Journal of Eye Movement Research最新文献

Purpose: Working on computers for long hours has become a regular task for millions of people around the world. This has led to the increase of eye and vision issues related to prolonged computer use, known as computer vision syndrome (CVS). A main contributor to CVS caused by dry eyes is the reduction of blinking rates. In this pilot study, an intelligent, standalone eye blinking monitoring system to promote healthier blinking behaviors for computer users was developed using components that are affordable and easily available in the market. Methods: The developed eye blinking monitoring system used a camera to track blinking rates and operated audible, visual and tactile alarm modes to induce blinks. The hypothesis in this study is that the developed eye blinking monitoring system would increase eye blinks for a computer user. To test this hypothesis, the developed system was evaluated on 20 subjects. Results: The eye blinking monitoring system detected blinks with high accuracy (95.9%). The observed spontaneous eye blinking rate was 43.1 ± 14.7 blinks/min (mean ± standard deviation). Eye blinking rates significantly decreased when the subjects were watching movie trailers (25.2 ± 11.9 blinks/min; Wilcoxon signed rank test; p<0.001) and reading articles (24.2 ± 12.1 blinks/min; p<0.001) on a computer. The blinking monitoring system with the alarm function turned on showed an increase in blinking rates (28.2 ± 12.1 blinks/min) compared to blinking rates without the alarm function (25.2 ± 11.9 blinks/min; p=0.09; Cohen's effect size d=0.25) when the subjects were watching movie trailers. Conclusions: The developed blinking monitoring system was able to detect blinking with high accuracy and induce blinking with a personalized alarm function. Further work is needed to refine the study design and evaluate the clinical impact of the system. This work is an advancement towards the development of a profound technological solution for preventing CVS.

Eye movement detection algorithms (e.g., I-VT) require the selection of thresholds to identify eye fixations and saccadic movements from gaze data. The choice of threshold is important, as thresholds too low or large may fail to accurately identify eye fixations and saccades. An inaccurate threshold might also affect the resulting visual scan path, the time-ordered sequence of eye fixations and saccades, carried out by the participant. Commonly used approaches to evaluate threshold accuracy can be manually laborious, or require information about the expected visual scan paths of participants, which might not be available. To address this issue, we propose two different computational approaches, labeled as "between-participants comparisons" and "within-participants comparisons." The approaches were evaluated using the open-source Gazebase dataset, which contained a bullseyetarget tracking task, where participants were instructed to follow the movements of a bullseye-target. The predetermined path of the bullseye-target enabled us to evaluate our proposed approaches against the expected visual scan path. The approaches identified threshold values (220°/s and 210°/s) that were 83% similar to the expected visual scan path, outperforming a 30°/s benchmark threshold (41.5%). These methods might assist researchers in identifying accurate threshold values for the IVT algorithm or potentially other eye movement detection algorithms.

The theory of expertise suggests that there should be observable differences in the eye movement patterns between experts and non-experts. Previous studies have investigated how expertise influences eye movement patterns during cognitive tasks like reading. However, the impact of expertise on eye movements in comics, a multimodal form of text, remains unexplored. This article reports on a study that uses eye tracking to examine patterns in the ways that experts and non-experts read comics. Expert participants (14) with experience in reading comics than non-expert participants (17). When controlling for variables such as layout and text quantity, we found significant differences in visual scanning between experts and non-experts. Experts exhibited more frequent saccades and greater amplitude of saccades. Further analysis revealed distinct strategies in processing text and image content between the two groups: the interaction between expertise level and content type in specific AOI showed significant differences across multiple visual measurement metrics, including Average duration of fixations, number of fixations, and number of saccades within AOI. These findings not only support the applicability of the expertise level theory in the field of comic reading but also provide a new perspective for understanding the reading processing of multimodal texts.

This study employs subjective evaluation and eye movement experiments to explore the application and conveyance of logo graphics design, which conforms to the Gestalt principle of closure, to understand the psychological process of this principle in the perception of a logo. The study found that there is no significant difference between completely enclosed logos and unenclosed ones that conform to the principle of closure in their influence on sightline behavior due to the effects of closure, but the subjective evaluation favors unenclosed logos as more attractive and comfortable to perceive, which agrees with modern logo design trends. In addition, the sightline distribution of the image-type logos is more scattered and has the most extended fixation duration. In contrast, the sightline distribution of text-type logos is more concentrated. Designers who understand the principle of closure can intentionally incorporate imperfection into logo design, triggering the automatic mental filling of gaps and instilling new meaning and visual effect into a design.

The evaluation of design results plays a crucial role in the development of design. This study presents a design work evaluation system for design education that assists design instructors in conducting objective evaluations. An automatic design evaluation model based on convolutional neural networks has been established, which enables intelligent evaluation of student design works. During the evaluation process, the CAM is obtained. Simultaneously, an eye-tracking experiment was designed to collect gaze data and generate eye-tracking heat maps. By comparing the heat maps with CAM, an attempt was made to explore the correlation between the focus of the evaluation's attention on human design evaluation and the CNN intelligent evaluation. The experimental results indicate that there is some certain correlation between humans and CNN in terms of the key points they focus on when conducting an evaluation. However, there are significant differences in background observation. The research results demonstrate that the intelligent evaluation model of CNN can automatically evaluate product design works and effectively classify and predict design product images. The comparison shows a correlation between artificial intelligence and the subjective evaluation of human eyes in evaluation strategy. Introducing artificial intelligence into the field of design evaluation for education has a strong potential to promote the development of design education.

The primary aim of this descriptive cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between ocular motility and motor skills in school-age children. Participants included 142 schoolchildren (mean age: 7.08 ± 0.61 years) who completed a computerised version of the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test while their eye movements were recorded, and Northeastern State University College of Optometry's Oculomotor test (NSUCO). Children were classified into three groups based on their level of motor performance, which was measured by the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2). The group with typical motor performance had higher percentiles for both vertical and horizontal time, fewer errors, number of saccades, fixations, and regressions, and faster test performance. Visual test results correlate with the motor assessment outcomes; correlations are weak or moderate. Our findings emphasise the interconnectedness of motor and ocular motility. Hence, including evaluation of visual and motor proficiencies at school age would help to detect struggles in these crucial areas of development.

Previous research shows that playing action video games seems to modify the behavior of eye movements such as eye fixations and saccades. The aim of the current work was to determine the effect of playing action video games on eye movements behavior such as fixations, saccades and pursuits. A systematic research review in PubMed and Scopus databases was conducted to identify articles published between 2010 and 2022 which referred to action video games and eye movements, including fixations, saccades and pursuits. We included those that were experimental and quasi-experimental, comparing at least two groups between action vs. non-action video games players. All the studies included used an eye tracker to study eye movements. A total of 97 scientific articles were found in the databases. After inclusion criteria, thirteen articles (N=13) were analyzed for the present work, of which ten (n=10) had a cross-sectional design, and three (n=3) were randomized intervention studies. Playing regularly or training with action video games is not likely to produce changes in eye movements, based on the literature research analyzed. For future research, more interventional studies, with less gender bias, more sample participants and general consensus on the distinction between the action and non-action video games is needed.

This study aimed to determine the visual assessment skills during an observation-based gait analysis. Participants (N=40) included 20 physiotherapists (PTs) with>10 years of clinical experience (physiotherapists) and 20 physiotherapy students. Both groups watched a video of the gait of a subject with Guillain-Barré syndrome before and after being provided with information regarding other movements. Further, visual lines were measured using an EMR-8 eye mark recorder, and the results were compared between both groups. The average gaze duration was longer for students than for PTs (F1,79=53.3; p<0.01), whereas PTs gazed more often than the students (F1,79=87.6; p< 0.01). Furthermore, the PTs moved their eyes vertically more often than the students (F1,151=9.1; P< 0.01). We found that being able to discriminate the relative physical relationship of body locations by frequent and rapid vertical gazes could be an indication of the level of skills as an index to express the visual assessment skill in an observation-based gait analysis.

Previous studies on facial impression inference have focused on the physical features of faces, with only a few considering the effects of the observer. This study explored how participants' personality traits directly and indirectly affect the impression inference of human faces. Specifically, we examined how observers' personality traits impact their eye movements, which in turn influence impression inferences. Experiment 1 found relationships between participants' personality traits and eye movements, but these did not significantly impact impression inferences. In Experiment 2, we manipulated observers' observational behavior to control for the potential interactive effect between facial features and participants' eye movements during impression inference. This manipulation suggested that focusing on different areas of faces leads to different impression inferences. It also suggests that the same person might have different impressions of the exact same face by changing their observational behavior. These results deepen our understanding of the impact of facial features and participants' personality traits on impression inferences, indicating that observers' personality traits and observational behavior play a significant role in impression formation.

This cross-sectional study examined eye movement performance in patients aged 4 to 16 years. Measurements of eye movements were obtained before and after performing therapy for inhibition of four primitive reflexes, asymmetric tonic neck reflex, symmetric tonic neck reflex, labyrinthine tonic reflex and Moro reflex. Subsequently the scores of the four primitive reflexes were compared with the results of five variables: fixation maintenance, % mean saccade size, motility excursions, fixations during excursions and mean duration of fixations. The comparisons showed a significant reduction in evidence of fixation maintenance as well as mean saccade size due to the inhibition of the four primitive reflexes. There was also a significant increase in ocular motility while fixations per saccade and average duration of fixations also decreased significantly. Visual balance between values of both eyes improved in all tests. A device called VisagraphTM III, which measures eye movements, was used for data collection. These results suggest that the oculomotor improvements reflect the involvement of other maturational processes such as the emergence and inhibition of primitive reflexes, the whole reorganization being key to future reading and attentional processes.