle lure blend were determined in north Georgia. Lanierone and cis-verbenol had no effect on catches of the six cerambycid species captured in the study: Acanthocinus nodosus (F.), A. obsoletus (LeConte), Astylopsis arcuata (LeConte), Monochamus titillator (F.), Neoclytus acuminatus (F.), and Xylotrechus sagittatus Germar. Similarly, neither compound had any effect on catches of some common ambrosia and bark beetles and snout weevils nor on catches of some associated predators, all commonly caught in traps baited with the pine beetle lure blend. In contrast, catches of Ips avulsus Eichhoff and I. grandicollis (Eichhoff) were enhanced by the addition of lanierone, whereas those of I. calligraphus (Germar) and Hylastes tenuis Eichhoff (Curculionidae) were enhanced by the addition of cis-verbenol. The data do not support the addition of lanierone or cis-verbenol to the blend of ethanol + α-pinene + ipsenol + ipsdienol as a trap lure blend for the broad detection of pine longhorn beetles in north Georgia.
{"title":"Catches of Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Traps Baited with Generic Pine Beetle Lure Blend Unaffected by Ips Pheromones Lanierone and cis-Verbenol in Georgia","authors":"Daniel R. Miller","doi":"10.18474/JES22-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-12","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A generic trap lure blend of host volatiles (ethanol + α-pinene) and Ips bark beetle pheromones (ipsenol + ipsdienol) is effective for detecting numerous species of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in pine forests of North America. In 2021, the potential benefits of adding two other Ips pheromones (lanierone and cis-verbenol) to traps baited with the pine beetle lure blend were determined in north Georgia. Lanierone and cis-verbenol had no effect on catches of the six cerambycid species captured in the study: Acanthocinus nodosus (F.), A. obsoletus (LeConte), Astylopsis arcuata (LeConte), Monochamus titillator (F.), Neoclytus acuminatus (F.), and Xylotrechus sagittatus Germar. Similarly, neither compound had any effect on catches of some common ambrosia and bark beetles and snout weevils nor on catches of some associated predators, all commonly caught in traps baited with the pine beetle lure blend. In contrast, catches of Ips avulsus Eichhoff and I. grandicollis (Eichhoff) were enhanced by the addition of lanierone, whereas those of I. calligraphus (Germar) and Hylastes tenuis Eichhoff (Curculionidae) were enhanced by the addition of cis-verbenol. The data do not support the addition of lanierone or cis-verbenol to the blend of ethanol + α-pinene + ipsenol + ipsdienol as a trap lure blend for the broad detection of pine longhorn beetles in north Georgia.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"603 - 613"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43953856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W.M. Sawadogo, B.R. Ahissou, I. Somda, S. Nacro, A. Legrève, F. Verheggen
Abstract The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a worldwide invasive pest of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) that reached West Africa in 2010. Synthetic insecticides remain the most widely used method of control, but several biological alternatives are being developed. In this work, we evaluated nine biopesticides available on the West African market for their ability to control T. absoluta. Using standard leaf or egg dip bioassay methodology, we compared both the ovicidal and the larvicidal activity of these biopesticides at various concentrations of active ingredients. We found that, for each biopesticide tested, the larval lethal concentrations (LC) (8.2–41.14 ml/L) to be lower than those necessary to stop egg hatching (26.7–409.7 ml/L). Two products (Bangr-Kièta [BK]; Bangr-Pougo [BP], formulated in powder), both based on Azadirachta indica A. Jussieu fruit and leaf extracts and Khaya senegalensis (Desrousseaux) A. Jussieu bark extract, showed high efficacy in reducing egg hatchability at their recommended doses, with a calculated control failure likelihood (CFL) reaching 0%. These two products, together with a third one (BP) based on Mitracarpus scaber Zuccarini and K. senegalensis extracts, also showed the strongest larvicidal effects (CFL = 0%). All other tested biological insecticides showed significant efficiency but were found to be less effective at their recommended doses. Because the leafminer has developed resistance to most of the synthetic insecticide available on the market, we recommend that West African tomato producers are encouraged to use the most efficient biological products available.
摘要番茄叶螨(Tuta absoluta Meyrick)是一种全球性的番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)入侵害虫，于2010年传入西非。合成杀虫剂仍然是最广泛使用的防治方法，但正在开发几种生物替代品。在这项工作中，我们评估了西非市场上可获得的九种生物农药对绝对白僵虫的控制能力。采用标准的叶浸或卵浸生物测定方法，比较了这些生物农药在不同浓度的有效成分下的杀卵活性和杀幼虫活性。结果表明，不同生物农药的幼虫致死浓度(LC) (8.2 ~ 41.14 ml/L)均低于阻止卵孵化所需的致死浓度(26.7 ~ 409.7 ml/L)。两个产品(bang - ki ta [BK];Bangr-Pougo [BP]，粉状配方)均以印楝果叶提取物和卡亚(Desrousseaux) a . Jussieu树皮提取物为基础，在推荐剂量下对降低鸡蛋的孵化率有很高的效果，计算出的控制失败可能性(CFL)达到0%。这两种产品与以黄颡鱼和塞内加尔金颡鱼提取物为基础的第三种产品(BP)的杀虫效果也最强(CFL = 0%)。所有其他测试的生物杀虫剂都显示出显著的效果，但发现在其推荐剂量下效果较差。由于叶螨已经对市场上大多数合成杀虫剂产生了抗药性，我们建议鼓励西非番茄生产商使用最有效的生物制品。
{"title":"Ovicidal and Larvicidal Effects of Selected Plant-Based Biopesticides on Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)","authors":"W.M. Sawadogo, B.R. Ahissou, I. Somda, S. Nacro, A. Legrève, F. Verheggen","doi":"10.18474/JES22-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a worldwide invasive pest of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) that reached West Africa in 2010. Synthetic insecticides remain the most widely used method of control, but several biological alternatives are being developed. In this work, we evaluated nine biopesticides available on the West African market for their ability to control T. absoluta. Using standard leaf or egg dip bioassay methodology, we compared both the ovicidal and the larvicidal activity of these biopesticides at various concentrations of active ingredients. We found that, for each biopesticide tested, the larval lethal concentrations (LC) (8.2–41.14 ml/L) to be lower than those necessary to stop egg hatching (26.7–409.7 ml/L). Two products (Bangr-Kièta [BK]; Bangr-Pougo [BP], formulated in powder), both based on Azadirachta indica A. Jussieu fruit and leaf extracts and Khaya senegalensis (Desrousseaux) A. Jussieu bark extract, showed high efficacy in reducing egg hatchability at their recommended doses, with a calculated control failure likelihood (CFL) reaching 0%. These two products, together with a third one (BP) based on Mitracarpus scaber Zuccarini and K. senegalensis extracts, also showed the strongest larvicidal effects (CFL = 0%). All other tested biological insecticides showed significant efficiency but were found to be less effective at their recommended doses. Because the leafminer has developed resistance to most of the synthetic insecticide available on the market, we recommend that West African tomato producers are encouraged to use the most efficient biological products available.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"614 - 624"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48006428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Viridiana Lizeth Gálvez-Partida, Gabriel Otero-Colina, Ariel W. Guzmán-Franco, J. R. Lomeli-Flores, José Rodolfo Olmos-Zepeda, Lauro Soto-Rojas, Guadalupe Carrillo-Benítez, Victoria Díaz-Martínez
Abstract Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) is a cosmopolitan spider mite species that infests more than 900 species of plants, including commercial species. Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boudreaux) is characterized by a red coloration, in contrast to the green-colored T. urticae. Both are occasionally found coexisting in warm environments, and, for that reason, they are considered by some to be synonyms. In this study, we identified specimens of the two morphospecies using optical and electron microscopy and amplification of a segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Bioassays determined the level of susceptibility and survival of both morphospecies when they were infected with the entomopathogenic fungus Neozygites floridana (Weiser and Muma). For the evaluation of the susceptibility of these morphospecies to N. floridana, bioassays were conducted under conditions of 25 ± 2°C, 60 ± 5% relative humidity, and a 12:12-h photoperiod regime. From these bioassays, we found that T. cinnabarinus was less susceptible to N. floridana and that there is a higher level of fertility, survival, and development in the T. cinnabarinus than in the T. urticae mites. Within a mass rearing system, T. cinnabarinus appears be a more efficaceous functional food for predatory mites, such as Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae), than T. urticae to support rearing and release of biological agents for integrated pest management.
{"title":"Susceptibility of Tetranychus cinnabarinus and Tetranychus urticae (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) to Neozygites floridana (Entomophthorales: Neozygitaceae)","authors":"Viridiana Lizeth Gálvez-Partida, Gabriel Otero-Colina, Ariel W. Guzmán-Franco, J. R. Lomeli-Flores, José Rodolfo Olmos-Zepeda, Lauro Soto-Rojas, Guadalupe Carrillo-Benítez, Victoria Díaz-Martínez","doi":"10.18474/JES21-79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES21-79","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) is a cosmopolitan spider mite species that infests more than 900 species of plants, including commercial species. Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boudreaux) is characterized by a red coloration, in contrast to the green-colored T. urticae. Both are occasionally found coexisting in warm environments, and, for that reason, they are considered by some to be synonyms. In this study, we identified specimens of the two morphospecies using optical and electron microscopy and amplification of a segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Bioassays determined the level of susceptibility and survival of both morphospecies when they were infected with the entomopathogenic fungus Neozygites floridana (Weiser and Muma). For the evaluation of the susceptibility of these morphospecies to N. floridana, bioassays were conducted under conditions of 25 ± 2°C, 60 ± 5% relative humidity, and a 12:12-h photoperiod regime. From these bioassays, we found that T. cinnabarinus was less susceptible to N. floridana and that there is a higher level of fertility, survival, and development in the T. cinnabarinus than in the T. urticae mites. Within a mass rearing system, T. cinnabarinus appears be a more efficaceous functional food for predatory mites, such as Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae), than T. urticae to support rearing and release of biological agents for integrated pest management.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"502 - 515"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41693515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Morphological and genetic characters of male and female adults of Batocera lineolata Chevrolat were studied to determine intraspecific sex differences. Morphologically, the 9th and 10th segments of the antennae of male adults have odontoid processes that the female lacks. The longitudinal stripes of each abdominal segment of female adults appear to be connected between each adjacent segment, but those of the male do not appear continuous. Female adults also have a narrow V-shaped longitudinal groove in the 5th abdominal segment, whereas males do not. Amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, cytochrome c oxidase subunit II gene, cytochrome b gene, and ribosomal 16S rRNA gene of four mitochondrial DNA showed sequences that differed between male and female adults. The similarity of the four genes between male and female adults is 98.7%, 99.1%, 98.4%, and 98.8%, respectively. The A+T contents of the four genes in female adults were all higher than in male adults. The difference in content of A+T versus C+G base pairs in female adults was higher than in males. This method of combined morphological and genetic analysis appears to be an accurate and straightforward tool for distinguishing male and female adults of B. lineolata.
{"title":"Comparison of Female and Male Batocera lineolata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Adults with a Combination of Morphological and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis1","authors":"Zengxia Mei, Jian-quan Li, Jie-qiong Yang","doi":"10.18474/JES21-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES21-54","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Morphological and genetic characters of male and female adults of Batocera lineolata Chevrolat were studied to determine intraspecific sex differences. Morphologically, the 9th and 10th segments of the antennae of male adults have odontoid processes that the female lacks. The longitudinal stripes of each abdominal segment of female adults appear to be connected between each adjacent segment, but those of the male do not appear continuous. Female adults also have a narrow V-shaped longitudinal groove in the 5th abdominal segment, whereas males do not. Amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, cytochrome c oxidase subunit II gene, cytochrome b gene, and ribosomal 16S rRNA gene of four mitochondrial DNA showed sequences that differed between male and female adults. The similarity of the four genes between male and female adults is 98.7%, 99.1%, 98.4%, and 98.8%, respectively. The A+T contents of the four genes in female adults were all higher than in male adults. The difference in content of A+T versus C+G base pairs in female adults was higher than in males. This method of combined morphological and genetic analysis appears to be an accurate and straightforward tool for distinguishing male and female adults of B. lineolata.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"333 - 350"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48731364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Protection of greenhouse-grown horticultural crops, including ornamentals and vegetables, from damage caused by insect pests involves implementing strategies such as insecticidal and/or biological control. However, cultural control may also mitigate plant damage caused by insect pests, as well as plant diseases including fungi and bacteria. An important cultural control is sanitation. Herein, we review the use and potential impact of sanitation practices as a part of an integrated pest management program for greenhouse production. These include removing weeds from inside and around the greenhouse perimeter, disposing of plant and growing medium debris from inside the greenhouse, and managing algae within the greenhouse. Weeds serve as alternate hosts for insects, such as aphids (Aphididae), whiteflies (Aleyrodidae), and thrips (Thripidae), that can spread plant viruses among greenhouse-grown horticultural crops. Sanitation practices that may reduce problems with weeds include installing geotextile fabric barriers underneath benches and on walkways, hand removal, mowing around greenhouse perimeters, and/or applying herbicides. Plant and growing medium debris serve as sources of insect pests, such as whiteflies, thrips, and fungus gnats (Sciaridae). Therefore, removal of plant and growing medium debris from within greenhouses and/or placement into refuse containers with tight-sealing lids before disposal may reduce problems with insect pests. Algae provides a habitat for fungus gnats and shore flies (Ephydridae) to breed. Overwatering and overfertilizing plants contributes to algae growth. Applying disinfectants or algaecides may mitigate problems with algae accumulating in greenhouses. In addition to reducing insect pest problems, sanitation practices may help reduce inputs from insecticide applications.
{"title":"The Case for Sanitation as an Insect Pest Management Strategy in Greenhouse Production Systems","authors":"R. Cloyd, N. J. Herrick","doi":"10.18474/JES21-57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES21-57","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Protection of greenhouse-grown horticultural crops, including ornamentals and vegetables, from damage caused by insect pests involves implementing strategies such as insecticidal and/or biological control. However, cultural control may also mitigate plant damage caused by insect pests, as well as plant diseases including fungi and bacteria. An important cultural control is sanitation. Herein, we review the use and potential impact of sanitation practices as a part of an integrated pest management program for greenhouse production. These include removing weeds from inside and around the greenhouse perimeter, disposing of plant and growing medium debris from inside the greenhouse, and managing algae within the greenhouse. Weeds serve as alternate hosts for insects, such as aphids (Aphididae), whiteflies (Aleyrodidae), and thrips (Thripidae), that can spread plant viruses among greenhouse-grown horticultural crops. Sanitation practices that may reduce problems with weeds include installing geotextile fabric barriers underneath benches and on walkways, hand removal, mowing around greenhouse perimeters, and/or applying herbicides. Plant and growing medium debris serve as sources of insect pests, such as whiteflies, thrips, and fungus gnats (Sciaridae). Therefore, removal of plant and growing medium debris from within greenhouses and/or placement into refuse containers with tight-sealing lids before disposal may reduce problems with insect pests. Algae provides a habitat for fungus gnats and shore flies (Ephydridae) to breed. Overwatering and overfertilizing plants contributes to algae growth. Applying disinfectants or algaecides may mitigate problems with algae accumulating in greenhouses. In addition to reducing insect pest problems, sanitation practices may help reduce inputs from insecticide applications.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"315 - 322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67939706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Ambrosia beetles, especially the granulate ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), are serious pests in ornamental nurseries in Georgia during the spring months. Growers spray pyrethroid insecticides to prevent ambrosia beetle attacks on the tree trunk around bud break. Repeated pyrethroid insecticide applications can harm beneficial arthropods and cause a resurgence of minor, secondary pests. Insect growth regulators (IGRs), such as novaluron and azadirachtin, have demonstrated transovarial activity on many insect pests, for which the viability of the eggs was reduced after adult exposure. IGRs, particularly azadirachtin, are also repellent to many insect pests. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the transovarial and repellent activity of IGRs on ambrosia beetles. Two experiments were conducted in ornamental nurseries in 2019 and 2021. In the first experiment, novaluron, azadirachtin, and permethrin were sprayed as stand-alone and combination treatments with permethrin on maple (Acer) tree bolts. The number of ambrosia beetle attacks was significantly lower in treatments with permethrin in both years. Novaluron and azadirachtin treatments neither reduced ambrosia beetle attacks on the ethanol-infused bolts nor suppressed the recovery of X. crassiusculus from the bolts, suggesting the lack of repellent and transovarial activity, respectively. For the second experiment, novaluron alone and in combination with 1×, 4×, and 8× bark penetrant at the label rate were sprayed on ethanol-infused bolts. None of the novaluron treatments with or without bark penetrant elicited transovarial activity in X. crassiusculus, as the beetle recovery was similar among treatments.
{"title":"Effects of Insect Growth Regulators on Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","authors":"S. V. Joseph","doi":"10.18474/JES21-73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES21-73","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ambrosia beetles, especially the granulate ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), are serious pests in ornamental nurseries in Georgia during the spring months. Growers spray pyrethroid insecticides to prevent ambrosia beetle attacks on the tree trunk around bud break. Repeated pyrethroid insecticide applications can harm beneficial arthropods and cause a resurgence of minor, secondary pests. Insect growth regulators (IGRs), such as novaluron and azadirachtin, have demonstrated transovarial activity on many insect pests, for which the viability of the eggs was reduced after adult exposure. IGRs, particularly azadirachtin, are also repellent to many insect pests. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the transovarial and repellent activity of IGRs on ambrosia beetles. Two experiments were conducted in ornamental nurseries in 2019 and 2021. In the first experiment, novaluron, azadirachtin, and permethrin were sprayed as stand-alone and combination treatments with permethrin on maple (Acer) tree bolts. The number of ambrosia beetle attacks was significantly lower in treatments with permethrin in both years. Novaluron and azadirachtin treatments neither reduced ambrosia beetle attacks on the ethanol-infused bolts nor suppressed the recovery of X. crassiusculus from the bolts, suggesting the lack of repellent and transovarial activity, respectively. For the second experiment, novaluron alone and in combination with 1×, 4×, and 8× bark penetrant at the label rate were sprayed on ethanol-infused bolts. None of the novaluron treatments with or without bark penetrant elicited transovarial activity in X. crassiusculus, as the beetle recovery was similar among treatments.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"380 - 393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41598155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Lampert, Z. R. Cylkowski, Katie A. McDonough, Collin R. Young
Abstract Native plants may coevolve with native arthropods and may be associated with greater arthropod diversity than non-native plants. Thompson Mills Forest, a state arboretum owned by the University of Georgia and located in Braselton, GA, is home to a variety of oak (Quercus L., Fagacaeae) species, both native and non-native to Georgia. Arthropods were sampled from 20 trees belonging to 12 species, 8 native and 4 non-native, using beat sheets for 10 consecutive weeks in 2018. More than 500 arthropods were collected, with Coleoptera, Araneae, and Psocodea comprising more than 70% of the arthropods collected. Neither abundance nor Shannon index varied among trees of native or non-native origin or among tree species, although both variables peaked during the middle of the sampling period. Multivariate analyses showed similar arthropod communities were associated with native and non-native oaks. The results suggest that non-native plants may naturalize and, if so, may interact with arthropod communities in similar ways as native congeners. Further research into the long-term ecological interactions with non-native plants is recommended.
{"title":"Arthropod Associations Show Naturalization with Non-Native Quercus Species in the Georgia Piedmont","authors":"E. Lampert, Z. R. Cylkowski, Katie A. McDonough, Collin R. Young","doi":"10.18474/JES21-61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES21-61","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Native plants may coevolve with native arthropods and may be associated with greater arthropod diversity than non-native plants. Thompson Mills Forest, a state arboretum owned by the University of Georgia and located in Braselton, GA, is home to a variety of oak (Quercus L., Fagacaeae) species, both native and non-native to Georgia. Arthropods were sampled from 20 trees belonging to 12 species, 8 native and 4 non-native, using beat sheets for 10 consecutive weeks in 2018. More than 500 arthropods were collected, with Coleoptera, Araneae, and Psocodea comprising more than 70% of the arthropods collected. Neither abundance nor Shannon index varied among trees of native or non-native origin or among tree species, although both variables peaked during the middle of the sampling period. Multivariate analyses showed similar arthropod communities were associated with native and non-native oaks. The results suggest that non-native plants may naturalize and, if so, may interact with arthropod communities in similar ways as native congeners. Further research into the long-term ecological interactions with non-native plants is recommended.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"323 - 332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45618818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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