Xingxiang Duan, Rui Zhang, Huixian Feng, Heng Zhou, Yu Luo, Wei Xiong, Junyi Li, Yan He, Qingsong Ye
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) have been shown an excellent efficacy in a variety of disease models. However, current production methods fail to meet the needs of clinical treatment. In this study, we present an innovative approach to substantially enhance the production of ‘Artificial Cell-Derived Vesicles (ACDVs)’ by extracting and purifying the contents released by the DPSC lysate, namely intracellular vesicles. Comparative analysis was performed between ACDVs and those obtained through ultracentrifugation. The ACDVs extracted from the cell lysate meet the general standard of EVs and have similar protein secretion profile. The new ACDVs also significantly promoted wound healing, increased or decreased collagen regeneration, and reduced the production of inflammatory factors as the EVs. More importantly, the extraction efficiency is improved by 16 times compared with the EVs extracted using ultracentrifuge method. With its impressive attributes, this new subtype of ACDVs emerge as a prospective candidate for the future clinical applications in regenerative medicine.
{"title":"A new subtype of artificial cell-derived vesicles from dental pulp stem cells with the bioequivalence and higher acquisition efficiency compared to extracellular vesicles","authors":"Xingxiang Duan, Rui Zhang, Huixian Feng, Heng Zhou, Yu Luo, Wei Xiong, Junyi Li, Yan He, Qingsong Ye","doi":"10.1002/jev2.12473","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jev2.12473","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) have been shown an excellent efficacy in a variety of disease models. However, current production methods fail to meet the needs of clinical treatment. In this study, we present an innovative approach to substantially enhance the production of ‘Artificial Cell-Derived Vesicles (ACDVs)’ by extracting and purifying the contents released by the DPSC lysate, namely intracellular vesicles. Comparative analysis was performed between ACDVs and those obtained through ultracentrifugation. The ACDVs extracted from the cell lysate meet the general standard of EVs and have similar protein secretion profile. The new ACDVs also significantly promoted wound healing, increased or decreased collagen regeneration, and reduced the production of inflammatory factors as the EVs. More importantly, the extraction efficiency is improved by 16 times compared with the EVs extracted using ultracentrifuge method. With its impressive attributes, this new subtype of ACDVs emerge as a prospective candidate for the future clinical applications in regenerative medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":15811,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jev2.12473","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141534543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays, it has become clear that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are not a cellular waste disposal vesicle but are an essential part of an intercellular communication system. Besides the use of EVs in biomarker studies and diagnostics, the potential of EV-therapeutics has been seen by many. They provide unique properties for disease therapy, including strong immune-modulatory actions, the possibility of engineering, low immunogenicity, and the capability of crossing biological barriers. Proof-of-concept of EV-therapeutics for various pathologies has been achieved in preclinical studies. However, clinical trials with EVs have only been emerging slowly. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art concerning clinical studies using EVs in human therapy. By approaching the current knowledge in a systematic manner, we were able to include 21 reports for meta-analysis of safety and evaluation of efficacy outcomes. Overall, we have shown that EV-based therapy is safe with a low incidence of serious adverse events (SAE; 0.7% (95%-CI: 0.1–5.2%), and adverse events (AE; 4.4% (95%-CI: 0.7–22.2%). Subgroup analysis showed no significant difference in SAE when comparing autologous versus allogeneic administration, as well as engineered versus non-engineered EV products. A significantly higher number of AE was seen in autologous versus allogeneic administration. However, the clinical relevance remains questionable. Evaluation of the clinical outcomes of immunostimulatory, immunosuppressive or regenerative EV-therapies indicated improvement in the majority of treated patients. Despite these promising results, data need to be approached with caution due to a high heterogeneity in the EVs manufacturing methods, study design, and reporting of (S)AE. Overall, we conclude that EV-based therapy is safe and presents a promising opportunity in therapy. More efforts are needed in the standardization and harmonization of reporting of EV isolation and characterization data as well as in the reporting of (S)AE to allow inter-study comparison.
如今,人们已经清楚地认识到,细胞外囊泡(EVs)并非细胞废物处理囊泡,而是细胞间通信系统的重要组成部分。除了在生物标志物研究和诊断中使用 EVs 外,许多人还看到了 EV 治疗的潜力。它们具有独特的疾病治疗特性,包括强大的免疫调节作用、工程设计的可能性、低免疫原性以及穿越生物屏障的能力。临床前研究已经证明了 EV 治疗各种病症的概念。然而,使用 EVs 进行的临床试验进展缓慢。在此,我们旨在全面概述目前利用 EVs 进行人体治疗的临床研究的最新进展。通过系统地了解现有知识,我们纳入了 21 份报告,对安全性和疗效结果进行了荟萃分析。总体而言,我们发现基于 EV 的治疗是安全的,严重不良事件(SAE;0.7%(95%-CI:0.1-5.2%))和不良事件(AE;4.4%(95%-CI:0.7-22.2%))发生率较低。亚组分析显示,比较自体与异体给药,以及工程与非工程EV产品,SAE无明显差异。自体给药与异体给药相比,AE明显较多。然而,其临床意义仍值得怀疑。对免疫刺激、免疫抑制或再生性 EV 疗法临床效果的评估表明,大多数接受治疗的患者病情都有所改善。尽管这些结果令人鼓舞,但由于 EVs 制造方法、研究设计和(S)AE 报告的高度异质性,需要谨慎对待这些数据。总之,我们得出结论:基于 EV 的疗法是安全的,并为治疗带来了希望。在 EV 分离和表征数据报告以及(S)AE 报告的标准化和统一化方面还需做出更多努力,以便进行研究间比较。
{"title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials assessing safety and efficacy of human extracellular vesicle-based therapy","authors":"Mats Van Delen, Judith Derdelinckx, Kristien Wouters, Inge Nelissen, Nathalie Cools","doi":"10.1002/jev2.12458","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jev2.12458","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nowadays, it has become clear that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are not a cellular waste disposal vesicle but are an essential part of an intercellular communication system. Besides the use of EVs in biomarker studies and diagnostics, the potential of EV-therapeutics has been seen by many. They provide unique properties for disease therapy, including strong immune-modulatory actions, the possibility of engineering, low immunogenicity, and the capability of crossing biological barriers. Proof-of-concept of EV-therapeutics for various pathologies has been achieved in preclinical studies. However, clinical trials with EVs have only been emerging slowly. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art concerning clinical studies using EVs in human therapy. By approaching the current knowledge in a systematic manner, we were able to include 21 reports for meta-analysis of safety and evaluation of efficacy outcomes. Overall, we have shown that EV-based therapy is safe with a low incidence of serious adverse events (SAE; 0.7% (95%-CI: 0.1–5.2%), and adverse events (AE; 4.4% (95%-CI: 0.7–22.2%). Subgroup analysis showed no significant difference in SAE when comparing autologous versus allogeneic administration, as well as engineered versus non-engineered EV products. A significantly higher number of AE was seen in autologous versus allogeneic administration. However, the clinical relevance remains questionable. Evaluation of the clinical outcomes of immunostimulatory, immunosuppressive or regenerative EV-therapies indicated improvement in the majority of treated patients. Despite these promising results, data need to be approached with caution due to a high heterogeneity in the EVs manufacturing methods, study design, and reporting of (S)AE. Overall, we conclude that EV-based therapy is safe and presents a promising opportunity in therapy. More efforts are needed in the standardization and harmonization of reporting of EV isolation and characterization data as well as in the reporting of (S)AE to allow inter-study comparison.</p>","PeriodicalId":15811,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11220457/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141492271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tierra A. Bobo, Michael Robinson, Christopher Tofade, Marina Sokolski-Papkov, Peter Nichols, Stephen Vorobiov, Haiyan Fu
MPS IIIC is a lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in heparan-α-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT), for which no treatment is available. Because HGSNAT is a trans-lysosomal-membrane protein, gene therapy for MPS IIIC needs to transduce as many cells as possible for maximal benefits. All cells continuously release extracellular vesicles (EVs) and communicate by exchanging biomolecules via EV trafficking. To address the unmet need, we developed a rAAV-hHGSNATEV vector with an EV-mRNA-packaging signal in the 3′UTR to facilitate bystander effects, and tested it in an in vitro MPS IIIC model. In human MPS IIIC cells, rAAV-hHGSNATEV enhanced HGSNAT mRNA and protein expression, EV-hHGSNAT-mRNA packaging, and cleared GAG storage. Importantly, incubation with EVs led to hHGSNAT protein expression and GAG contents clearance in recipient MPS IIIC cells. Further, rAAV-hHGSNATEV transduction led to the reduction of pathological EVs in MPS IIIC cells to normal levels, suggesting broader therapeutic benefits. These data demonstrate that incorporating the EV-mRNA-packaging signal into a rAAV-hHGSNAT vector enhances EV packaging of hHGSNAT-mRNA, which can be transported to non-transduced cells and translated into functional rHGSNAT protein, facilitating cross-correction of disease pathology. This study supports the therapeutic potential of rAAVEV for MPS IIIC, and broad diseases, without having to transduce every cell.
{"title":"AAV gene replacement therapy for treating MPS IIIC: Facilitating bystander effects via EV-mRNA cargo","authors":"Tierra A. Bobo, Michael Robinson, Christopher Tofade, Marina Sokolski-Papkov, Peter Nichols, Stephen Vorobiov, Haiyan Fu","doi":"10.1002/jev2.12464","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jev2.12464","url":null,"abstract":"<p>MPS IIIC is a lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in heparan-α-glucosaminide <i>N</i>-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT), for which no treatment is available. Because HGSNAT is a trans-lysosomal-membrane protein, gene therapy for MPS IIIC needs to transduce as many cells as possible for maximal benefits. All cells continuously release extracellular vesicles (EVs) and communicate by exchanging biomolecules via EV trafficking. To address the unmet need, we developed a rAAV-hHGSNAT<sup>EV</sup> vector with an EV-mRNA-packaging signal in the 3′UTR to facilitate bystander effects, and tested it in an in vitro MPS IIIC model. In human MPS IIIC cells, rAAV-hHGSNAT<sup>EV</sup> enhanced HGSNAT mRNA and protein expression, EV-hHGSNAT-mRNA packaging, and cleared GAG storage. Importantly, incubation with EVs led to hHGSNAT protein expression and GAG contents clearance in recipient MPS IIIC cells. Further, rAAV-hHGSNAT<sup>EV</sup> transduction led to the reduction of pathological EVs in MPS IIIC cells to normal levels, suggesting broader therapeutic benefits. These data demonstrate that incorporating the EV-mRNA-packaging signal into a rAAV-hHGSNAT vector enhances EV packaging of hHGSNAT-mRNA, which can be transported to non-transduced cells and translated into functional rHGSNAT protein, facilitating cross-correction of disease pathology. This study supports the therapeutic potential of rAAV<sup>EV</sup> for MPS IIIC, and broad diseases, without having to transduce every cell.</p>","PeriodicalId":15811,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jev2.12464","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141498167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in triggering tumour-aggressive behaviours. However, the energetic process by which tumour cells produce EVs remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate the involvement of β-hexosaminidase B (HEXB) in mediating EV release in response to oxidative stress, thereby promoting the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Mechanistically, reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulate the nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB), leading to the upregulation of both HEXB and its antisense lncRNA HEXB-AS. HEXB-AS can bind HEXB to form a protein/RNA complex, which elevates the protein stability of HEXB. The stabilized HEXB interacts with lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 (LAMP1), disrupting lysosome-multivesicular body (MVB) fusion, which protects EVs from degradation. Knockdown of HEXB efficiently inhibits EV release and curbs HCC growth both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, targeting HEXB by M-31850 significantly inhibits HCC growth, especially when combined with GW4869, an inhibitor of exosome release. Our results underscore the critical role of HEXB as a modulator that promotes EV release during HCC development.
{"title":"Oxidative stress induces extracellular vesicle release by upregulation of HEXB to facilitate tumour growth in experimental hepatocellular carcinoma","authors":"Jiufei Duan, Zhao Huang, Siyuan Qin, Bowen Li, Zhe Zhang, Rui Liu, Kui Wang, Edouard C. Nice, Jingwen Jiang, Canhua Huang","doi":"10.1002/jev2.12468","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jev2.12468","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in triggering tumour-aggressive behaviours. However, the energetic process by which tumour cells produce EVs remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate the involvement of <i>β</i>-hexosaminidase B (HEXB) in mediating EV release in response to oxidative stress, thereby promoting the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Mechanistically, reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulate the nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB), leading to the upregulation of both HEXB and its antisense lncRNA HEXB-AS. HEXB-AS can bind HEXB to form a protein/RNA complex, which elevates the protein stability of HEXB. The stabilized HEXB interacts with lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 (LAMP1), disrupting lysosome-multivesicular body (MVB) fusion, which protects EVs from degradation. Knockdown of HEXB efficiently inhibits EV release and curbs HCC growth both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, targeting HEXB by M-31850 significantly inhibits HCC growth, especially when combined with GW4869, an inhibitor of exosome release. Our results underscore the critical role of HEXB as a modulator that promotes EV release during HCC development.</p>","PeriodicalId":15811,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11214608/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141468459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Doste R. Mamand, Safa Bazaz, Dara K. Mohammad, Xiuming Liang, Svetlana Pavlova, Carsten Mim, Susanne Gabrielsson, Joel Z. Nordin, Oscar P. B. Wiklander, Manuchehr Abedi-Valugerdi, Samir EL-Andaloussi
Haematopoiesis dysregulation with the presence of immature myeloid and erythroid immunosuppressive cells are key characteristics of the immune escape phase of tumour development. Here, the role of in vitro generated B16F10 tumour cell-derived extracellular vesicles (tEVs) as indirect cellular communicators, participating in tumour-induced dysregulation of haematopoiesis, was explored. The isolated tEVs displayed features of small EVs with a size range of 100–200 nm, expressed the common EV markers CD63, CD9, and Alix, and had a spherical shape with a lipid bilayer membrane. Proteomic profiling revealed significant levels of angiogenic factors, particularly vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), osteopontin, and tissue factor, associated with the tEVs. Systemic administration of these tEVs in syngeneic mice induced splenomegaly and disrupted haematopoiesis, leading to extramedullary haematopoiesis, expansion of splenic immature erythroid progenitors, reduced bone marrow cellularity, medullary expansion of granulocytic myeloid suppressor cells, and the development of anaemia. These effects closely mirrored those observed in tumour-bearing mice and were not seen after heat inactivating the tEVs. In vitro studies demonstrated that tEVs independently induced the expansion of bone marrow granulocytic myeloid suppressor cells and B cells while reducing the frequency of cells in the erythropoietic lineage. These effects of tEVs were significantly abrogated by the blockade of VEGF or heat inactivation. Our findings underscore the important role of tEVs in dysregulating haematopoiesis during the immune escape phase of cancer immunoediting, suggesting their potential as targets for addressing immune evasion and reinstating normal hematopoietic processes.
{"title":"Extracellular vesicles originating from melanoma cells promote dysregulation in haematopoiesis as a component of cancer immunoediting","authors":"Doste R. Mamand, Safa Bazaz, Dara K. Mohammad, Xiuming Liang, Svetlana Pavlova, Carsten Mim, Susanne Gabrielsson, Joel Z. Nordin, Oscar P. B. Wiklander, Manuchehr Abedi-Valugerdi, Samir EL-Andaloussi","doi":"10.1002/jev2.12471","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jev2.12471","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Haematopoiesis dysregulation with the presence of immature myeloid and erythroid immunosuppressive cells are key characteristics of the immune escape phase of tumour development. Here, the role of in vitro generated B16F10 tumour cell-derived extracellular vesicles (tEVs) as indirect cellular communicators, participating in tumour-induced dysregulation of haematopoiesis, was explored. The isolated tEVs displayed features of small EVs with a size range of 100–200 nm, expressed the common EV markers CD63, CD9, and Alix, and had a spherical shape with a lipid bilayer membrane. Proteomic profiling revealed significant levels of angiogenic factors, particularly vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), osteopontin, and tissue factor, associated with the tEVs. Systemic administration of these tEVs in syngeneic mice induced splenomegaly and disrupted haematopoiesis, leading to extramedullary haematopoiesis, expansion of splenic immature erythroid progenitors, reduced bone marrow cellularity, medullary expansion of granulocytic myeloid suppressor cells, and the development of anaemia. These effects closely mirrored those observed in tumour-bearing mice and were not seen after heat inactivating the tEVs. In vitro studies demonstrated that tEVs independently induced the expansion of bone marrow granulocytic myeloid suppressor cells and B cells while reducing the frequency of cells in the erythropoietic lineage. These effects of tEVs were significantly abrogated by the blockade of VEGF or heat inactivation. Our findings underscore the important role of tEVs in dysregulating haematopoiesis during the immune escape phase of cancer immunoediting, suggesting their potential as targets for addressing immune evasion and reinstating normal hematopoietic processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15811,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11214607/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141468458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antoine Karoichan, Sarah Boucenna, Maryam Tabrizian
Extracellular vesicles have gained wide momentum as potential therapeutics for osteoarthritis, a highly prevalent chronic disease that still lacks an approved treatment. The membrane-bound vesicles are secreted by all cells carrying different cargos that can serve as both disease biomarkers and disease modifiers. Nonetheless, despite a significant peak in research regarding EVs as OA therapeutics, clinical implementation seems distant. In addition to scalability and standardization challenges, researchers often omit to focus on and consider the proper tropism of the vesicles, the practicality and relevance of their source, their low native therapeutic efficacy, and whether they address the disease as a whole. These considerations are necessary to better understand EVs in a clinical light and have been comprehensively discussed and ultimately summarized in this review into a conceptualized framework termed the nanodiamond concept. Future perspectives are also discussed, and alternatives are presented to address some of the challenges and concerns.
细胞外囊泡作为治疗骨关节炎的潜在疗法已获得广泛关注。膜结合囊泡由所有细胞分泌,携带不同的载体,可作为疾病生物标志物和疾病调节剂。然而,尽管有关将 EVs 作为 OA 治疗药物的研究达到了一个显著的高峰,但临床应用似乎还很遥远。除了可扩展性和标准化方面的挑战外,研究人员往往忽略了对囊泡的适当滋养性、囊泡来源的实用性和相关性、囊泡的低原生疗效以及囊泡是否能从整体上治疗疾病等问题的关注和考虑。要从临床角度更好地理解 EVs,就必须考虑这些因素,本综述对这些因素进行了全面讨论,并最终将其总结为一个概念化框架,称为纳米钻石概念。本综述还讨论了未来的前景,并提出了解决某些挑战和问题的替代方案。
{"title":"Therapeutics of the future: Navigating the pitfalls of extracellular vesicles research from an osteoarthritis perspective","authors":"Antoine Karoichan, Sarah Boucenna, Maryam Tabrizian","doi":"10.1002/jev2.12435","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jev2.12435","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extracellular vesicles have gained wide momentum as potential therapeutics for osteoarthritis, a highly prevalent chronic disease that still lacks an approved treatment. The membrane-bound vesicles are secreted by all cells carrying different cargos that can serve as both disease biomarkers and disease modifiers. Nonetheless, despite a significant peak in research regarding EVs as OA therapeutics, clinical implementation seems distant. In addition to scalability and standardization challenges, researchers often omit to focus on and consider the proper tropism of the vesicles, the practicality and relevance of their source, their low native therapeutic efficacy, and whether they address the disease as a whole. These considerations are necessary to better understand EVs in a clinical light and have been comprehensively discussed and ultimately summarized in this review into a conceptualized framework termed the nanodiamond concept. Future perspectives are also discussed, and alternatives are presented to address some of the challenges and concerns.</p>","PeriodicalId":15811,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11213691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141468460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}