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A new subtype of artificial cell-derived vesicles from dental pulp stem cells with the bioequivalence and higher acquisition efficiency compared to extracellular vesicles 从牙髓干细胞中提取的新亚型人工细胞衍生囊泡与细胞外囊泡相比,具有生物等效性和更高的获取效率。
IF 15.5 1区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12473
Xingxiang Duan, Rui Zhang, Huixian Feng, Heng Zhou, Yu Luo, Wei Xiong, Junyi Li, Yan He, Qingsong Ye

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) have been shown an excellent efficacy in a variety of disease models. However, current production methods fail to meet the needs of clinical treatment. In this study, we present an innovative approach to substantially enhance the production of ‘Artificial Cell-Derived Vesicles (ACDVs)’ by extracting and purifying the contents released by the DPSC lysate, namely intracellular vesicles. Comparative analysis was performed between ACDVs and those obtained through ultracentrifugation. The ACDVs extracted from the cell lysate meet the general standard of EVs and have similar protein secretion profile. The new ACDVs also significantly promoted wound healing, increased or decreased collagen regeneration, and reduced the production of inflammatory factors as the EVs. More importantly, the extraction efficiency is improved by 16 times compared with the EVs extracted using ultracentrifuge method. With its impressive attributes, this new subtype of ACDVs emerge as a prospective candidate for the future clinical applications in regenerative medicine.

从牙髓干细胞(DPSC)中提取的细胞外囊泡(EVs)已在多种疾病模型中显示出卓越的疗效。然而,目前的生产方法无法满足临床治疗的需要。在本研究中,我们提出了一种创新方法,通过提取和纯化牙髓干细胞裂解物释放的内容物(即细胞内囊泡),大幅提高 "人工细胞衍生囊泡(ACDVs)"的产量。对ACDVs和超速离心法获得的ACDVs进行了比较分析。从细胞裂解液中提取的ACDV符合EV的一般标准,并具有相似的蛋白质分泌特征。新的 ACDV 与 EVs 一样,也能显著促进伤口愈合、增加或减少胶原蛋白再生,并减少炎症因子的产生。更重要的是,与使用超速离心法提取的 EVs 相比,提取效率提高了 16 倍。由于其令人印象深刻的特性,这种新亚型 ACDVs 成为再生医学未来临床应用的潜在候选者。
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引用次数: 0
A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials assessing safety and efficacy of human extracellular vesicle-based therapy 对评估基于细胞外囊泡疗法的安全性和有效性的临床试验进行系统回顾和荟萃分析。
IF 15.5 1区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12458
Mats Van Delen, Judith Derdelinckx, Kristien Wouters, Inge Nelissen, Nathalie Cools

Nowadays, it has become clear that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are not a cellular waste disposal vesicle but are an essential part of an intercellular communication system. Besides the use of EVs in biomarker studies and diagnostics, the potential of EV-therapeutics has been seen by many. They provide unique properties for disease therapy, including strong immune-modulatory actions, the possibility of engineering, low immunogenicity, and the capability of crossing biological barriers. Proof-of-concept of EV-therapeutics for various pathologies has been achieved in preclinical studies. However, clinical trials with EVs have only been emerging slowly. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art concerning clinical studies using EVs in human therapy. By approaching the current knowledge in a systematic manner, we were able to include 21 reports for meta-analysis of safety and evaluation of efficacy outcomes. Overall, we have shown that EV-based therapy is safe with a low incidence of serious adverse events (SAE; 0.7% (95%-CI: 0.1–5.2%), and adverse events (AE; 4.4% (95%-CI: 0.7–22.2%). Subgroup analysis showed no significant difference in SAE when comparing autologous versus allogeneic administration, as well as engineered versus non-engineered EV products. A significantly higher number of AE was seen in autologous versus allogeneic administration. However, the clinical relevance remains questionable. Evaluation of the clinical outcomes of immunostimulatory, immunosuppressive or regenerative EV-therapies indicated improvement in the majority of treated patients. Despite these promising results, data need to be approached with caution due to a high heterogeneity in the EVs manufacturing methods, study design, and reporting of (S)AE. Overall, we conclude that EV-based therapy is safe and presents a promising opportunity in therapy. More efforts are needed in the standardization and harmonization of reporting of EV isolation and characterization data as well as in the reporting of (S)AE to allow inter-study comparison.

如今,人们已经清楚地认识到,细胞外囊泡(EVs)并非细胞废物处理囊泡,而是细胞间通信系统的重要组成部分。除了在生物标志物研究和诊断中使用 EVs 外,许多人还看到了 EV 治疗的潜力。它们具有独特的疾病治疗特性,包括强大的免疫调节作用、工程设计的可能性、低免疫原性以及穿越生物屏障的能力。临床前研究已经证明了 EV 治疗各种病症的概念。然而,使用 EVs 进行的临床试验进展缓慢。在此,我们旨在全面概述目前利用 EVs 进行人体治疗的临床研究的最新进展。通过系统地了解现有知识,我们纳入了 21 份报告,对安全性和疗效结果进行了荟萃分析。总体而言,我们发现基于 EV 的治疗是安全的,严重不良事件(SAE;0.7%(95%-CI:0.1-5.2%))和不良事件(AE;4.4%(95%-CI:0.7-22.2%))发生率较低。亚组分析显示,比较自体与异体给药,以及工程与非工程EV产品,SAE无明显差异。自体给药与异体给药相比,AE明显较多。然而,其临床意义仍值得怀疑。对免疫刺激、免疫抑制或再生性 EV 疗法临床效果的评估表明,大多数接受治疗的患者病情都有所改善。尽管这些结果令人鼓舞,但由于 EVs 制造方法、研究设计和(S)AE 报告的高度异质性,需要谨慎对待这些数据。总之,我们得出结论:基于 EV 的疗法是安全的,并为治疗带来了希望。在 EV 分离和表征数据报告以及(S)AE 报告的标准化和统一化方面还需做出更多努力,以便进行研究间比较。
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引用次数: 0
AAV gene replacement therapy for treating MPS IIIC: Facilitating bystander effects via EV-mRNA cargo 用于治疗 MPS IIIC 的 AAV 基因替代疗法:通过 EV-mRNA 货物促进旁观者效应。
IF 15.5 1区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12464
Tierra A. Bobo, Michael Robinson, Christopher Tofade, Marina Sokolski-Papkov, Peter Nichols, Stephen Vorobiov, Haiyan Fu

MPS IIIC is a lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in heparan-α-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT), for which no treatment is available. Because HGSNAT is a trans-lysosomal-membrane protein, gene therapy for MPS IIIC needs to transduce as many cells as possible for maximal benefits. All cells continuously release extracellular vesicles (EVs) and communicate by exchanging biomolecules via EV trafficking. To address the unmet need, we developed a rAAV-hHGSNATEV vector with an EV-mRNA-packaging signal in the 3′UTR to facilitate bystander effects, and tested it in an in vitro MPS IIIC model. In human MPS IIIC cells, rAAV-hHGSNATEV enhanced HGSNAT mRNA and protein expression, EV-hHGSNAT-mRNA packaging, and cleared GAG storage. Importantly, incubation with EVs led to hHGSNAT protein expression and GAG contents clearance in recipient MPS IIIC cells. Further, rAAV-hHGSNATEV transduction led to the reduction of pathological EVs in MPS IIIC cells to normal levels, suggesting broader therapeutic benefits. These data demonstrate that incorporating the EV-mRNA-packaging signal into a rAAV-hHGSNAT vector enhances EV packaging of hHGSNAT-mRNA, which can be transported to non-transduced cells and translated into functional rHGSNAT protein, facilitating cross-correction of disease pathology. This study supports the therapeutic potential of rAAVEV for MPS IIIC, and broad diseases, without having to transduce every cell.

MPS IIIC 是一种溶酶体贮积病,由肝素-α-氨基葡萄糖 N-乙酰转移酶(HGSNAT)突变引起,目前尚无治疗方法。由于 HGSNAT 是一种跨溶酶体膜蛋白,因此 MPS IIIC 的基因疗法需要转导尽可能多的细胞才能获得最大疗效。所有细胞都会不断释放细胞外囊泡 (EV),并通过 EV 转运交换生物分子进行交流。为了满足这一需求,我们开发了一种 rAAV-hHGSNATEV 载体,其 3'UTR 中含有 EV-mRNA 包装信号,以促进旁观者效应,并在体外 MPS IIIC 模型中进行了测试。在人类 MPS IIIC 细胞中,rAAV-hHGSNATEV 增强了 HGSNAT mRNA 和蛋白质的表达、EV-hHGSNAT-mRNA 包装,并清除了 GAG 储存。重要的是,与 EVs 一起孵育可导致受体 MPS IIIC 细胞中 hHGSNAT 蛋白表达和 GAG 含量清除。此外,rAAV-hHGSNATEV 转导还能将 MPS IIIC 细胞中的病理性 EVs 降低到正常水平,从而带来更广泛的治疗效果。这些数据表明,在 rAAV-hHGSNAT 载体中加入 EV-mRNA 包装信号可增强 EV 对 hHGSNAT-mRNA 的包装,而 hHGSNAT-mRNA 可被转运到非转导细胞并翻译成功能性 rHGSNAT 蛋白,从而促进疾病病理的交叉矫正。这项研究证明了 rAAVEV 治疗 MPS IIIC 和其他疾病的潜力,而无需转导每个细胞。
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引用次数: 0
Oxidative stress induces extracellular vesicle release by upregulation of HEXB to facilitate tumour growth in experimental hepatocellular carcinoma 氧化应激通过上调HEXB诱导细胞外囊泡释放,从而促进实验性肝细胞癌的肿瘤生长。
IF 15.5 1区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-29 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12468
Jiufei Duan, Zhao Huang, Siyuan Qin, Bowen Li, Zhe Zhang, Rui Liu, Kui Wang, Edouard C. Nice, Jingwen Jiang, Canhua Huang

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in triggering tumour-aggressive behaviours. However, the energetic process by which tumour cells produce EVs remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate the involvement of β-hexosaminidase B (HEXB) in mediating EV release in response to oxidative stress, thereby promoting the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Mechanistically, reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulate the nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB), leading to the upregulation of both HEXB and its antisense lncRNA HEXB-AS. HEXB-AS can bind HEXB to form a protein/RNA complex, which elevates the protein stability of HEXB. The stabilized HEXB interacts with lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 (LAMP1), disrupting lysosome-multivesicular body (MVB) fusion, which protects EVs from degradation. Knockdown of HEXB efficiently inhibits EV release and curbs HCC growth both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, targeting HEXB by M-31850 significantly inhibits HCC growth, especially when combined with GW4869, an inhibitor of exosome release. Our results underscore the critical role of HEXB as a modulator that promotes EV release during HCC development.

细胞外囊泡(EVs)在引发肿瘤侵袭行为方面起着至关重要的作用。然而,人们对肿瘤细胞产生EVs的能量过程仍然知之甚少。在这里,我们证明了β-己糖胺酶B(HEXB)在氧化应激下参与介导EV的释放,从而促进肝细胞癌(HCC)的发展。从机制上讲,活性氧(ROS)刺激转录因子 EB(TFEB)的核转位,导致 HEXB 及其反义 lncRNA HEXB-AS 的上调。HEXB-AS 可与 HEXB 结合形成蛋白质/RNA 复合物,从而提高 HEXB 蛋白的稳定性。稳定后的HEXB与溶酶体相关膜糖蛋白1(LAMP1)相互作用,破坏溶酶体-多囊体(MVB)融合,从而保护EV不被降解。敲除HEXB可有效抑制EV的释放,并抑制HCC在体外和体内的生长。此外,用M-31850靶向HEXB能显著抑制HCC的生长,尤其是与外泌体释放抑制剂GW4869联合使用时。我们的研究结果强调了 HEXB 在 HCC 发展过程中作为促进外泌体释放的调制剂的关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
Extracellular vesicles originating from melanoma cells promote dysregulation in haematopoiesis as a component of cancer immunoediting 源自黑色素瘤细胞的细胞外囊泡促进造血功能失调,是癌症免疫编辑的一个组成部分。
IF 15.5 1区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-29 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12471
Doste R. Mamand, Safa Bazaz, Dara K. Mohammad, Xiuming Liang, Svetlana Pavlova, Carsten Mim, Susanne Gabrielsson, Joel Z. Nordin, Oscar P. B. Wiklander, Manuchehr Abedi-Valugerdi, Samir EL-Andaloussi

Haematopoiesis dysregulation with the presence of immature myeloid and erythroid immunosuppressive cells are key characteristics of the immune escape phase of tumour development. Here, the role of in vitro generated B16F10 tumour cell-derived extracellular vesicles (tEVs) as indirect cellular communicators, participating in tumour-induced dysregulation of haematopoiesis, was explored. The isolated tEVs displayed features of small EVs with a size range of 100–200 nm, expressed the common EV markers CD63, CD9, and Alix, and had a spherical shape with a lipid bilayer membrane. Proteomic profiling revealed significant levels of angiogenic factors, particularly vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), osteopontin, and tissue factor, associated with the tEVs. Systemic administration of these tEVs in syngeneic mice induced splenomegaly and disrupted haematopoiesis, leading to extramedullary haematopoiesis, expansion of splenic immature erythroid progenitors, reduced bone marrow cellularity, medullary expansion of granulocytic myeloid suppressor cells, and the development of anaemia. These effects closely mirrored those observed in tumour-bearing mice and were not seen after heat inactivating the tEVs. In vitro studies demonstrated that tEVs independently induced the expansion of bone marrow granulocytic myeloid suppressor cells and B cells while reducing the frequency of cells in the erythropoietic lineage. These effects of tEVs were significantly abrogated by the blockade of VEGF or heat inactivation. Our findings underscore the important role of tEVs in dysregulating haematopoiesis during the immune escape phase of cancer immunoediting, suggesting their potential as targets for addressing immune evasion and reinstating normal hematopoietic processes.

血液生成失调以及未成熟髓系和红系免疫抑制细胞的存在是肿瘤发生过程中免疫逃逸阶段的主要特征。本文探讨了体外生成的 B16F10 肿瘤细胞衍生的胞外小泡(tEVs)作为间接细胞通讯工具参与肿瘤诱导的造血失调的作用。分离出的tEV具有100-200 nm大小的小型EV的特征,表达常见的EV标记物CD63、CD9和Alix,具有球形的脂质双层膜。蛋白质组分析表明,与tEVs相关的血管生成因子,尤其是血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、补骨脂素和组织因子的含量很高。在合成小鼠体内全身给药这些 tEVs 会诱发脾脏肿大并破坏造血功能,导致髓外造血、脾脏未成熟红细胞祖细胞扩增、骨髓细胞减少、粒细胞髓样抑制细胞髓质扩增以及贫血的发生。这些效应与在肿瘤小鼠身上观察到的效应十分相似,而在热灭活 tEVs 后却看不到这些效应。体外研究表明,tEVs 可独立诱导骨髓粒细胞髓系抑制细胞和 B 细胞的扩增,同时降低红细胞生成系细胞的频率。通过阻断血管内皮生长因子或热灭活,tEVs 的这些作用明显减弱。我们的发现强调了 tEVs 在癌症免疫编辑的免疫逃逸阶段对造血功能失调的重要作用,表明它们有可能成为解决免疫逃避和恢复正常造血过程的靶点。
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引用次数: 0
Therapeutics of the future: Navigating the pitfalls of extracellular vesicles research from an osteoarthritis perspective 未来的疗法:从骨关节炎的角度看细胞外囊泡研究的陷阱。
IF 15.5 1区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12435
Antoine Karoichan, Sarah Boucenna, Maryam Tabrizian

Extracellular vesicles have gained wide momentum as potential therapeutics for osteoarthritis, a highly prevalent chronic disease that still lacks an approved treatment. The membrane-bound vesicles are secreted by all cells carrying different cargos that can serve as both disease biomarkers and disease modifiers. Nonetheless, despite a significant peak in research regarding EVs as OA therapeutics, clinical implementation seems distant. In addition to scalability and standardization challenges, researchers often omit to focus on and consider the proper tropism of the vesicles, the practicality and relevance of their source, their low native therapeutic efficacy, and whether they address the disease as a whole. These considerations are necessary to better understand EVs in a clinical light and have been comprehensively discussed and ultimately summarized in this review into a conceptualized framework termed the nanodiamond concept. Future perspectives are also discussed, and alternatives are presented to address some of the challenges and concerns.

细胞外囊泡作为治疗骨关节炎的潜在疗法已获得广泛关注。膜结合囊泡由所有细胞分泌,携带不同的载体,可作为疾病生物标志物和疾病调节剂。然而,尽管有关将 EVs 作为 OA 治疗药物的研究达到了一个显著的高峰,但临床应用似乎还很遥远。除了可扩展性和标准化方面的挑战外,研究人员往往忽略了对囊泡的适当滋养性、囊泡来源的实用性和相关性、囊泡的低原生疗效以及囊泡是否能从整体上治疗疾病等问题的关注和考虑。要从临床角度更好地理解 EVs,就必须考虑这些因素,本综述对这些因素进行了全面讨论,并最终将其总结为一个概念化框架,称为纳米钻石概念。本综述还讨论了未来的前景,并提出了解决某些挑战和问题的替代方案。
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引用次数: 0
Adult cardiomyocytes-derived EVs for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis 用于治疗心脏纤维化的成人心肌细胞衍生 EVs。
IF 15.5 1区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12461
Marta Prieto-Vila, Yusuke Yoshioka, Naoya Kuriyama, Akihiko Okamura, Yusuke Yamamoto, Asao Muranaka, Takahiro Ochiya

Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathological feature of cardiovascular diseases that arises from the hyperactivation of fibroblasts and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, leading to impaired cardiac function and potentially heart failure or arrhythmia. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cardiomyocytes (CMs) regulate various physiological functions essential for myocardial homeostasis, which are disrupted in cardiac disease. Therefore, healthy CM-derived EVs represent a promising cell-free therapy for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis.

To this end, we optimized the culture conditions of human adult CMs to obtain a large yield of EVs without compromising cellular integrity by using a defined combination of small molecules. EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation, and their characteristics were analysed. Finally, their effect on fibrosis was tested.

Treatment of TGFβ-activated human cardiac fibroblasts with EVs derived from CMs using our culture system resulted in a decrease in fibroblast activation markers and ECM accumulation. The rescued phenotype was associated with specific EV cargo, including multiple myocyte-specific and antifibrotic microRNAs, although their effect individually was not as effective as the EV treatment. Notably, pathway analysis showed that EV treatment reverted the transcription of activated fibroblasts and decreased several signalling pathways, including MAPK, mTOR, JAK/STAT, TGFβ, and PI3K/Akt, all of which are involved in fibrosis development. Intracardiac injection of CM-derived EVs in an animal model of cardiac fibrosis reduced fibrotic area and increased angiogenesis, which correlated with improved cardiac function.

These findings suggest that EVs derived from human adult CMs may offer a targeted and effective treatment for cardiac fibrosis, owing to their antifibrotic properties and the specificity of cargo.

心脏纤维化是心血管疾病的常见病理特征,它源于成纤维细胞的过度活化和细胞外基质(ECM)的过度沉积,从而导致心脏功能受损,并可能引发心力衰竭或心律失常。心肌细胞(CM)释放的细胞外囊泡(EVs)调节着心肌稳态所必需的各种生理功能,而这些功能在心脏疾病中会受到破坏。因此,健康 CM 衍生的 EVs 是治疗心脏纤维化的一种前景广阔的无细胞疗法。为此,我们优化了人类成体 CM 的培养条件,通过使用特定的小分子组合,在不损害细胞完整性的情况下获得大量 EVs。我们通过超速离心法分离出了 EVs,并分析了它们的特征。最后,测试了它们对纤维化的影响。利用我们的培养系统,用从 CMs 提取的 EVs 处理 TGFβ 激活的人心脏成纤维细胞,结果发现成纤维细胞活化标记物和 ECM 积累减少。获救的表型与特定的 EV 货物有关,包括多种肌细胞特异性和抗纤维化的 microRNA,尽管它们的单独作用不如 EV 处理有效。值得注意的是,通路分析表明,EV处理可逆转活化成纤维细胞的转录,并减少几种信号通路,包括MAPK、mTOR、JAK/STAT、TGFβ和PI3K/Akt,所有这些通路都参与纤维化的发展。在心脏纤维化动物模型中,心内注射 CM 衍生的 EV 可减少纤维化面积并增加血管生成,这与心脏功能的改善相关。这些研究结果表明,从人类成体CM中提取的EVs由于其抗纤维化特性和货物的特异性,可为心脏纤维化提供有针对性的有效治疗。
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引用次数: 0
Isolation and quantification of L1CAM-positive extracellular vesicles on a chip as a potential biomarker for Parkinson's Disease 在芯片上分离和量化 L1CAM 阳性细胞外囊泡,作为帕金森病的潜在生物标记物。
IF 15.5 1区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12467
Danyu Li, Siyi Zou, Ziyang Huang, Congcong Sun, Guozhen Liu

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry disease-specific molecular profiles, demonstrating massive potential in biomarker discovery. In this study, we developed an integrated biochip platform, termed EVID-biochip (EVs identification and detection biochip), which integrates in situ electrochemical protein detection with on-chip antifouling-immunomagnetic beads modified with CD81 antibodies and zwitterion molecules, enabling efficient isolation and detection of neuronal EVs. The capability of the EVID-biochip to isolate common EVs and detect neuronal EVs associated with Parkinson's disease in human serum is successfully demonstrated, using the transmembrane protein L1-cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) as a target biomarker. The EVID-biochip exhibited high efficiency and specificity for the detection of L1CAM with a sensitivity of 1 pg/mL. Based on the validation of 76 human serum samples, for the first time, this study discovered that the level of L1CAM/neuronal EV particles in serum could serve as a reliable indicator to distinguish Parkinson's disease from control groups with AUC = 0.973. EVID-biochip represents a reliable and rapid liquid biopsy platform for the analysis of complex biofluids offering EVs isolation and detection in a single chip, requiring a small sample volume (300 µL) and an assay time of 1.5 h. This approach has the potential to advance the diagnosis and biomarker discovery of various neurological disorders and other diseases.

细胞外囊泡(EVs)携带疾病特异性分子特征,在生物标记物发现方面具有巨大潜力。在这项研究中,我们开发了一种名为 EVID-生物芯片(EVs identification and detection biochip)的集成生物芯片平台,该平台将原位电化学蛋白检测与经 CD81 抗体和齐聚物分子修饰的芯片抗偶联免疫磁珠整合在一起,实现了对神经元 EVs 的高效分离和检测。以跨膜蛋白 L1-细胞粘附分子(L1CAM)为目标生物标记物,成功证明了 EVID 生物芯片分离普通 EV 和检测人类血清中与帕金森病相关的神经元 EV 的能力。EVID 生物芯片对 L1CAM 的检测具有高效性和特异性,灵敏度为 1 pg/mL。基于对76份人类血清样本的验证,该研究首次发现血清中L1CAM/神经元EV颗粒的水平可作为区分帕金森病和对照组的可靠指标,AUC = 0.973。EVID-生物芯片是一种可靠、快速的液体活检平台,可用于分析复杂的生物流体,在单个芯片中进行EVs分离和检测,只需少量样品(300微升),检测时间为1.5小时。
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引用次数: 0
Stress-induced Rab11a-exosomes induce amphiregulin-mediated cetuximab resistance in colorectal cancer 应激诱导的Rab11a-外泌体在结直肠癌中诱导安非他酮介导的西妥昔单抗抗性。
IF 16 1区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12465
John D. Mason, Ewan Marks, Shih-Jung Fan, Kristie McCormick, Clive Wilson, Adrian L. Harris, Freddie C. Hamdy, Chris Cunningham, Deborah C. I. Goberdhan

Exosomes are secreted vesicles made intracellularly in the endosomal system. We have previously shown that exosomes are not only made in late endosomes, but also in recycling endosomes marked by the monomeric G-protein Rab11a. These vesicles, termed Rab11a-exosomes, are preferentially secreted under nutrient stress from several cancer cell types, including HCT116 colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. HCT116 Rab11a-exosomes have particularly potent signalling activities, some mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand, amphiregulin (AREG). Mutant activating forms of KRAS, a downstream target of EGFR, are often found in advanced CRC. When absent, monoclonal antibodies, such as cetuximab, which target the EGFR and block the effects of EGFR ligands, such as AREG, can be administered. Patients, however, inevitably develop resistance to cetuximab, either by acquiring KRAS mutations or via non-genetic microenvironmental changes. Here we show that nutrient stress in several CRC cell lines causes the release of AREG-carrying Rab11a-exosomes. We demonstrate that while soluble AREG has no effect, much lower levels of AREG bound to Rab11a-exosomes from cetuximab-resistant KRAS-mutant HCT116 cells, can suppress the effects of cetuximab on KRAS-wild type Caco-2 CRC cells. Using neutralising anti-AREG antibodies and an intracellular EGFR kinase inhibitor, we show that this effect is mediated via AREG activation of EGFR, and not transfer of activated KRAS. Therefore, presentation of AREG on Rab11a-exosomes affects its ability to compete with cetuximab. We propose that this Rab11a-exosome-mediated mechanism contributes to the establishment of resistance in cetuximab-sensitive cells and may explain why in cetuximab-resistant tumours only some cells carry mutant KRAS.

外泌体是内泌体系统在细胞内产生的分泌囊泡。我们之前已经证明,外泌体不仅在晚期内体中产生,也在以单体G蛋白Rab11a为标志的回收内体中产生。这些被称为 Rab11a-外泌体的囊泡在营养压力下优先从几种癌细胞类型中分泌出来,包括 HCT116 大肠癌(CRC)细胞。HCT116 Rab11a-外泌体具有特别强的信号活性,其中一些信号活性是由表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)配体安非拉酮(AREG)介导的。KRAS 是表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)的下游靶标,在晚期 CRC 中经常发现 KRAS 的突变激活形式。如果不存在这种情况,就可以使用西妥昔单抗等单克隆抗体来靶向表皮生长因子受体并阻断表皮生长因子受体配体(如 AREG)的作用。然而,患者不可避免地会对西妥昔单抗产生耐药性,这可能是由于获得了 KRAS 突变,也可能是由于非遗传性的微环境变化。在这里,我们展示了几种 CRC 细胞系中的营养应激会导致携带 AREG 的 Rab11a- 外泌体释放。我们证明,虽然可溶性 AREG 没有影响,但与来自西妥昔单抗抗性 KRAS 突变 HCT116 细胞的 Rab11a- 外泌体结合的 AREG 水平低得多,可以抑制西妥昔单抗对 KRAS 野生型 Caco-2 CRC 细胞的影响。通过使用中和性抗 AREG 抗体和细胞内表皮生长因子受体激酶抑制剂,我们发现这种效应是通过 AREG 激活表皮生长因子受体而不是活化的 KRAS 转移来介导的。因此,AREG在Rab11a-外泌体上的呈现会影响其与西妥昔单抗竞争的能力。我们认为,Rab11a-外泌体介导的这一机制有助于西妥昔单抗敏感细胞耐药性的建立,也可以解释为什么西妥昔单抗耐药肿瘤中只有部分细胞携带突变型 KRAS。
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引用次数: 0
Gut-liver axis: Potential mechanisms of action of food-derived extracellular vesicles 肠肝轴:源自食物的细胞外囊泡的潜在作用机制。
IF 16 1区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-17 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12466
Sitong Zhang, Qiyue Wang, Daniel En Liang Tan, Vritika Sikka, Cheng Han Ng, Yan Xian, Dan Li, Mark Muthiah, Nicholas W. S. Chew, Gert Storm, Lingjun Tong, Jiong-Wei Wang

Food-derived extracellular vesicles (FEVs) are nanoscale membrane vesicles obtained from dietary materials such as breast milk, plants and probiotics. Distinct from other EVs, FEVs can survive the harsh degrading conditions in the gastrointestinal tract and reach the intestines. This unique feature allows FEVs to be promising prebiotics in health and oral nanomedicine for gut disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease. Interestingly, therapeutic effects of FEVs have recently also been observed in non-gastrointestinal diseases. However, the mechanisms remain unclear or even mysterious. It is speculated that orally administered FEVs could enter the bloodstream, reach remote organs, and thus exert therapeutic effects therein. However, emerging evidence suggests that the amount of FEVs reaching organs beyond the gastrointestinal tract is marginal and may be insufficient to account for the significant therapeutic effects achieved regarding diseases involving remote organs such as the liver. Thus, we herein propose that FEVs primarily act locally in the intestine by modulating intestinal microenvironments such as barrier integrity and microbiota, thereby eliciting therapeutic impact remotely on the liver in non-gastrointestinal diseases via the gut-liver axis. Likewise, drugs delivered to the gastrointestinal system through FEVs may act via the gut-liver axis. As the liver is the main metabolic hub, the intestinal microenvironment may be implicated in other metabolic diseases. In fact, many patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease suffer from a leaky gut and dysbiosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent progress in FEVs and discuss their biomedical applications as therapeutic agents and drug delivery systems, highlighting the pivotal role of the gut-liver axis in the mechanisms of action of FEVs for the treatment of gut disorders and metabolic diseases.

食物衍生细胞外囊泡(FEVs)是从母乳、植物和益生菌等食物材料中提取的纳米级膜囊泡。与其他细胞外小泡不同的是,FEVs 可以在胃肠道恶劣的降解条件下存活下来,并进入肠道。这种独特的特性使 FEVs 成为有前景的健康益生元和治疗肠道疾病(如炎症性肠病)的口服纳米药物。有趣的是,最近在非胃肠道疾病中也观察到了 FEVs 的治疗效果。然而,其机制仍不清楚,甚至是神秘的。据推测,口服的 FEVs 可以进入血液,到达远处的器官,从而发挥治疗作用。然而,新出现的证据表明,到达胃肠道以外器官的 FEV 数量微乎其微,可能不足以解释涉及肝脏等远端器官的疾病所取得的显著治疗效果。因此,我们在此提出,FEVs 主要通过调节肠道微环境(如屏障完整性和微生物群)在肠道局部发挥作用,从而通过肠肝轴对非胃肠道疾病的肝脏产生远程治疗效果。同样,通过快速静脉输液器输送到胃肠道系统的药物也可能通过肠道-肝脏轴发挥作用。由于肝脏是主要的代谢枢纽,肠道微环境可能与其他代谢性疾病有关。事实上,许多非酒精性脂肪肝、肥胖症、糖尿病和心血管疾病患者都患有肠漏和菌群失调。在这篇综述中,我们概述了 FEV 的最新进展,讨论了它们作为治疗剂和给药系统的生物医学应用,强调了肠道-肝脏轴在 FEV 治疗肠道疾病和代谢性疾病的作用机制中的关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Extracellular Vesicles
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