Minjia Huang, Jintong Zhang, S. Zong, Youqing Luo, Dawei Zhang
Abstract The Mongolian pine borer, Dioryctria mongolicella Wang & Sung (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a major pest in Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvetris L. var. mongolica Litvinov) plantations in the northeast of China. A blend of 11-hexadecenal and 11-hexadecenyl acetate in a ratio of 2:1 was detected from extracts of its female sex pheromone glands by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Our field trapping experiments confirmed that the D. mongolicella pheromone consists of a blend of (E)-11-hexadecenal (E11-16:Ald) and (Z)-11hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac). The addition of (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z9E11-14:Ac) and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-tricosatriene (ZZZ3,6,9-23:H) increased catches of male D. mongolicella in sticky traps baited with E11-16:Ald and Z11-16:Ac. However, the addition of (3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-pentacosapentaene or (Z,Z,Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9,12,15-tricosapentaene to lures loaded with E11-16:Ald, Z11-16:Ac, and Z9E11-14:Ac did not significantly increase trap catches of D. mongolicella at two locations in Heilongjiang province, China. The synthetic blend of 400 µg E11-16:Ald, 200 µg Z11-16:Ac, 200 µg Z9E11-14:Ac, and 500 µg ZZZ3,6,9-23:H will help in developing efficient strategies for monitoring and control of D. mongolicella populations in Mongolian pine plantations.
{"title":"Sex Attractant Blend for Dioryctria mongolicella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the Northeast of China","authors":"Minjia Huang, Jintong Zhang, S. Zong, Youqing Luo, Dawei Zhang","doi":"10.18474/JES22-44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-44","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Mongolian pine borer, Dioryctria mongolicella Wang & Sung (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a major pest in Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvetris L. var. mongolica Litvinov) plantations in the northeast of China. A blend of 11-hexadecenal and 11-hexadecenyl acetate in a ratio of 2:1 was detected from extracts of its female sex pheromone glands by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Our field trapping experiments confirmed that the D. mongolicella pheromone consists of a blend of (E)-11-hexadecenal (E11-16:Ald) and (Z)-11hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac). The addition of (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z9E11-14:Ac) and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-tricosatriene (ZZZ3,6,9-23:H) increased catches of male D. mongolicella in sticky traps baited with E11-16:Ald and Z11-16:Ac. However, the addition of (3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-pentacosapentaene or (Z,Z,Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9,12,15-tricosapentaene to lures loaded with E11-16:Ald, Z11-16:Ac, and Z9E11-14:Ac did not significantly increase trap catches of D. mongolicella at two locations in Heilongjiang province, China. The synthetic blend of 400 µg E11-16:Ald, 200 µg Z11-16:Ac, 200 µg Z9E11-14:Ac, and 500 µg ZZZ3,6,9-23:H will help in developing efficient strategies for monitoring and control of D. mongolicella populations in Mongolian pine plantations.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45058135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Trap lure blends that maximize the diversity of captured insect species help to reduce the costs of detection programs that target native and nonnative invasive species of bark and woodboring beetles. In 2007, the effects of the bark beetle pheromones ipsdienol and ipsenol on catches of beetles (Coleoptera) in multiple-funnel traps baited with ethanol + α-pinene were evaluated in a trapping study in one stand of mature loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., in northcentral Georgia. Ipsenol and/or ipsdienol increased catches of Acanthocinus obsoletus (LeConte) and Monochamus titillator (F.) (Cerambycidae), Ips avulsus (Eichhoff), Ips calligraphus (Germar), Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) (Curculionidae), Temnoscheila virescens (F.), and Aulonium tuberculatum (LeConte) (Zopheridae) in traps baited with ethanol and α-pinene. However, catches of most species in traps baited with ipsenol + ipsdienol were the same as those baited with either ipsenol or ipsdienol alone. Only catches of I. avulsus were greatest in traps baited with both ipsdienol and ipsenol. Catches of Thanasimus dubius (F.) (Cleridae), Platysoma spp. (Histeridae), and Lasconotus spp. (Zopheridae) increased with the addition of ipsenol but decreased with the addition of ipsdienol. In contrast, catches of Orthotomicus caelatus (Eichhoff) (Curculionidae) increased with the addition of ipsdienol; attraction was interrupted by the addition of ipsenol. A number of trade-offs exist in retaining ipsdienol and/or ipsenol in the multicomponent pine lure blend for detection programs in Georgia.
{"title":"Should Ipsdienol and Ipsenol Lures be Retained in a Generic Trap Lure Blend for Pine Bark and Woodboring Beetles (Coleoptera) in the Southeastern United States?","authors":"Daniel R. Miller","doi":"10.18474/JES22-41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-41","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Trap lure blends that maximize the diversity of captured insect species help to reduce the costs of detection programs that target native and nonnative invasive species of bark and woodboring beetles. In 2007, the effects of the bark beetle pheromones ipsdienol and ipsenol on catches of beetles (Coleoptera) in multiple-funnel traps baited with ethanol + α-pinene were evaluated in a trapping study in one stand of mature loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., in northcentral Georgia. Ipsenol and/or ipsdienol increased catches of Acanthocinus obsoletus (LeConte) and Monochamus titillator (F.) (Cerambycidae), Ips avulsus (Eichhoff), Ips calligraphus (Germar), Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) (Curculionidae), Temnoscheila virescens (F.), and Aulonium tuberculatum (LeConte) (Zopheridae) in traps baited with ethanol and α-pinene. However, catches of most species in traps baited with ipsenol + ipsdienol were the same as those baited with either ipsenol or ipsdienol alone. Only catches of I. avulsus were greatest in traps baited with both ipsdienol and ipsenol. Catches of Thanasimus dubius (F.) (Cleridae), Platysoma spp. (Histeridae), and Lasconotus spp. (Zopheridae) increased with the addition of ipsenol but decreased with the addition of ipsdienol. In contrast, catches of Orthotomicus caelatus (Eichhoff) (Curculionidae) increased with the addition of ipsdienol; attraction was interrupted by the addition of ipsenol. A number of trade-offs exist in retaining ipsdienol and/or ipsenol in the multicomponent pine lure blend for detection programs in Georgia.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47480310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Grapholita molesta Busck (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a major fruit pest of a wide range of Rosaceae trees. Olfaction plays a crucial role in insect behavioral activities, and insects primarily rely on odorant receptors (ORs) to detect odorant molecules. Several olfactory-related genes in G. molesta have been studied; however, the ORs of G. molesta are unclear. Here, GmolOR7, a general OR gene, was cloned and characterized. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that GmolOR7 is closely related to Cydia pomonella OR54, with the amino acid sequence identity of 80.21%. Furthermore, the different developmental stages and tissues of GmolOR7 in G. molesta were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results demonstrated that GmolOR7 was expressed at higher levels in adults, and particularly in the antennae of females. GmolOR7 expression was the highest in 3-d-old adults. These results will provide an indication for further functional study of the GmolOR7 in G. molesta and its role in the detection of host-plant volatiles by insects in general.
{"title":"Molecular Characterization of Odorant Receptor Gene GmolOR7 in Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)","authors":"Li-Hui Chen, Mei-Mei Li, Yan-Ying Li, Weining Cheng, Hong-Yi Wei, Xiangli Xu, Junxiang Wu","doi":"10.18474/JES22-42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-42","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Grapholita molesta Busck (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a major fruit pest of a wide range of Rosaceae trees. Olfaction plays a crucial role in insect behavioral activities, and insects primarily rely on odorant receptors (ORs) to detect odorant molecules. Several olfactory-related genes in G. molesta have been studied; however, the ORs of G. molesta are unclear. Here, GmolOR7, a general OR gene, was cloned and characterized. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that GmolOR7 is closely related to Cydia pomonella OR54, with the amino acid sequence identity of 80.21%. Furthermore, the different developmental stages and tissues of GmolOR7 in G. molesta were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results demonstrated that GmolOR7 was expressed at higher levels in adults, and particularly in the antennae of females. GmolOR7 expression was the highest in 3-d-old adults. These results will provide an indication for further functional study of the GmolOR7 in G. molesta and its role in the detection of host-plant volatiles by insects in general.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44441507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Carposina sasakii Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae) is a serious fruit-boring pest in eastern Asia. In China, it is one of the most harmful and common pests in deciduous fruit trees, causing an annual loss of more than a billion yuan. However, economic losses to the jujube industry as a result of C. sasakii damage remain undefined. In this study, we collected related data on C. sasakii, the market price of jujube, and costs of its prevention and management. The potential economic losses of China's jujube industry caused by C. sasakii were predicted using @RISK (Palisade, Raleigh, NC) software and a stochastic simulation method, which is the universal model of potential economic loss assessment for economically important fruit flies. Our results showed that the total economic losses potentially caused by C. sasakii to China's jujube industry are approximately 8,643.41–350,524.15 million RMB (RMB is the legal tender in China; approximately 1,338.00–54,261.14 million USD) if the pest was not managed and approximately 2,487.15–123,242.12 million RMB (about 385.01–19, 077.88 million USD) when management was applied. Therefore, a loss of approximately 841.83–244,144.06 million RMB (approximately 130.32–37,793.50 million USD) can be logically retrieved after controlling this pest. As a result, we suggest that related organizations and pest management practitioners strengthen prevention and control measures of C. sasakii to reduce the risk of economic loss by decreasing the infestation level of C. sasakii in jujube production and, thus, economic losses after infestation.
{"title":"Using @RISK to Determine Potential Economic Losses to Jujube Production in China Resulting from Damage by Carposina sasakii (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae)","authors":"Yawen Duan, Delin Kang, Zhihong Li, Minglu Yang, Yujia Qin, Haibing Xiao, Lijun Liu","doi":"10.18474/JES22-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-34","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Carposina sasakii Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae) is a serious fruit-boring pest in eastern Asia. In China, it is one of the most harmful and common pests in deciduous fruit trees, causing an annual loss of more than a billion yuan. However, economic losses to the jujube industry as a result of C. sasakii damage remain undefined. In this study, we collected related data on C. sasakii, the market price of jujube, and costs of its prevention and management. The potential economic losses of China's jujube industry caused by C. sasakii were predicted using @RISK (Palisade, Raleigh, NC) software and a stochastic simulation method, which is the universal model of potential economic loss assessment for economically important fruit flies. Our results showed that the total economic losses potentially caused by C. sasakii to China's jujube industry are approximately 8,643.41–350,524.15 million RMB (RMB is the legal tender in China; approximately 1,338.00–54,261.14 million USD) if the pest was not managed and approximately 2,487.15–123,242.12 million RMB (about 385.01–19, 077.88 million USD) when management was applied. Therefore, a loss of approximately 841.83–244,144.06 million RMB (approximately 130.32–37,793.50 million USD) can be logically retrieved after controlling this pest. As a result, we suggest that related organizations and pest management practitioners strengthen prevention and control measures of C. sasakii to reduce the risk of economic loss by decreasing the infestation level of C. sasakii in jujube production and, thus, economic losses after infestation.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43390702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is an important insect pest of greenhouse-grown horticultural crops. Citrus mealybug causes direct plant damage when feeding on plant leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits, and this damage can result in substantial economic losses. Insecticides are used to manage citrus mealybug populations in greenhouse production systems. Although entomopathogenic fungal-based insecticides are labeled for use against citrus mealybug, there is no quantitative information on their efficacy against this insect pest under greenhouse conditions. Consequently, four experiments were conducted in a research greenhouse at Kansas State University (Manhattan) from 2020 to 2022 to determine the efficacy of three commercially available entomopathogenic fungal-based insecticides on citrus mealybug feeding on coleus, Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), plants: Beauveria bassiana strain GHA (BotaniGard®, Laverlam International Corp., Butte, MT), B. bassiana strain PPRI 5339 (Velifer™, BASF, Research Triangle, NC), and Isaria fumosorosea Apopka strain 97 (Ancora®, OHP, Inc., Bluffton, SC). The surfactant polyether and polyether-polymethylsiloxane-copolymer (CapSil®, Aquatrols, Paulsboro, NJ) was added to spray solutions to determine whether the surfactant would enhance efficacy. The entomopathogenic fungal-based insecticides, with or without the surfactant, were not effective in managing citrus mealybug populations, with <50% mortality in all four experiments. Our study indicates that entomopathogenic fungal-based insecticides are not effective in managing citrus mealybug populations in greenhouses.
摘要柑桔粉蚧是温室园艺作物中的一种重要害虫。柑橘粉蚧以植物的叶、茎、花和果实为食时会对植物造成直接损害，这种损害会导致巨大的经济损失。杀虫剂被用于管理温室生产系统中的柑橘粉蚧种群。尽管基于昆虫病原真菌的杀虫剂被标记为可用于对付柑橘粉蚧，但目前还没有关于它们在温室条件下对这种害虫的功效的定量信息。因此，从2020年到2022年，在堪萨斯州立大学（曼哈顿）的一个研究温室里进行了四项实验，以确定三种商用昆虫病原真菌杀虫剂对以coleus、Solenostemon scutellarioides（L.）Codd（Lamiales:Lamiaceae）、，植物：球孢白僵菌菌株GHA（BotaniGard®，Laverlam International Corp.，Butte，MT），球孢白粉菌菌株PPRI 5339（Velifer™, BASF，Research Triangle，NC）和Isaria fumosorosea Apopka菌株97（Ancora®，OHP，股份有限公司，Bluffton，SC）。表面活性剂聚醚和聚醚-聚甲基硅氧烷共聚物（CapSil®，Aquatrolls，Paulsboro，NJ）被添加到喷雾溶液中，以确定表面活性剂是否会增强功效。基于昆虫病原真菌的杀虫剂，无论是否使用表面活性剂，在管理柑橘粉蚧种群方面都无效，在所有四个实验中死亡率均低于50%。我们的研究表明，基于昆虫病原真菌的杀虫剂在管理温室中的柑橘粉蚧种群方面无效。
{"title":"Performance of Entomopathogenic Fungal-Based Insecticides against the Citrus Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Coleus (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) Plants under Greenhouse Conditions1","authors":"N. J. Herrick, R. Cloyd","doi":"10.18474/JES22-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-33","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is an important insect pest of greenhouse-grown horticultural crops. Citrus mealybug causes direct plant damage when feeding on plant leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits, and this damage can result in substantial economic losses. Insecticides are used to manage citrus mealybug populations in greenhouse production systems. Although entomopathogenic fungal-based insecticides are labeled for use against citrus mealybug, there is no quantitative information on their efficacy against this insect pest under greenhouse conditions. Consequently, four experiments were conducted in a research greenhouse at Kansas State University (Manhattan) from 2020 to 2022 to determine the efficacy of three commercially available entomopathogenic fungal-based insecticides on citrus mealybug feeding on coleus, Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), plants: Beauveria bassiana strain GHA (BotaniGard®, Laverlam International Corp., Butte, MT), B. bassiana strain PPRI 5339 (Velifer™, BASF, Research Triangle, NC), and Isaria fumosorosea Apopka strain 97 (Ancora®, OHP, Inc., Bluffton, SC). The surfactant polyether and polyether-polymethylsiloxane-copolymer (CapSil®, Aquatrols, Paulsboro, NJ) was added to spray solutions to determine whether the surfactant would enhance efficacy. The entomopathogenic fungal-based insecticides, with or without the surfactant, were not effective in managing citrus mealybug populations, with <50% mortality in all four experiments. Our study indicates that entomopathogenic fungal-based insecticides are not effective in managing citrus mealybug populations in greenhouses.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47446512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Valeria Ramírez-Becerril, J. C. Rodríguez-Maciel, Á. Lagunes-Tejeda, J. A. Cruz-Rodríguez
Abstract Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) represents a severe threat to human well-being and health due to the arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) it transmits. Its control is implemented mainly through massive applications of insecticides directed to the larval and adult stages. To develop an additional method for combating this vector, eggs (7–15 d old) were exposed in groups of 20 to a stream of hot air at temperatures between 32 ± 2°C and 147 ± 2°C for 5 s. The cumulative percentage of emerged larvae at 24 h and 48 h posttreatment was recorded as a measure of response to the hot air treatment. In the untreated control, which was exposed to room temperature (26 ± 2°C), the cumulative emergence of larvae at 48 h was 99.2 ± 1.7%. The cumulative percentage of larval emergence at 48 h ranged from 97.2% at 87 ± 2°C to 67.7% at 147 ± 2.4°C. The biological efficacy of this proposed hot air treatment was, thus, not acceptable. The natural biological attributes of the Ae. aegypti eggs in withstanding heat and desiccation appear to have protected them against the various levels of temperature tested.
{"title":"Larval Emergence from Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Eggs Exposed to Hot Air","authors":"Valeria Ramírez-Becerril, J. C. Rodríguez-Maciel, Á. Lagunes-Tejeda, J. A. Cruz-Rodríguez","doi":"10.18474/JES22-32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-32","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) represents a severe threat to human well-being and health due to the arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) it transmits. Its control is implemented mainly through massive applications of insecticides directed to the larval and adult stages. To develop an additional method for combating this vector, eggs (7–15 d old) were exposed in groups of 20 to a stream of hot air at temperatures between 32 ± 2°C and 147 ± 2°C for 5 s. The cumulative percentage of emerged larvae at 24 h and 48 h posttreatment was recorded as a measure of response to the hot air treatment. In the untreated control, which was exposed to room temperature (26 ± 2°C), the cumulative emergence of larvae at 48 h was 99.2 ± 1.7%. The cumulative percentage of larval emergence at 48 h ranged from 97.2% at 87 ± 2°C to 67.7% at 147 ± 2.4°C. The biological efficacy of this proposed hot air treatment was, thus, not acceptable. The natural biological attributes of the Ae. aegypti eggs in withstanding heat and desiccation appear to have protected them against the various levels of temperature tested.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41505948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana Karen Ramírez-Sánchez, J. C. Rodríguez-Maciel, Á. Lagunes-Tejeda, Néstor Bautista-Martínez;, Manuel Alejandro Tejeda Reyes, Saúl Pardo-Melgarejo
Abstract Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is the most severe pest of citrus worldwide, and it has a high capacity to develop insecticide resistance. We estimated the intraplot variation of resistance to imidacloprid in adults collected from an orchard (8 ha) of Persian lemon, Citrus latifolia Tan., in Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, Mexico. We divided the orchard into eight sections of similar size. Adults were sampled from each section to assess their response in the F1. We conducted two field samplings: November 2020 and May 2021. The relative response (RR50) at the median lethal mortality (LC50) level in adults collected in the first sampling varied from 518× to 16,701×. Adults collected from Sections 2 and 5 exhibited the highest LC50 values. In the second sampling, adults with the highest LC50 values were collected from Sections 3, 5, and 6. The range of intraorchard variation at the LC50 level (RR50) ranged from 635× to 6,626×. The RR95 values could be estimated in two sections of the first sampling: 7,421× (Section 7) and 58,958× (Section 8). For the remainder of the intraorchard sections in both samplings, the maximum concentration of imidacloprid that could be prepared was 100,000 mg/L, which caused a level of mortality that reached ≤87.9%. The range of variation at the LC50 among sections (FRR50) was low: 1 to 32.17× in the first sampling and 1 to 10.43× in the second. The resistance detected to imidacloprid is the highest recorded worldwide for D. citri.
摘要柑桔潜蝇（Diaphorina citri Kuwayama）是世界范围内最严重的柑桔害虫，具有很强的抗药性。我们估计了从波斯柠檬（Citrus latifolia Tan。，墨西哥韦拉克鲁斯州的Martínez de la Torre。我们把果园分成八个大小相似的部分。从每个切片中抽取成年人，以评估他们在F1中的反应。我们进行了两次实地采样：2020年11月和2021年5月。在第一次抽样中收集的成年人在中位致死率（LC50）水平下的相对反应（RR50）在518×至16701×之间变化。从第2节和第5节采集的成年人表现出最高的LC50值。在第二次采样中，从第3、5和6节采集LC50值最高的成年人。在LC50水平（RR50）下，前庭内变异的范围为635×至6626×。RR95值可以在第一次采样的两个部分中估计：7421×（第7部分）和58958×（第8部分）。对于两个样本中剩余的口内切片，可以制备的吡虫啉的最大浓度为100000 mg/L，这导致的死亡率水平达到≤87.9%。切片间LC50（FRR50）的变化范围较低：第一次采样为1至32.17倍，第二次采样为为1至10.43倍。检测到的对吡虫啉的耐药性是世界范围内记录的最高的。
{"title":"Intraorchard Variation of Resistance to Imidacloprid in Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) Adults","authors":"Ana Karen Ramírez-Sánchez, J. C. Rodríguez-Maciel, Á. Lagunes-Tejeda, Néstor Bautista-Martínez;, Manuel Alejandro Tejeda Reyes, Saúl Pardo-Melgarejo","doi":"10.18474/JES22-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-46","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is the most severe pest of citrus worldwide, and it has a high capacity to develop insecticide resistance. We estimated the intraplot variation of resistance to imidacloprid in adults collected from an orchard (8 ha) of Persian lemon, Citrus latifolia Tan., in Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, Mexico. We divided the orchard into eight sections of similar size. Adults were sampled from each section to assess their response in the F1. We conducted two field samplings: November 2020 and May 2021. The relative response (RR50) at the median lethal mortality (LC50) level in adults collected in the first sampling varied from 518× to 16,701×. Adults collected from Sections 2 and 5 exhibited the highest LC50 values. In the second sampling, adults with the highest LC50 values were collected from Sections 3, 5, and 6. The range of intraorchard variation at the LC50 level (RR50) ranged from 635× to 6,626×. The RR95 values could be estimated in two sections of the first sampling: 7,421× (Section 7) and 58,958× (Section 8). For the remainder of the intraorchard sections in both samplings, the maximum concentration of imidacloprid that could be prepared was 100,000 mg/L, which caused a level of mortality that reached ≤87.9%. The range of variation at the LC50 among sections (FRR50) was low: 1 to 32.17× in the first sampling and 1 to 10.43× in the second. The resistance detected to imidacloprid is the highest recorded worldwide for D. citri.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47271077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) are reemerging as biting and nuisance pests in many southern states, presumably from improving water quality in creeks and rivers. Since 2009, entomologists at Mississippi State University and the Mississippi Department of Health have conducted surveys to ascertain what black fly species are present in the state as well as their geographic distribution and seasonality. These surveys revealed what appears to be a recurring, significant emergence of black flies every year around 25 December at one site in southern Mississippi. In this study, adult black flies were collected from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2021 by hand netting in the exact same way each time at Okatoma Creek, Seminary, MS. Forty-eight collecting trips to the site over the 4-yr period yielded a total of 176 black flies, all morphologically identified as Simulium jenningsi Group Malloch. Molecular identification was successfully performed on 17 specimens collected during the December outbreaks. Of the 17 specimens analyzed, 10 and 7 specimens grouped with 100% bootstrap confidence inside clades comprising S. jenningsi or S. podostemi, respectively.
{"title":"Recurring Late December Outbreaks of Adult Simulium jenningsi Group Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Seminary, Mississippi, USA","authors":"J. Goddard, J. Moulton","doi":"10.18474/JES22-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-26","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) are reemerging as biting and nuisance pests in many southern states, presumably from improving water quality in creeks and rivers. Since 2009, entomologists at Mississippi State University and the Mississippi Department of Health have conducted surveys to ascertain what black fly species are present in the state as well as their geographic distribution and seasonality. These surveys revealed what appears to be a recurring, significant emergence of black flies every year around 25 December at one site in southern Mississippi. In this study, adult black flies were collected from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2021 by hand netting in the exact same way each time at Okatoma Creek, Seminary, MS. Forty-eight collecting trips to the site over the 4-yr period yielded a total of 176 black flies, all morphologically identified as Simulium jenningsi Group Malloch. Molecular identification was successfully performed on 17 specimens collected during the December outbreaks. Of the 17 specimens analyzed, 10 and 7 specimens grouped with 100% bootstrap confidence inside clades comprising S. jenningsi or S. podostemi, respectively.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43149628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Trifluralin is a preemergent herbicide that is applied to soil to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It is widely used in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., production in China; however, the ecological safety of its continued use is a controversial issue. We studied the interaction of trifluralin and earthworms, Eisenia foetide Savigny (Annelida: Lumbricidae), to provide additional information for assessing the risk of trifluralin to ecological safety in soils. Contact toxicity assays established median lethal concentrations (LC50) of 726.298 µg/L at 24 h, 418.783 µg/L at 48 h, and 82.007 µg/L at 72 h of exposure to trifluralin. Within 24 to 48 h of exposure to trifluralin, antioxidant activity (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase) increased in vivo, but by 72 h of exposure the activity was inhibited and, at high concentrations of trifluralin, death occurred. Based on the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and multifunction oxidase (MFO), it appears that GSTs may be involved in the detoxification of trifluralin in vivo, and that MFOs may be the key detoxification enzymes involved. Earthworm degradation of trifluralin shortened the half-life of trifluralin in soil by as much as 1.78 d. These results provide useful information on the toxicity mechanism of trifluralin in earthworms, the role of earthworms in trifluralin degradation, as well as the ecological safety of trifluralin.
{"title":"Acute Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, Toxicity Mechanism, and Degradation Dynamics of Trifluralin in Eisenia foetide (Annelida: Lumbricidae)","authors":"Quancheng Zhang, Zemin He, Jun-gang Wang","doi":"10.18474/JES22-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-06","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Trifluralin is a preemergent herbicide that is applied to soil to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It is widely used in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., production in China; however, the ecological safety of its continued use is a controversial issue. We studied the interaction of trifluralin and earthworms, Eisenia foetide Savigny (Annelida: Lumbricidae), to provide additional information for assessing the risk of trifluralin to ecological safety in soils. Contact toxicity assays established median lethal concentrations (LC50) of 726.298 µg/L at 24 h, 418.783 µg/L at 48 h, and 82.007 µg/L at 72 h of exposure to trifluralin. Within 24 to 48 h of exposure to trifluralin, antioxidant activity (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase) increased in vivo, but by 72 h of exposure the activity was inhibited and, at high concentrations of trifluralin, death occurred. Based on the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and multifunction oxidase (MFO), it appears that GSTs may be involved in the detoxification of trifluralin in vivo, and that MFOs may be the key detoxification enzymes involved. Earthworm degradation of trifluralin shortened the half-life of trifluralin in soil by as much as 1.78 d. These results provide useful information on the toxicity mechanism of trifluralin in earthworms, the role of earthworms in trifluralin degradation, as well as the ecological safety of trifluralin.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44485618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Aphis gossypii Glover and Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are key pests of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., known to induce cotton host plant defense responses. Deep RNA sequencing of the cotton transcriptome followed by differential expression analyses were performed to clarify the molecular mechanisms of cotton defense in response to feeding by these aphid pests. We found 6,565 genes were differentially expressed in cotton in response to feeding by Ac. gossypii and 823 genes that were differentially expressed in response to feeding by A. gossypii, while 2,379 genes were differentially expressed in response to simultaneous feeding by both species. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes associated with Ac. gossypii feeding were enriched for metabolic pathways, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of carotenoids, and the pentose phosphate pathway. The enriched pathways in cotton fed on by A. gossypii were thiamine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, plant–pathogen interaction, and sesquiterpene and triterpenoid biosynthesis. The differentially expressed genes in cotton induced by simultaneous feeding of both species were primarily related to circadian rhythm regulation, photosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, galactose metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis.
{"title":"Global Gene Expression in Cotton Fed Upon by Aphis gossypii and Acyrthosiphon gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)","authors":"Quancheng Zhang, Yudong Zhang, Jun-gang Wang","doi":"10.18474/JES22-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-07","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aphis gossypii Glover and Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are key pests of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., known to induce cotton host plant defense responses. Deep RNA sequencing of the cotton transcriptome followed by differential expression analyses were performed to clarify the molecular mechanisms of cotton defense in response to feeding by these aphid pests. We found 6,565 genes were differentially expressed in cotton in response to feeding by Ac. gossypii and 823 genes that were differentially expressed in response to feeding by A. gossypii, while 2,379 genes were differentially expressed in response to simultaneous feeding by both species. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes associated with Ac. gossypii feeding were enriched for metabolic pathways, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of carotenoids, and the pentose phosphate pathway. The enriched pathways in cotton fed on by A. gossypii were thiamine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, plant–pathogen interaction, and sesquiterpene and triterpenoid biosynthesis. The differentially expressed genes in cotton induced by simultaneous feeding of both species were primarily related to circadian rhythm regulation, photosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, galactose metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47002898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：