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Identifying solution strategies in a mentalrotation test with gender-stereotyped objects. 在性别刻板印象对象的心理旋转测试中识别解决策略。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-03-10 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.6.5
Mirko Saunders, Claudia M Quaiser-Pohl

Many studies deal with solution strategies in mental-rotation tests. The approaches range from global analysis, attention to object parts, holistic and piecemeal strategy to a combined strategy. Other studies do not speak of strategies, but of holistic or piecemeal processes or even of holistic or piecemeal rotation. The methodological approach used here is to identify mental-rotation strategies via gaze patterns derived from eye-tracking data when solving chronometric mental-rotation tasks with gender-stereotyped objects. The mental-rotation test consists of 3 male-stereotyped objects (locomotive, hammer, wrench) and 3 femalestereotyped objects (pram, hand mirror, brush) rotated at eight different angles. The sample consisted of 16 women and 10 men (age: M=21.58; SD=4.21). The results of a qualitative analysis with two individual objects (wrench and brush) showed four different gaze patterns. These gaze patterns appeared with different frequency in the two objects and correlated differently with performance and response time. The results indicate either an objectoriented or an egocentric mental-rotation strategy behind the gaze patterns. In general, a new methodological approach has been developed to identify mental-rotation strategies bottom-up which can also be used for other stimulus types.

许多研究涉及心理旋转测试中的解决策略。方法范围从全局分析,关注对象部分,整体和零碎策略到组合策略。其他研究不涉及策略,而是整体或零碎的过程,甚至是整体或零碎的旋转。本文使用的方法是,在解决带有性别刻板印象的时间计量心理旋转任务时,通过眼动追踪数据得出的凝视模式来识别心理旋转策略。心理旋转测试包括3个男性刻板印象物体(机车、锤子、扳手)和3个女性刻板印象物体(婴儿车、手镜、刷子)以8个不同角度旋转。样本包括16名女性和10名男性(年龄:M=21.58;SD = 4.21)。对两个单独的物体(扳手和刷子)进行定性分析的结果显示出四种不同的凝视模式。这些凝视模式在两种物体上出现的频率不同,与表现和反应时间的相关性也不同。结果表明,在凝视模式的背后,要么是一种面向对象的,要么是一种以自我为中心的心理旋转策略。总的来说,已经开发出一种新的方法来确定自下而上的心理旋转策略,这种策略也可以用于其他刺激类型。
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引用次数: 1
Two Electrical Engineers, One Problem, and Evolution Produced the Same Solution: A Historical Note. 两个电气工程师,一个问题,进化产生了相同的解决方案:一个历史注释。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-02-15 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.1.2
Louis F Dell'Osso

This note adds historical context into solving the problem of improving the speed of the step response of a low-order plant in two different types of control systems, a chemical mixing system and the human saccadic system. Two electrical engineers studied the above problem: one to understand and model how nature and evolution solved it and the other to design a control system to solve it in a man-made commercial system. David A. Robinson discovered that fast and accurate saccades were produced by a pulse-step of neural innervation applied to the extraocular plant. Leonidas M. Mantgiaris invented a method to achieve rapid and accurate chemical mixing by applying a large stimulus for a short period of time and then replacing it with the desired steady-state value (i.e., a "pulse-step" input). Thus, two humans used their brains to: 1) determine how the human brain produced human saccades; and 2) invent a control-system method to produce fast and accurate chemical mixing. That the second person came up with the same method by which his own brain was making saccades may shed light on the question of whether the human brain can fully understand itself.

本文在解决两种不同类型的控制系统(化学混合系统和人类跳跃式系统)中提高低阶装置阶跃响应速度的问题时,增加了历史背景。两位电气工程师研究了上述问题:一位理解并建立自然和进化如何解决这个问题的模型,另一位设计一个控制系统,在人造商业系统中解决这个问题。大卫·a·罗宾逊发现,快速而准确的扫视是由应用于眼外植物的神经支配的脉冲阶跃产生的。Leonidas M. Mantgiaris发明了一种方法,通过在短时间内施加大的刺激,然后用所需的稳态值(即“脉冲步进”输入)代替它,实现快速准确的化学混合。因此,两个人用他们的大脑:1)确定人类大脑如何产生人类扫视;2)发明一种控制系统方法,以实现快速准确的化学混合。第二个人提出的方法与他自己的大脑进行扫视的方法相同,这可能会对人类大脑是否能够完全理解自己的问题有所启发。
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引用次数: 0
Model-based estimation of the state of vehicle automation as derived from the driver's spontaneous visual strategies. 基于驾驶员自发视觉策略的车辆自动状态的模型估计。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-02-09 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.12.3.10
Damien Schnebelen, Camilo Charron, Franck Mars

When manually steering a car, the driver's visual perception of the driving scene and his or her motor actions to control the vehicle are closely linked. Since motor behaviour is no longer required in an automated vehicle, the sampling of the visual scene is affected. Autonomous driving typically results in less gaze being directed towards the road centre and a broader exploration of the driving scene, compared to manual driving. To examine the corollary of this situation, this study estimated the state of automation (manual or automated) on the basis of gaze behaviour. To do so, models based on partial least square regressions were computed by considering the gaze behaviour in multiple ways, using static indicators (percentage of time spent gazing at 13 areas of interests), dynamic indicators (transition matrices between areas) or both together. Analysis of the quality of predictions for the different models showed that the best result was obtained by considering both static and dynamic indicators. However, gaze dynamics played the most important role in distinguishing between manual and automated driving. This study may be relevant to the issue of driver monitoring in autonomous vehicles.

在手动驾驶汽车时,驾驶员对驾驶场景的视觉感知与他或她控制车辆的电机动作密切相关。由于自动驾驶车辆不再需要电机行为,因此视觉场景的采样受到影响。与手动驾驶相比,自动驾驶通常会减少对道路中心的注视,并对驾驶场景进行更广泛的探索。为了检验这种情况的推论,本研究在凝视行为的基础上估计了自动化状态(手动或自动)。为此,基于偏最小二乘回归的模型通过多种方式计算注视行为,使用静态指标(注视13个感兴趣区域的时间百分比),动态指标(区域之间的过渡矩阵)或两者结合使用。对不同模型的预测质量分析表明,同时考虑静态和动态指标的预测结果最好。然而,凝视动态在区分手动驾驶和自动驾驶方面发挥了最重要的作用。本研究可能与自动驾驶汽车驾驶员监控问题有关。
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引用次数: 1
Do standard optometric measures predict binocular coordination during reading? 标准视力测量法能否预测阅读过程中的双眼协调性?
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-21 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.6.6
Joëlle Joss, Stephanie Jainta

In reading, binocular eye movements are required for optimal visual processing and thus, in case of asthenopia or reading problems, standard orthoptic and optometric routines check individual binocular vision by a variety of tests. The present study therefore examines the predictive value of such standard measures of heterophoria, accommodative and vergence facility, AC/A-ratio, NPC and symptoms for binocular coordination parameters during read-ing. Binocular eye movements were recorded (EyeLink II) for 65 volunteers during a typical reading task and linear regression analyses related all parameters of binocular coordination to all above-mentioned optometric measures: while saccade disconjugacy was weakly pre-dicted by vergence facility (15% explained variance), vergence facility, AC/A and symp-toms scores predicted vergence drift (31%). Heterophoria, vergence facility and NPC ex-plained 31% of fixation disparity and first fixation duration showed minor relations to symp-toms (18%). In sum, we found only weak to moderate relationships, with expected, selective associations: dynamic parameter related to optometric tests addressing vergence dynamics, whereas the static parameter (fixation disparity) related mainly to heterophoria. Most sur-prisingly, symptoms were only loosely related to vergence drift and fixation duration, re-flecting associations to a dynamic aspect of binocular eye movements in reading and poten-tially non-specific, overall but slight reading deficiency. Thus, the efficiency of optometric tests to predict binocular coordination during reading was low - questioning a simple, straightforward extrapolation of such test results to an overlearned, complex task.

在阅读过程中,双眼眼球运动是实现最佳视觉处理的必要条件,因此,在出现弱视或阅读问题时,标准的正视和验光程序会通过各种测试来检查个人的双眼视力。因此,本研究探讨了异视、容纳和辐辏功能、AC/A 比值、NPC 和阅读时双眼协调参数症状等标准测量的预测价值。对 65 名志愿者在典型阅读任务中的双眼眼球运动进行了记录(EyeLink II),并将双眼协调的所有参数与上述所有视力测量指标进行了线性回归分析:辐辏设施对囊卡不协调的预测较弱(解释方差为 15%),而辐辏设施、AC/A 和症状评分则对辐辏偏移有预测作用(31%)。异视、辐辏设施和 NPC 对定点差异的解释率为 31%,首次定点持续时间与 symp-toms 的关系较小(18%)。总之,我们只发现了微弱到中等程度的关系,并具有预期的选择性关联:动态参数与针对辐辏动态的验光测试有关,而静态参数(定点差距)主要与异视有关。最令人惊讶的是,症状只与辐辏漂移和定影持续时间有松散的联系,这再次反映了阅读中双眼眼球运动的动态方面以及潜在的非特异性、整体但轻微的阅读缺陷。因此,视力测试预测阅读过程中双眼协调性的效率很低--这对将此类测试结果简单、直接地推断为过度学习的复杂任务提出了质疑。
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引用次数: 0
Task-Dependent Eye-Movement Patterns in Viewing Art. 观看艺术作品时的任务依赖性眼动模式
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-12-16 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.2.12
Nino Sharvashidze, Alexander C Schütz

In art schools and classes for art history students are trained to pay attention to different aspects of an artwork, such as art movement characteristics and painting techniques. Experts are better at processing style and visual features of an artwork than nonprofessionals. Here we tested the hypothesis that experts in art use different, task-dependent viewing strategies than nonprofessionals when analyzing a piece of art. We compared a group of art history students with a group of students with no art education background, while viewing 36 paintings under three discrimination tasks. Participants were asked to determine the art movement, the date and the medium of the paintings. We analyzed behavioral and eye-movement data of 27 participants. Our observers adjusted their viewing strategies according to the task, resulting in longer fixation durations and shorter saccade amplitudes for the medium detection task. We found higher task accuracy and subjective confidence, less congruence and higher dispersion in fixation locations in experts. Expertise also influenced saccade metrics, biasing it towards larger saccade amplitudes, advocating a more holistic scanning strategy of experts in all three tasks.

在艺术院校和艺术史课程中,学生们被训练关注艺术作品的不同方面,如艺术运动特征和绘画技巧。专家比非专业人员更善于处理艺术品的风格和视觉特征。在此,我们测试了一个假设,即艺术专家在分析一件艺术品时,会使用与非专业人员不同的、取决于任务的观看策略。我们比较了一组艺术史专业的学生和一组没有艺术教育背景的学生,他们在三种辨别任务下观看了 36 幅绘画作品。参与者被要求判断绘画的艺术运动、日期和媒介。我们分析了 27 名参与者的行为和眼动数据。我们的观察者根据任务调整了他们的观察策略,结果显示,在媒介检测任务中,观察者的凝视时间更长,眼跳幅度更短。我们发现,专家的任务准确性和主观信心更高,定点位置的一致性和分散性更低。专业知识还影响了囊状移动的度量,使其偏向于更大的囊状移动幅度,这表明专家在所有三个任务中都采用了更全面的扫描策略。
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引用次数: 0
The role that composition plays in determining how a viewer looks at landscape art. 构图在决定观众如何欣赏景观艺术方面所起的作用。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-12-15 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.2.13
Tanya Beelders, Luna Bergh

Viewing artworks may be subject to the same processes as everyday scene selection in respect of gaze behaviour. However, artists may employ carefully constructed composition in their paintings to lead the eyes of viewers along a predetermined path. This paper investigates whether composition is successful through comparison of expected scanpaths (constructed using the known intention of the artist) and actual scanpaths (as captured using an eye-tracker) based on a loci and sequence similarity index. The findings suggest that composition is successful in leading the eye, although the order of fixations can vary. It could thus be concluded that composition is largely successful in terms of salient elements, but less so for guiding elements. Furthermore, using Cognitive Linguistics theories and applying it to the paintings with reference to the statistical results, the Art Creation Continuum that captures the role of composition on a spectrum is proposed.

在注视行为方面,观看艺术作品的过程可能与日常场景选择的过程相同。不过,艺术家可能会在他们的画作中采用精心构思的构图来引导观众的视线沿着预先确定的路径移动。本文通过比较预期扫描路径(根据已知的艺术家意图构建)和实际扫描路径(使用眼动仪捕捉),基于定位和序列相似性指数来研究构图是否成功。研究结果表明,构图能成功地引导视线,尽管定点的顺序会有所不同。因此,可以得出结论,就突出元素而言,构图在很大程度上是成功的,但就引导元素而言,构图就不那么成功了。此外,利用认知语言学理论,并参考统计结果将其应用到绘画中,提出了艺术创作连续体,该连续体捕捉了构图在光谱中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
The Closer, The Better? Processing Relations Between Picture Elements in Historical Paintings. 越近越好?历史绘画中画面要素的处理关系。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.2.11
Manuela Glaser, Manuel Knoos, Stephan Schwan

The present eye-tracking study investigated how audio explanations influence perception and the cognitive processing of historical paintings. Spatially close and distant pairs of picture elements and their semantic relations were named in an audio text either immediately after each other or with descriptions of other elements in between. It was assumed that the number of backward fixation counts on the first of the two mentioned related picture elements should be higher if they are spatially close rather than spatially distant. There should also be more backward fixation counts if the elements are named temporally close rather than temporally distant. Similar predictions were made for the retention of these picture elements and their relations. A 2x2x2 within-subject design (n=36) with spatial distance (close vs. distant), temporal distance (close vs. distant) and painting (Leutze vs. West) revealed more background fixation counts for spatially close compared to spatially distant elements but just for the Leutze painting. Accordingly, the relations between the spatially close pairs were retained better than between the spatially distant pairs in the Leutze painting but vice versa for the West painting. The results are discussed with regard to the spatial contiguity principle of multimedia learning and research on text coherence.

本研究探讨了音频解说对历史绘画感知和认知加工的影响。在音频文本中,空间上近或远的图片元素对及其语义关系的命名或紧接在一起,或与其他元素之间的描述。我们假设,如果两个相关的图像元素在空间上距离较近而不是距离较远,那么它们在第一个图像元素上的后视计数应该较高。如果元素命名为时间近而不是时间远,则应该有更多的向后固定计数。对这些图像元素及其关系的保留也作出了类似的预测。一项包含空间距离(近与远)、时间距离(近与远)和绘画(Leutze与West)的2x2x2受试者内设计(n=36)显示,空间近元素比空间远元素的背景固定次数更多,但仅限于Leutze画作。因此,在Leutze的绘画中,空间上近的对之间的关系比空间上远的对之间的关系保留得更好,而在西方绘画中则相反。本文从多媒体学习的空间连续原则和语篇连贯研究两个方面对研究结果进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 3
Testing a Calibration - Free Eye Tracker Prototype at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. 在维也纳艺术史博物馆测试校准 - 免费眼动仪原型。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-11-10 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.2.10
Zoya Dare, Hanna Brinkmann, Raphael Rosenberg

Eye tracking research in art viewership is often conducted in a laboratory setting where reproductions must be used in place of original art works and the viewing environment is less natural than in a museum. Recent technological developments have made museum studies possible but head-mounted eye tracking gear and interruptions by researchers still influence the experience of the viewer. In order to find a more ecologically valid way of recording eye movements while viewing artworks, we employed a prototype of a calibrationfree remote eye tracker hidden below selected paintings at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. Museum visitors were unaware of the study and informed post hoc that we had registered their viewing behavior and asked to give consent for the use of their data. This article presents the study design as well as results from over 800 participants. While the data quality from the eye tracker prototype was not sufficient to conduct the intended analysis on within-painting gaze movements, this study might serve as a step towards an unobtrusive examination of the art viewing experience. It was possible to analyze time spent viewing paintings and those results show that certain paintings consistently drew significantly more prolonged attention from viewers.

对艺术观赏者的眼动跟踪研究通常是在实验室环境中进行的,在实验室中必须使用复制品来代替艺术原作,观赏环境也不如博物馆自然。最近的技术发展使博物馆研究成为可能,但头戴式眼动仪和研究人员的干扰仍会影响观众的体验。为了找到一种更符合生态学原理的方式来记录观赏艺术品时的眼球运动,我们在维也纳艺术史博物馆(Kunsthistorisches Museum)使用了一个无校准的远程眼动仪原型,该原型隐藏在所选画作的下方。博物馆的参观者并不知道这项研究,他们事后才知道我们记录了他们的观赏行为,并被要求同意使用他们的数据。本文介绍了研究设计以及 800 多名参与者的研究结果。虽然眼动仪原型的数据质量不足以对画作内部的注视运动进行预期分析,但这项研究可以作为对艺术观赏体验进行无干扰检查的一个步骤。我们可以对观看画作所花费的时间进行分析,结果表明,某些画作总是能吸引观众更长时间的关注。
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引用次数: 0
You read best what you read most: An eye tracking study. 你读得最多的东西,你读得最好:一项眼球追踪研究。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-11-05 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.2.9
Uroš Nedeljković, Kata Jovančić, Nace Pušnik

At the threshold of the digital era, Zuzana Licko was of the opinion that familiar letterforms owe legibility to centuries-long exposure and that all new, prototypically unmatching forms would be equally legible if used as frequently. This paper examined the legibility in the context of familiarity - is it affected by the time of exposure to a particular typeface or a typeface's universal structure. We ran repeated measures tests with exposure period in-between. The experiment was conducted using for this purpose designed typefaces as stimuli, and the eye-tracking on-screen reading technology. The results confirmed that one's familiarity with a typeface influences one's reading speed. The universal letter structure, recognised by Frutiger as the prototype skeleton, is the constant that a priori provides legibility. On the other hand, the period of exposure to uncommon letterforms also has a positive impact on legibility. Therefore, considering that the period of familiarity with the humanist letterforms has been continuous since their establishment, the maxim from the dawn of the digital era can be regarded as valid.

在数字时代的门槛上,Zuzana Licko认为熟悉的字母形式需要几个世纪的暴露才能具有易读性,如果经常使用,所有新的,原型不匹配的形式都会同样易读。本文考察了熟悉性背景下的易读性——它是否受到接触特定字体的时间或字体的通用结构的影响。我们进行了重复的测量测试,中间有一段暴露时间。实验采用设计的字体作为刺激,采用眼球追踪屏幕阅读技术。结果证实,一个人对字体的熟悉程度会影响他的阅读速度。通用的字母结构,被Frutiger认为是原型骨架,是一个常量,先验地提供了易读性。另一方面,接触不常见字体的时间对易读性也有积极的影响。因此,考虑到对人文主义字母形式的熟悉自其建立以来一直持续,这句来自数字时代曙光的格言可以被认为是有效的。
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引用次数: 2
Torsional component of microsaccades during fixation and quick phases during optokinetic stimulation. 光动力刺激下固定和快速阶段微眼跳的扭转成分。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-10-20 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.5.5
Shirin Sadeghpour, Jorge Otero-Millan

While many studies have characterized the eye movements during visual fixation, includ-ing microsaccades, in most cases only horizontal and vertical components have been rec-orded and analyzed. Thus, little is known about the torsional component of microsaccades. We took advantage of a newly developed software and hardware to record eye movements around the three axes of rotation during fixation and torsional optokinetic stimulus. We found that the average amplitude of the torsional component of microsaccades during fixation was 0.34 ± 0.07 degrees with velocities following a main sequence with a slope comparable to the horizontal and vertical components. We also found the size of the tor-sional displacement during microsaccades was correlated with the horizontal but not the vertical component. In the presence of an optokinetic stimulus a nystagmus was induced producing a more frequent and larger torsional quick phases compared to microsaccades produced during fixation with a stationary stimulus. The torsional component and the vertical vergence component of quick phases grew larger with higher velocities. Addition-ally, our results validate and show the feasibility of recording torsional eye movements using video eye tracking in a desktop mounted setup.

虽然许多研究描述了眼球在注视过程中的运动,包括微跳,但在大多数情况下,只记录和分析了水平和垂直分量。因此,对微跳的扭转成分知之甚少。我们利用新开发的软件和硬件来记录眼球在固定和扭转光动力刺激期间围绕三个旋转轴的运动。我们发现,在固定期间,微眼跳扭转分量的平均振幅为0.34±0.07度,速度遵循主序列,斜率与水平和垂直分量相当。我们还发现,微跳时的扭转位移大小与水平分量相关,而与垂直分量无关。在光动力刺激下,眼球震颤比在固定刺激下产生的微跳更频繁和更大的扭转快速相。快速相的扭转分量和垂直辐合分量随速度的增加而增大。此外,我们的结果验证并显示了在桌面安装设置中使用视频眼动追踪记录扭转眼动的可行性。
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引用次数: 1
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Journal of Eye Movement Research
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