Abstract Drastic changes in temperature can interfere with the normal physiological and biochemical activities of bees. Temperature stress affects the endocrine system of bees and induces a series of stress responses. However, the changes that occur in hormones in bees that are exposed to environmental stress are not well understood. In this study, we analyzed the expression patterns of four genes by quantitative real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in Apis mellifera L. and Apis cerana F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) at different temperatures and different treatment times. The expression of juvenile hormone esterase, vitellogenin, corticotropin-releasing hormone binding protein, and adipokinetic hormone receptor genes was found to be increasingly affected by an increase in temperature and treatment time. Temperature stress affects the endocrine system of bees, and endogenous hormones in bees can respond to environmental stimuli. Our findings provide a basis for determining the mechanisms by which insect endocrine systems adapt to high temperatures.
{"title":"Differential Expression of Endocrine Regulatory Genes in Apis cerana and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) at High Temperature","authors":"Xinyu Li, Weihua Ma, Yali Du, Kai Xu, Yusuo Jiang","doi":"10.18474/JES21-78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES21-78","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Drastic changes in temperature can interfere with the normal physiological and biochemical activities of bees. Temperature stress affects the endocrine system of bees and induces a series of stress responses. However, the changes that occur in hormones in bees that are exposed to environmental stress are not well understood. In this study, we analyzed the expression patterns of four genes by quantitative real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in Apis mellifera L. and Apis cerana F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) at different temperatures and different treatment times. The expression of juvenile hormone esterase, vitellogenin, corticotropin-releasing hormone binding protein, and adipokinetic hormone receptor genes was found to be increasingly affected by an increase in temperature and treatment time. Temperature stress affects the endocrine system of bees, and endogenous hormones in bees can respond to environmental stimuli. Our findings provide a basis for determining the mechanisms by which insect endocrine systems adapt to high temperatures.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"411 - 424"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46306282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Detection programs for nonnative bark and woodboring beetles at ports of entry are critical in mitigating the potential effects of invasive species (Poland and Rassati 2019, J. Pest 92: 37–49). Complex blends of lures in a single trap can be used for detecting multiple species of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) at the same time, providing significant cost savings in terms of trap purchases and deployment Complex lure blends also can be used to assess the biodiversity of woodboring beetles in forest stands, providing opportunities to assess the effects of climate change and invasive species 2015, Agric. Entomol. Wickham However, managers should be aware of any possible reduction in efficacy for detecting a target species when using blends, as some lures can interrupt the attraction of some species (Miller et 2119, J. Econ. Entomol. 110: 2119–2128).
入境口岸对外来树皮和蛀木甲虫的检测计划对于减轻入侵物种的潜在影响至关重要(Poland and Rassati 2019, J. Pest 92: 37-49)。在单一诱捕器中使用复杂的诱饵混合可以同时检测多种天牛科(鞘翅目)，在诱捕器的购买和部署方面节省了大量成本。复杂的诱捕器混合也可用于评估林分中蛀木甲虫的生物多样性，为评估气候变化和入侵物种的影响提供了机会。Entomol。然而，管理人员应该意识到，当使用混合物时，检测目标物种的功效可能会降低，因为一些诱饵可能会中断某些物种的吸引力(Miller et 2119, J. Econ)。昆虫学报，2011,31(2):391 - 398。
{"title":"Sulcatol and Fuscumol Increase Catches of Leptostylus asperatus and Styloleptus biustus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Ethanol-Baited Traps","authors":"D.R. Miller","doi":"10.18474/JES21-87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES21-87","url":null,"abstract":"Detection programs for nonnative bark and woodboring beetles at ports of entry are critical in mitigating the potential effects of invasive species (Poland and Rassati 2019, J. Pest 92: 37–49). Complex blends of lures in a single trap can be used for detecting multiple species of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) at the same time, providing significant cost savings in terms of trap purchases and deployment Complex lure blends also can be used to assess the biodiversity of woodboring beetles in forest stands, providing opportunities to assess the effects of climate change and invasive species 2015, Agric. Entomol. Wickham However, managers should be aware of any possible reduction in efficacy for detecting a target species when using blends, as some lures can interrupt the attraction of some species (Miller et 2119, J. Econ. Entomol. 110: 2119–2128).","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"443 - 446"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42553013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Reding, C. Ranger, K. Addesso, C. Werle, J. Oliver
Exotic ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) cause considerable damage in ornamental tree nurseries and other tree crops in North America. Ambrosia beetles bore into the xylem of trees to establish gardens of symbiotic fungi, which are the source of nutrition for adults and larvae (Wood 1982, Great Basin Nat. Memoirs. 6: 1–1359). Establishment of fungal gardens is crucial as some species of ambrosia beetles delay oviposition until their symbiotic fungi are growing (French and Roeper 1972, Can. Entomol. 104: 1635–1641; Weber and McPherson 1983, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 76: 455–462; Peer and Taborsky 2005, Evolution 59: 317–323). Colonization of nursery trees by ambrosia beetles often leads to wilting, stem dieback, or death (Ranger et al. 2016, J. Int. Pest Manag. 7: 1–23). Nursery growers rely on preventive trunk sprays of insecticides to protect trees from ambrosia beetles. However, insecticide sprays were inconsistent at preventing colonization attempts by ambrosia beetles in previous research (Frank and Sadoff 2011, J. Econ. Entomol. 104: 196
{"title":"Interception Strategies for Managing Exotic Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Nurseries","authors":"M. Reding, C. Ranger, K. Addesso, C. Werle, J. Oliver","doi":"10.18474/JES21-60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES21-60","url":null,"abstract":"Exotic ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) cause considerable damage in ornamental tree nurseries and other tree crops in North America. Ambrosia beetles bore into the xylem of trees to establish gardens of symbiotic fungi, which are the source of nutrition for adults and larvae (Wood 1982, Great Basin Nat. Memoirs. 6: 1–1359). Establishment of fungal gardens is crucial as some species of ambrosia beetles delay oviposition until their symbiotic fungi are growing (French and Roeper 1972, Can. Entomol. 104: 1635–1641; Weber and McPherson 1983, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 76: 455–462; Peer and Taborsky 2005, Evolution 59: 317–323). Colonization of nursery trees by ambrosia beetles often leads to wilting, stem dieback, or death (Ranger et al. 2016, J. Int. Pest Manag. 7: 1–23). Nursery growers rely on preventive trunk sprays of insecticides to protect trees from ambrosia beetles. However, insecticide sprays were inconsistent at preventing colonization attempts by ambrosia beetles in previous research (Frank and Sadoff 2011, J. Econ. Entomol. 104: 196","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"436 - 442"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44236410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rafika Alloui-Griza, Asma Cherif, S. Attia, F. Francis, G. Lognay, K. Grissa-Lebdi
Abstract Botanical extracts, including essential oils, are promising alternatives to synthetic insecticides for pest control. In this study, we evaluated the fumigant toxicity of an essential oil extracted from Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link against the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and its coccinellid predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under laboratory conditions. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis indicated that the major chemical compounds identified from T. capitatus were carvacrol (65.15%), followed by p-cymene (11.79%) and γterpinene (7.48%). High mortality levels were registered for P. citri larvae (up to 100%) and adults (up to 96%) when exposed to the tested essential oil. The median lethal concentration values calculated for P. citri adults were higher than for larvae. Thymus capitatus essential oil applied at 10 and 20 µL/Lair showed high toxicity towards C. montrouzieri adults. These results highlighted the efficacy of T. capitatus essential oil as a promising tool to control P. citri in Tunisia. However, the adverse effects of this oil towards C. montrouzieri should be taken into consideration to enhance its practical implication in integrated pest management.
{"title":"Lethal Toxicity of Thymus capitatus Essential Oil Against Planococcus citri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and its Coccinellid Predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)","authors":"Rafika Alloui-Griza, Asma Cherif, S. Attia, F. Francis, G. Lognay, K. Grissa-Lebdi","doi":"10.18474/JES21-81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES21-81","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Botanical extracts, including essential oils, are promising alternatives to synthetic insecticides for pest control. In this study, we evaluated the fumigant toxicity of an essential oil extracted from Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link against the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and its coccinellid predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under laboratory conditions. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis indicated that the major chemical compounds identified from T. capitatus were carvacrol (65.15%), followed by p-cymene (11.79%) and γterpinene (7.48%). High mortality levels were registered for P. citri larvae (up to 100%) and adults (up to 96%) when exposed to the tested essential oil. The median lethal concentration values calculated for P. citri adults were higher than for larvae. Thymus capitatus essential oil applied at 10 and 20 µL/Lair showed high toxicity towards C. montrouzieri adults. These results highlighted the efficacy of T. capitatus essential oil as a promising tool to control P. citri in Tunisia. However, the adverse effects of this oil towards C. montrouzieri should be taken into consideration to enhance its practical implication in integrated pest management.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"425 - 435"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43750063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Adly, D. Gustafsson, M. Nasser, Rowida S Baeshen, Mahmoud Kamal
Abstract Compared to many other groups of parasitic insects, the chewing louse fauna of the Middle East remains poorly known. Our attempts to alleviate this data deficiency include this report of lice that we found on five species of raptors in Egypt. From a total of 12 birds, we recovered four new records of chewing lice for Egypt: Colpocephalum milvi Tendeiro, Restivo & Demartis; Laemobothrion maximum (Scopoli); Colpocephalum percnopteri Price & Beer; and Laemobothrion vulturis (F.). We also recovered additional records for Egypt of Degeeriella regalis (Giebel), Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, and Strigiphilus cursitans (Nitzsch [in Giebel]). The record of S. cursitans constitutes a new host association, Bubo ascalaphus Savigny. We provide measurements, taxonomic and ecological notes for all identified chewing louse specimens.
{"title":"Host–Parasite Associations and New Records of Chewing Lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) from Raptors (Accipitriformes, Falconiformes, Strigiformes) Encountered in Egypt","authors":"E. Adly, D. Gustafsson, M. Nasser, Rowida S Baeshen, Mahmoud Kamal","doi":"10.18474/JES21-75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES21-75","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Compared to many other groups of parasitic insects, the chewing louse fauna of the Middle East remains poorly known. Our attempts to alleviate this data deficiency include this report of lice that we found on five species of raptors in Egypt. From a total of 12 birds, we recovered four new records of chewing lice for Egypt: Colpocephalum milvi Tendeiro, Restivo & Demartis; Laemobothrion maximum (Scopoli); Colpocephalum percnopteri Price & Beer; and Laemobothrion vulturis (F.). We also recovered additional records for Egypt of Degeeriella regalis (Giebel), Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, and Strigiphilus cursitans (Nitzsch [in Giebel]). The record of S. cursitans constitutes a new host association, Bubo ascalaphus Savigny. We provide measurements, taxonomic and ecological notes for all identified chewing louse specimens.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"394 - 410"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47012035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wei Sun, Qianfu Su, Wei-Chen Yang, Jiachun Zhou, Yuebo Gao
Abstract The cereal aphids, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), are serious pests of maize, Zea mays L., globally. Basic information about the genetic structure of these aphids is unknown. We, therefore, estimated the genetic diversity and genetic flow from partial fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene collected from different geographic populations of aphids throughout the Songliao Plain of northeastern China. Our analysis of a 425-bp sequence on 297 R. maidis and 287 R. padi individuals revealed 17 and 3 variable sites, respectively. Fifteen haplotypes were obtained among the R. maidis populations, and only haplotype RM1 was shared. Three shared haplotypes were obtained among the R. padi populations. No obvious geographical trends were detected based on the haplotype network and neighbor-joining tree. Relatively low haplotype diversity indices were observed in the R. maidis populations (haplotype diversity [Hd] = 0.14207, average number of nucleotide differences [K] = 0.17340, and nucleotide diversity [Pi] = 0.00041), whereas relatively high haplotype diversity indices were observed in the R. padi populations (Hd = 0.53249, K = 1.46614, and Pi = 0.00345). There was moderate gene flow (number of migrants [Nm] = 2.33) among R. maidis populations, but there was low gene flow (Nm = 0.82) among R. padi populations. Analysis of molecular variance showed high genetic differentiation within populations. Genetic distance and geographic distance were not significantly associated according to the Mantel test. The results suggest that the difference in the aphids' existence strategies has resulted in a different mitochondrial evolution pattern in the Songliao Plain region, and they provide a foundation for accurately forecasting systems against this pest.
{"title":"Genetic Diversity and Gene Flow Observed in Two Cereal Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Species and Populations in the Chinese Corn Belt Region","authors":"Wei Sun, Qianfu Su, Wei-Chen Yang, Jiachun Zhou, Yuebo Gao","doi":"10.18474/JES21-64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES21-64","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The cereal aphids, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), are serious pests of maize, Zea mays L., globally. Basic information about the genetic structure of these aphids is unknown. We, therefore, estimated the genetic diversity and genetic flow from partial fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene collected from different geographic populations of aphids throughout the Songliao Plain of northeastern China. Our analysis of a 425-bp sequence on 297 R. maidis and 287 R. padi individuals revealed 17 and 3 variable sites, respectively. Fifteen haplotypes were obtained among the R. maidis populations, and only haplotype RM1 was shared. Three shared haplotypes were obtained among the R. padi populations. No obvious geographical trends were detected based on the haplotype network and neighbor-joining tree. Relatively low haplotype diversity indices were observed in the R. maidis populations (haplotype diversity [Hd] = 0.14207, average number of nucleotide differences [K] = 0.17340, and nucleotide diversity [Pi] = 0.00041), whereas relatively high haplotype diversity indices were observed in the R. padi populations (Hd = 0.53249, K = 1.46614, and Pi = 0.00345). There was moderate gene flow (number of migrants [Nm] = 2.33) among R. maidis populations, but there was low gene flow (Nm = 0.82) among R. padi populations. Analysis of molecular variance showed high genetic differentiation within populations. Genetic distance and geographic distance were not significantly associated according to the Mantel test. The results suggest that the difference in the aphids' existence strategies has resulted in a different mitochondrial evolution pattern in the Songliao Plain region, and they provide a foundation for accurately forecasting systems against this pest.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"363 - 379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44969502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tim Simon, Elisa Frasnelli, Kun Guo, Anjuli Barber, Anna Wilkinson, Daniel S Mills
Research with humans and other animals has suggested that preferential limb use is linked to emotionality. A better understanding of this still under-explored area has the potential to establish limb preference as a marker of emotional vulnerability and risk for affective disorders. This study explored the potential relationship between paw preference and emotionality in pet dogs. We examined which paw the dogs preferentially used to hold a Kong™ and to perform two different locomotion tests. Dogs' emotionality was assessed using a validated psychometric test (the Positive and Negative Activation Scale-PANAS). Significant positive correlations were found for dogs' paw use between the different locomotion tasks, suggesting that dogs may show a more general paw preference that is stable across different types of locomotion. In comparison, the correlations between the Kong™ Test and locomotion tests were only partially significant, likely due to potential limitations of the Kong™ Test and/or test-specific biomechanical requirements. No significant correlations were identified between paw preference tests and PANAS scores. These results are in contrast to previous reports of an association between dog paw preference and emotionality; animal limb preference might be task-specific and have variable task-consistency, which raises methodological questions about the use of paw preference as a marker for emotional functioning.
对人类和其他动物的研究表明，肢体的优先使用与情绪化有关。如果能更好地了解这一尚未得到充分探索的领域，就有可能将肢体偏好确立为情绪脆弱性和情感障碍风险的标志。本研究探讨了宠物狗爪子偏好与情绪之间的潜在关系。我们研究了宠物狗更喜欢用哪只爪子握住金刚™和进行两种不同的运动测试。狗的情绪性是通过有效的心理测试（积极和消极激活量表-PANAS）来评估的。研究发现，在不同的运动任务中，狗对爪子的使用存在显著的正相关性，这表明狗在不同类型的运动中可能会表现出更普遍的爪子偏好，而且这种偏好是稳定的。相比之下，金刚™测试和运动测试之间的相关性只有部分显著，这可能是由于金刚™测试的潜在局限性和/或特定测试的生物力学要求造成的。爪子偏好测试与 PANAS 分数之间没有发现明显的相关性。这些结果与之前关于狗爪偏好与情绪之间的关联性的报道形成了鲜明对比；动物肢体偏好可能是任务特异性的，并且具有不同的任务一致性，这就对使用爪偏好作为情绪功能的标记提出了方法学问题。
{"title":"Is There an Association between Paw Preference and Emotionality in Pet Dogs?","authors":"Tim Simon, Elisa Frasnelli, Kun Guo, Anjuli Barber, Anna Wilkinson, Daniel S Mills","doi":"10.3390/ani12091153","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani12091153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research with humans and other animals has suggested that preferential limb use is linked to emotionality. A better understanding of this still under-explored area has the potential to establish limb preference as a marker of emotional vulnerability and risk for affective disorders. This study explored the potential relationship between paw preference and emotionality in pet dogs. We examined which paw the dogs preferentially used to hold a Kong™ and to perform two different locomotion tests. Dogs' emotionality was assessed using a validated psychometric test (the Positive and Negative Activation Scale-PANAS). Significant positive correlations were found for dogs' paw use between the different locomotion tasks, suggesting that dogs may show a more general paw preference that is stable across different types of locomotion. In comparison, the correlations between the Kong™ Test and locomotion tests were only partially significant, likely due to potential limitations of the Kong™ Test and/or test-specific biomechanical requirements. No significant correlations were identified between paw preference tests and PANAS scores. These results are in contrast to previous reports of an association between dog paw preference and emotionality; animal limb preference might be task-specific and have variable task-consistency, which raises methodological questions about the use of paw preference as a marker for emotional functioning.</p>","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9103732/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89953271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The availability of resources can have important effects on the fighting behaviors of insects, but the physiological mechanism that might underlie the effect of resources is unclear. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous neurotransmitter that is capable of directly diffusing into cells and acting as a messenger. Several studies have reported that NO may be involved in modulating the fighting behavior of insects. In the present study, we investigated the effect of different resources on the fighting behavior of Velarifictorus aspersus Walker male crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), and tested whether this effect is regulated by NO. We found that when a burrow or female was available, the fighting level and fighting duration were significantly greater in males compared with those when no resources were available, thereby suggesting that the presence of a valuable resource motivated male crickets to fight more aggressively. In a novel environment, treatment with an NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) significantly increased the fighting level and fighting duration in male crickets, and males treated with L-NAME won more fights against males treated with water. However, when a burrow or female was available, treatment with L-NAME did not affect the fighting level and fighting duration in males, and males treated with L-NAME lost more fights against males treated with water. These results suggest that NO may have different effects on modulating the fighting behavior of male V. aspersus crickets under different resource conditions.
{"title":"Effect of a Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor on Fighting Behavior of Male Crickets Velarifictorus aspersus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) under Different Resource Conditions","authors":"G. Han, Yang Zeng, Dao‐Hong Zhu","doi":"10.18474/JES21-59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES21-59","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The availability of resources can have important effects on the fighting behaviors of insects, but the physiological mechanism that might underlie the effect of resources is unclear. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous neurotransmitter that is capable of directly diffusing into cells and acting as a messenger. Several studies have reported that NO may be involved in modulating the fighting behavior of insects. In the present study, we investigated the effect of different resources on the fighting behavior of Velarifictorus aspersus Walker male crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), and tested whether this effect is regulated by NO. We found that when a burrow or female was available, the fighting level and fighting duration were significantly greater in males compared with those when no resources were available, thereby suggesting that the presence of a valuable resource motivated male crickets to fight more aggressively. In a novel environment, treatment with an NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) significantly increased the fighting level and fighting duration in male crickets, and males treated with L-NAME won more fights against males treated with water. However, when a burrow or female was available, treatment with L-NAME did not affect the fighting level and fighting duration in males, and males treated with L-NAME lost more fights against males treated with water. These results suggest that NO may have different effects on modulating the fighting behavior of male V. aspersus crickets under different resource conditions.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"288 - 296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48888877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Vogt, Joe A. Macgown, James Lewis, Scott Horn, M. Ulyshen
Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense Loureiro) (Oleaceae) is a shade-tolerant invasive shrub first introduced from China into the US in the mid-19th Century as an ornamental (Wyman 1973, Shrubs and Vines for American Gardens, Macmillan, NY). Chinese privet is an aggressive invader across the southeastern United States and is now found in 27 U.S. states, including Hawaii (EDDMapS, http://www. eddmaps.org/; 20 May 2021), resulting in loss of native species richness across much of its invaded range (Hanula et al. 2009, Invas. Plant Sci. Manag. 2: 292–300; Hudson et al. 2014, Forest Ecol. Manag. 324: 101–108; Merriam and Feil 2003, Biol. Invasions 4: 369–373; Wilcox and Beck 2007, Southeast. Nat. 6: 535–550). Ward (2002, Southeast Geogr. 1: 29–48) documented an 8% increase in Chinese privet cover in the Upper Oconee River floodplain in northern Georgia between 1951 and 1999. Where Chinese privet establishes, it can dominate as an understory monoculture (e.g., Wilcox and Beck 2007), reducing flowering plant richness needed to support pollinators and, over the long term, likely reducing woody debris diversity necessary as harborage and food for a number of arthropods. Several studies have investigated these impacts of Chinese privet infestation on various taxa, including arthropod communities, with most reporting similarly negative results. A more abundant and diverse bee fauna was found on Chinese privet removal plots compared to control (infested) plots 1 and 2 yr after treatment, and again 5 yr after treatment (Hanula and Horn 2011a, Insect. Conserv. Divers. 4: 275–283; Hudson et al. 2013, Biol. Conserv. 167: 355–362). In a later study on bees at the same study
女贞(Ligustrum sinense Loureiro)(油科)是一种耐阴的入侵灌木，于19世纪中期作为观赏植物首次从中国引入美国(Wyman 1973，灌木和藤蔓for American Gardens, Macmillan, NY)。中国女贞是美国东南部的一种侵略性入侵者，现在在美国27个州都有发现，包括夏威夷(EDDMapS, http://www)。eddmaps.org/;2021年5月20日)，导致其入侵范围内的大部分本地物种丰富度丧失(Hanula等人，2009年，Invas。植物科学。管理学报2:292-300;Hudson et al. 2014, Forest Ecol。管理。324:101-108;Merriam and Feil 2003，生物学。入侵4:369-373;Wilcox and Beck, 2007，东南。Nat. 6:53 - 550)。Ward(2002，东南地理，1:29-48)的研究表明，1951 - 1999年间，格鲁吉亚北部奥科尼河上游洪泛区的中国女贞覆盖面积增加了8%。在中国女贞建立的地方，它可以作为林下单一种植占主导地位(例如，Wilcox和Beck 2007)，减少了支持传粉者所需的开花植物丰富度，并且从长远来看，可能减少了作为许多节肢动物的避难所和食物所必需的木屑多样性。一些研究已经调查了中国女贞侵染对不同分类群(包括节肢动物群落)的影响，大多数报告了类似的负面结果。与对照(侵染)样地相比，中国女阴去除样地在处理后1年和2年以及处理后5年的蜜蜂区系更为丰富和多样(Hanula and Horn 2011, Insect)。Conserv。潜水员。4:275-283;Hudson et al. 2013，《生物学》。生态学杂志。167:355-362)。在后来对蜜蜂的同一项研究中
{"title":"Diversity and Seasonal Occurrence of Native and Nonnative Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Long-Term Experimental Chinese Privet (Lamiales: Oleaceae) Plots in Georgia, USA","authors":"J. Vogt, Joe A. Macgown, James Lewis, Scott Horn, M. Ulyshen","doi":"10.18474/JES21-58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES21-58","url":null,"abstract":"Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense Loureiro) (Oleaceae) is a shade-tolerant invasive shrub first introduced from China into the US in the mid-19th Century as an ornamental (Wyman 1973, Shrubs and Vines for American Gardens, Macmillan, NY). Chinese privet is an aggressive invader across the southeastern United States and is now found in 27 U.S. states, including Hawaii (EDDMapS, http://www. eddmaps.org/; 20 May 2021), resulting in loss of native species richness across much of its invaded range (Hanula et al. 2009, Invas. Plant Sci. Manag. 2: 292–300; Hudson et al. 2014, Forest Ecol. Manag. 324: 101–108; Merriam and Feil 2003, Biol. Invasions 4: 369–373; Wilcox and Beck 2007, Southeast. Nat. 6: 535–550). Ward (2002, Southeast Geogr. 1: 29–48) documented an 8% increase in Chinese privet cover in the Upper Oconee River floodplain in northern Georgia between 1951 and 1999. Where Chinese privet establishes, it can dominate as an understory monoculture (e.g., Wilcox and Beck 2007), reducing flowering plant richness needed to support pollinators and, over the long term, likely reducing woody debris diversity necessary as harborage and food for a number of arthropods. Several studies have investigated these impacts of Chinese privet infestation on various taxa, including arthropod communities, with most reporting similarly negative results. A more abundant and diverse bee fauna was found on Chinese privet removal plots compared to control (infested) plots 1 and 2 yr after treatment, and again 5 yr after treatment (Hanula and Horn 2011a, Insect. Conserv. Divers. 4: 275–283; Hudson et al. 2013, Biol. Conserv. 167: 355–362). In a later study on bees at the same study","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"297 - 309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45369243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sandra Edith Hernández-Rivera, J. C. Rodríguez-Maciel, Á. Lagunes-Tejeda, A. Guzmán‐Franco, M. A. Tejeda-Reyes, G. Silva-Aguayo
Abstract The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pests of cultivated plants. Its control is mainly based on the application of acaricides with concomitant adverse environmental and human health effects. Consequently, we examined the potential of using temperature as an alternative. To that end, we conducted bioassays of the temperature-mortality response of eggs, larvae, protonymphs, deutonymphs, and adult females of T. urticae. Groups of 20 individuals from each stage were placed on 4-cm diameter bean leaf (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) discs. A stream of air at the designated temperature was passed over the disc at a rate of 3.7 ± 1 m s–1) for 2 ± 1 s. Mortality was evaluated at 24 h (larva, protonymph, deutonymph, and female) or 72 h (egg) after exposure. Based on preliminary mortality responses, we selected 10 temperatures with a response range between 0 and 100% mortality. Those were 30, 35, 40, 45, 47, 50, 53, 55, 60, and 65°C [SD, ± 1.5 for each]). In total, 30 replications were conducted, and each repetition included these temperatures and untreated controls. The median lethal temperature ranged from 41.8°C for adult females to 46.9°C for eggs. The lethal temperature to kill 95% of the exposed individuals ranged from 55°C for females to 62.5°C for eggs. There were no survivors at 65°C (eggs), 60°C (larva, protonymph, and deutonymph), or 55°C (adult females).
摘要:叶螨(Tetranychus urticae Koch，螨亚纲:叶螨科)是栽培植物的重要害虫之一。其控制主要是基于使用对环境和人体健康有不利影响的杀螨剂。因此，我们研究了使用温度作为替代方案的可能性。为此，我们对荨麻夜蛾虫卵、幼虫、原若虫、双螨和成虫的温度-死亡率反应进行了生物测定。每个阶段20个个体为一组，放置在直径4厘米的豆叶(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)圆盘上。指定温度下的气流以3.7±1 m s - 1的速度通过圆盘，持续2±1 s。在暴露后24小时(幼虫、原淋巴细胞、双淋巴细胞和雌性)或72小时(卵)评估死亡率。根据初步的死亡率响应，我们选择了10个温度，响应范围在0到100%死亡率之间。分别为30、35、40、45、47、50、53、55、60和65°C[标准差，±1.5])。总共进行了30次重复，每次重复包括这些温度和未处理的对照。中位致死温度为成年雌虫41.8°C至卵虫46.9°C。95%暴露个体的致死温度为55℃(雌)至62.5℃(卵)。在65°C(卵)、60°C(幼虫、原淋巴细胞和双淋巴细胞)和55°C(成年雌性)下均无存活。
{"title":"Temperature-Mortality Response of Eggs, Larvae, Protonymphs, Deutonymphs, and Adult Females of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)","authors":"Sandra Edith Hernández-Rivera, J. C. Rodríguez-Maciel, Á. Lagunes-Tejeda, A. Guzmán‐Franco, M. A. Tejeda-Reyes, G. Silva-Aguayo","doi":"10.18474/JES21-53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES21-53","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pests of cultivated plants. Its control is mainly based on the application of acaricides with concomitant adverse environmental and human health effects. Consequently, we examined the potential of using temperature as an alternative. To that end, we conducted bioassays of the temperature-mortality response of eggs, larvae, protonymphs, deutonymphs, and adult females of T. urticae. Groups of 20 individuals from each stage were placed on 4-cm diameter bean leaf (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) discs. A stream of air at the designated temperature was passed over the disc at a rate of 3.7 ± 1 m s–1) for 2 ± 1 s. Mortality was evaluated at 24 h (larva, protonymph, deutonymph, and female) or 72 h (egg) after exposure. Based on preliminary mortality responses, we selected 10 temperatures with a response range between 0 and 100% mortality. Those were 30, 35, 40, 45, 47, 50, 53, 55, 60, and 65°C [SD, ± 1.5 for each]). In total, 30 replications were conducted, and each repetition included these temperatures and untreated controls. The median lethal temperature ranged from 41.8°C for adult females to 46.9°C for eggs. The lethal temperature to kill 95% of the exposed individuals ranged from 55°C for females to 62.5°C for eggs. There were no survivors at 65°C (eggs), 60°C (larva, protonymph, and deutonymph), or 55°C (adult females).","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"248 - 257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43022611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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