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Hidden Semi-Markov Models to Segment Reading Phases from Eye Movements. 从眼动中分割阅读阶段的隐半马尔可夫模型。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.4.5
Brice Olivier, Anne Guérin-Dugué, Jean-Baptiste Durand

Our objective is to analyze scanpaths acquired through participants achieving a reading task aiming at answering a binary question: Is the text related or not to some given target topic? We propose a data-driven method based on hidden semi-Markov chains to segment scanpaths into phases deduced from the model states, which are shown to represent different cognitive strategies: normal reading, fast reading, information search, and slow confirmation. These phases were confirmed using different external covariates, among which semantic information extracted from texts. Analyses highlighted some strong preference of specific participants for specific strategies and more globally, large individual variability in eye-movement characteristics, as accounted for by random effects. As a perspective, the possibility of improving reading models by accounting for possible heterogeneity sources during reading is discussed.

我们的目标是分析通过参与者完成阅读任务获得的扫描路径,该任务旨在回答一个二元问题:文本是否与某个给定的目标主题相关?我们提出了一种基于隐藏半马尔可夫链的数据驱动方法,将扫描路径分割为从模型状态推导出的阶段,这些阶段显示了不同的认知策略:正常阅读、快速阅读、信息搜索和慢速确认。使用不同的外部协变量来确定这些阶段,其中从文本中提取的语义信息。分析强调了特定参与者对特定策略的一些强烈偏好,更广泛地说,眼动特征的个体差异很大,这是随机效应造成的。作为一个视角,本文讨论了通过考虑阅读过程中可能的异质性来源来改进阅读模型的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Characterising Eye Movement Events with an Unsupervised Hidden Markov Model. 用无监督隐马尔可夫模型表征眼动事件。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.1.4
Malte Lüken, Šimon Kucharský, Ingmar Visser

Eye-tracking allows researchers to infer cognitive processes from eye movements that are classified into distinct events. Parsing the events is typically done by algorithms. Here we aim at developing an unsupervised, generative model that can be fitted to eye-movement data using maximum likelihood estimation. This approach allows hypothesis testing about fitted models, next to being a method for classification. We developed gazeHMM, an algorithm that uses a hidden Markov model as a generative model, has few critical parameters to be set by users, and does not require human coded data as input. The algorithm classifies gaze data into fixations, saccades, and optionally postsaccadic oscillations and smooth pursuits. We evaluated gazeHMM's performance in a simulation study, showing that it successfully recovered hidden Markov model parameters and hidden states. Parameters were less well recovered when we included a smooth pursuit state and/or added even small noise to simulated data. We applied generative models with different numbers of events to benchmark data. Comparing them indicated that hidden Markov models with more events than expected had most likely generated the data. We also applied the full algorithm to benchmark data and assessed its similarity to human coding and other algorithms. For static stimuli, gazeHMM showed high similarity and outperformed other algorithms in this regard. For dynamic stimuli, gazeHMM tended to rapidly switch between fixations and smooth pursuits but still displayed higher similarity than most other algorithms. Concluding that gazeHMM can be used in practice, we recommend parsing smooth pursuits only for exploratory purposes. Future hidden Markov model algorithms could use covariates to better capture eye movement processes and explicitly model event durations to classify smooth pursuits more accurately.

眼球追踪使研究人员能够从被分类为不同事件的眼球运动中推断出认知过程。解析事件通常由算法完成。在这里,我们的目标是开发一个无监督的生成模型,该模型可以使用最大似然估计来拟合眼动数据。这种方法允许对拟合模型进行假设检验,其次是分类方法。我们开发了gazeHMM,这是一种使用隐马尔可夫模型作为生成模型的算法,用户需要设置的关键参数很少,并且不需要人工编码数据作为输入。该算法将凝视数据分为注视、扫视和选择性的后扫视振荡和平滑追踪。在仿真研究中,我们对gazeHMM的性能进行了评估,结果表明它成功地恢复了隐马尔可夫模型参数和隐状态。当我们在模拟数据中加入平滑追踪状态和/或添加甚至很小的噪声时,参数恢复得不太好。我们将不同事件数量的生成模型应用于基准数据。比较它们表明,具有比预期更多事件的隐马尔可夫模型最有可能生成数据。我们还将完整的算法应用于基准数据,并评估其与人类编码和其他算法的相似性。对于静态刺激,gazeHMM具有较高的相似性,在这方面优于其他算法。对于动态刺激,gazeHMM倾向于在注视和平滑追求之间快速切换,但仍然表现出比大多数其他算法更高的相似性。总结gazeHMM可以在实践中使用,我们建议解析平滑追求仅用于探索性目的。未来的隐马尔可夫模型算法可以使用协变量来更好地捕捉眼球运动过程,并明确地建模事件持续时间,以更准确地分类平滑追求。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of eye movements on academic performance: A bibliometric and citation network analysis. 眼动对学习成绩的影响:文献计量学和引文网络分析。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.4.4
Adrián Salgado-Fernández, Ana Vázquez-Amor, Cristina Alvarez-Peregrin, Clara Martinez-Perez, Cesar Villa-Collar, Miguel Ángel Sánchez-Tena

Background: For many years it has been studied how eye movements influence reading and learning ability. The objective of this study is to determine the relationships between the different publications and authors. As well as to identify the different areas of research ocular movement.; Methods: Web of Science was the database for the search of publications for the period 1900 to May 2021, using the terms: "Eye movement" AND "Academic achiev*". The analysis of the publication was performed using the CitNetExplorer, VOSviewer and CiteSpace software.; Results: 4391 publications and 11033 citation networks were found. The year with the most publications is 2018, a total of 318 publications and 10 citation networks. The most cited publication was "Saccade target selection and object recognition: evidence for a common attentional mechanism." published by Deubel et al. in 1999, with a citation index of 214. Using the Clustering function, nine groups were found that cover the main research areas in this field: neurological, age, perceptual attention, visual disturbances, sports, driving, sleep, vision therapy and academic performance.; Conclusion: Even being a multidisciplinary field of study, the topic with the most publications to date is the visual search procedure at the neurological level.

背景:多年来,人们一直在研究眼动如何影响阅读和学习能力。本研究的目的是确定不同出版物和作者之间的关系。以及识别不同研究领域的眼球运动。方法:使用Web of Science数据库检索1900年至2021年5月期间的出版物,检索词为:“Eye movement”和“Academic achievement *”。使用CitNetExplorer、VOSviewer和CiteSpace软件对文章进行分析。结果:共发现论文4391篇,引文网络11033个。发表论文最多的年份是2018年,共有318篇论文和10个引文网络。被引次数最多的论文是Deubel et al.于1999年发表的《眼跳目标选择和对象识别:共同注意机制的证据》,被引索引为214。利用聚类函数,发现9个组涵盖了该领域的主要研究领域:神经学、年龄、知觉注意、视觉障碍、运动、驾驶、睡眠、视觉治疗和学习成绩;结论:即使是一个多学科的研究领域,迄今为止发表最多的主题是神经学水平的视觉搜索程序。
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引用次数: 0
Incorporation of prior knowledge and habits while solving anagrams. 结合先前的知识和习惯,解决字谜。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.5.5
Jesse Murray, Andrew Sutter, Angelia Lobifaro, Graham Cousens, Minjoon Kouh

Games and puzzles provide a valuable context for examining human problemsolving behavior. We recorded and analyzed the sequence of letters viewed by the participants of our study while they were solving anagram puzzles. The goal was to examine and understand how people's linguistic habits and prior knowledge influenced their eye movements. The main findings of this study are: (1) People's stereotypical habit of scanning (e.g., adjacent or top viewing) strongly influences their solution-seeking behavior. (2) People tend to incorporate their prior knowledge of letter statistics in a reasonable way, such as looking less frequently at letter combinations that are uncommon in the English language.

游戏和谜题为研究人类解决问题的行为提供了一个有价值的背景。我们记录并分析了研究参与者在解决字谜时看到的字母顺序。目的是研究和理解人们的语言习惯和先验知识是如何影响他们的眼球运动的。本研究的主要发现有:(1)人们的刻板扫视习惯(如邻视或顶视)强烈影响他们的解决方案寻求行为。(2)人们倾向于以一种合理的方式整合他们对字母统计的先验知识,例如不太频繁地查看英语中不常见的字母组合。
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引用次数: 0
Book of Abstracts of the 21th European Conference on Eye Movements in Leicester 2022. 莱斯特2022年第21届欧洲眼动会议摘要。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.5.2
Victoria McGowan, Ascensión Pagán, Kevin B Paterson, David Souto, Rudolf Groner

Contents Keynotes: Iain Gilchrist: Integrative Active Vision p 5 Ziad Hafed: A Vision for orienting in Primate Oculomotor Control Circuitry p 6 Fatema Ghasia: Miniscule Eye Movements Play a Major Role in Binocular Vision Disorders p.7 Miriam Spering: Eye Movements as a Window into Human Decision-Making p.8 Monica S. Castelhano: Explorations of how Scene Context and Previous Experience Dynamically Influence Attention and Eye Movement Guidance p.9   Symposia: Eye Tracking and the Visual Arts p.19 Eye Movements during Text Processing and Multiline Reading p.23 Unstable Fixation and Nystagmus with a Focus on the Next Generation of Researchers p.84 Eye Movements as a measure of Higher-Level Text Processing p.97 Eye Movements in Memory Processes Between Working Memory and Long-Term Memory p.178 Symposium to Honour Alexander Pollatsek's Legacy to Eye Movement Research p.204   Talks: Reading p.30 Parafoveal Processing p.36 Cinical and Applied p.39 Visual Search p.92 Eye Movement Control in Reading I & II p.104 & 116 & 225 Reading Development p.110 Decision-Making p.122 Eye-tracking Methods p.128 Real World and Virtual Reality p.134 Chinese Reading p.185 Special Populations p.191 Visuo-motor p.195 Bilingual Reading p.201 & 217 Reading Comprehension p.219 Pupillometry p.235   Poster sessions: Attention p.44 & 139 Cognition p. 49 Visuo-Motor p.62 Memory p.145 Methods p.150 Reading p. 57 & 155 Real World p.169 Social Cognition p.173.

主题演讲:Iain Gilchrist:综合主动视觉5 Ziad Hafed:灵长类动物眼动控制电路中的定向视觉6 Fatema Ghasia:微小的眼动在双目视觉障碍中发挥重要作用p.7Miriam Spering:眼动作为人类决策的窗口,第8页Monica S. Castelhano:探索场景背景和先前经验如何动态影响注意力和眼球运动指导p.9专题讨论会:眼动追踪和视觉艺术,第19页文本处理与多行阅读中的眼球运动[j]不稳定的固定和眼球震颤与下一代研究的焦点p.84眼动作为高级文本处理的衡量标准p.97工作记忆和长期记忆之间的记忆过程中的眼动p.178纪念亚历山大·波拉采克对眼动研究的贡献研讨会,第204页演讲:阅读第30页第36页临床与应用第39页视觉搜索p.92阅读I & II的眼动控制,第104 & 116 & 225页,阅读发展,第110页决策p.122眼动追踪方法第128页现实世界和虚拟现实p.134中文阅读p.185特殊人群p.191付诸p.195双语阅读p.201 & 217阅读理解p.219瞳孔测量法p.235海报会议:注意力第44页和139页认知第49页视觉运动第62页内存p.145方法p.150阅读第57和155页,真实世界第169页社会认知p.173。
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引用次数: 1
The pupil near response is short lasting and intact in virtual reality head mounted displays. 在虚拟现实头戴式显示器中,瞳孔近距离反应持续时间短且完整。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.3.6
Hidde Pielage, Adriana A Zekveld, Sjors van de Ven, Sophia E Kramer, Marnix Naber

The pupil of the eye constricts when moving focus from an object further away to an object closer by. This is called the pupil near response, which typically occurs together with accommodation and vergence responses. When immersed in virtual reality mediated through a head-mounted display, this triad is disrupted by the vergence-accommodation conflict. However, it is not yet clear if the disruption also affects the pupil near response. Two experiments were performed to assess this. The first experiment had participants follow a target that first appeared at a far position and then moved to either a near position (far-to-near; FN) or to another far position (far-to-far; FF). The second experiment had participants follow a target that jumped between five positions, which was repeated at several distances. Experiment 1 showed a greater pupil constriction amplitude for FN trials, compared to FF trials, suggesting that the pupil near response is intact in head-mounted display mediated virtual reality. Experiment 2 did not find that average pupil dilation differed when fixating targets at different distances, suggesting that the pupil near response is transient and does not result in sustained pupil size changes.

当焦点从较远的物体移到较近的物体时,眼睛的瞳孔会收缩。这被称为瞳孔附近反应,它通常与调节和收敛反应一起发生。当沉浸在通过头戴式显示器介导的虚拟现实中时,这种三位一体被收敛-适应冲突打乱。然而,目前尚不清楚这种干扰是否也会影响瞳孔近距离反应。进行了两个实验来评估这一点。第一个实验让参与者跟随一个目标,这个目标首先出现在一个很远的位置,然后移动到一个近的位置(从远到近;FN)或到另一个较远的位置(远到远;FF)。第二个实验让参与者跟随一个在五个位置之间跳跃的目标,这个目标在几个距离上重复。实验1显示,与FF试验相比,FN试验的瞳孔收缩幅度更大,这表明在头戴式显示器介导的虚拟现实中,瞳孔近距离反应是完整的。实验2没有发现不同距离注视目标时平均瞳孔扩张有差异,说明瞳孔近距离反应是短暂的,不会导致瞳孔大小的持续变化。
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引用次数: 0
A Meta-analysis on the Effect of Expertise on Eye Movements during Music Reading. 专业知识对音乐阅读时眼球运动影响的meta分析。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.4.1
Joris Perra, Alice Latimier, Bénédicte Poulin-Charronnat, Thierry Baccino, Véronique Drai-Zerbib

The current meta-analysis was conducted on 12 studies comparing the eye movements of expert versus non-expert musicians and attempted to determine which eye movement measures are expertise dependent during music reading. The total dataset of 61 comparisons was divided into four subsets, each concerning one eye-movement variable (i.e., fixation duration, number of fixations, saccade amplitude, and gaze duration). We used a variance estimation method to aggregate the effect sizes. The results support the robust finding of reduced fixation duration in expert musicians (Subset 1, g = -0.72). Due to low statistical power because of limited effect sizes, the results on the number of fixations, saccade amplitude, and gaze duration were not reliable. We conducted meta-regression analyses to determine potential moderators of the effect of expertise on eye movements (i.e., definition of experimental groups, type of musical task performed, type of musical material used or tempo control). Moderator analyses did not yield any reliable results. The need for consistency in the experimental methodology is discussed.

当前的荟萃分析对12项研究进行了比较,比较了专家和非专业音乐家的眼球运动,并试图确定在音乐阅读过程中哪些眼球运动是专业依赖的。61个比较数据集被分为四个子集,每个子集涉及一个眼动变量(即注视时间、注视次数、扫视幅度和凝视时间)。我们使用方差估计方法来汇总效应大小。结果支持专家音乐家的注视时间缩短的强有力的发现(子集1,g = -0.72)。由于效应量有限,统计能力较低,注视次数、扫视幅度和凝视持续时间的结果不可靠。我们进行了meta回归分析,以确定专业知识对眼球运动影响的潜在调节因素(即实验组的定义、执行的音乐任务类型、使用的音乐材料类型或节奏控制)。慢化剂分析没有产生任何可靠的结果。讨论了实验方法一致性的必要性。
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引用次数: 2
Perception of Emotion and Postural Stability Control at Different Distances. 不同距离下情绪知觉与姿势稳定性控制。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.4.6
Soufien Chikh, Salma Charrada, Eric Watelain

The effect of emotion on postural control has been widely demonstrated in the literature. Postural control also depends on the distance that separates the subject from the observed stimulus. This work examines (i) the effect of distance on the perception of emotional stimuli and (ii) its effect on postural control. Sixty-eight women were asked to maintain orthostatic equilibrium under three emotional conditions (positive, negative, and neutral) at four distances (0.5 m, 2.1 m, 6 m, and 10 m). The findings showed that the perception of emotions was not influenced by distance but was influenced by valence and intensity, and that postural control was not influenced by emotional valence but by distance, with reduced oscillation amplitudes at 0.5 m distance. The perception of the image (valence and intensity) depended on the content, but not on the distance, and the presentation of emotional images tended to activate the defensive system, regardless of the emotional content. The center of pressure sway amplitude increased with an eye-object distance of up to 6 m (role of vision). The perception of the emotional effect was not linked to the distance effect on the postural control of women in static positions.

情绪对姿势控制的影响已在文献中得到广泛证实。姿势控制也取决于受试者与观察到的刺激物之间的距离。本研究考察了(i)距离对情绪刺激感知的影响以及(ii)距离对姿势控制的影响。68名女性被要求在4个距离(0.5 m、2.1 m、6 m和10 m)下,在3种情绪状态(积极、消极和中性)下保持直立平衡。研究结果表明,情绪感知不受距离的影响,但受效价和强度的影响;姿势控制不受效价的影响,但受距离的影响,在0.5 m距离处振荡幅度减小。对图像的知觉(效价和强度)依赖于图像的内容,而不依赖于距离;而情感图像的呈现倾向于激活防御系统,而与情感内容无关。当眼-物距离达到6 m时,压力中心波动幅度增大(视觉作用)。对于处于静止姿势的女性来说,对情绪影响的感知与距离对姿势控制的影响无关。
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引用次数: 0
Review on Eye-Hand Span in Sight-Reading of Music. 音乐视读中手眼跨度研究述评。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-11-11 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.4.4
Joris Perra, Bénédicte Poulin-Charronnat, Thierry Baccino, Véronique Drai-Zerbib

In a sight-reading task, the position of the eyes on the score is generally further ahead than the note being produced by the instrument. This anticipation allows musicians to identify the upcoming notes and possible difficulties and to plan their gestures accordingly. The eye-hand span (EHS) corresponds to this offset between the eye and the hand and measures the distance or latency between an eye fixation on the score and the production of the note on the instrument. While EHS is mostly quite short, the variation in its size can depend on multiple factors. EHS increases in line with the musician's expertise level, diminishes as a function of the complexity of the score and can vary depending on the context in which it is played. By summarizing the main factors that affect EHS and the methodologies used in this field of study, the present review of the literature highlights the fact that a) to ensure effective sight reading, the EHS must be adaptable and optimized in size (neither too long not too short), with the best sight readers exhibiting a high level of perceptual flexibility in adapting their span to the complexity of the score; b) it is important to interpret EHS in the light of the specificities of the score, given that it varies so much both within and between scores; and c) the flexibility of EHS can be a good indicator of the perceptual and cognitive capacities of musicians, showing that a musician's gaze can be attracted early by a complexity in a still distant part of the score. These various points are discussed in the light of the literature on music-reading expertise. Promising avenues of research using the eye tracking method are proposed in order to further our knowledge of the construction of an expertise that requires multisensory integration.

在视读任务中,眼睛在乐谱上的位置通常比乐器发出的音符更靠前。这种预判使音乐家能够识别即将到来的音符和可能的困难,并相应地计划他们的手势。眼手间距(EHS)对应于眼睛和手之间的偏移量,并测量眼睛注视乐谱与乐器上的音符产生之间的距离或延迟。虽然EHS大多相当短,但其大小的变化可能取决于多种因素。EHS随着音乐家的专业水平而增加,随着乐谱的复杂性而减少,并且可以根据演奏的背景而变化。通过总结影响EHS的主要因素和该研究领域使用的方法,本文献综述强调了以下事实:a)为了确保有效的视景阅读,EHS必须具有适应性和优化的大小(既不太长也不太短),最好的视景读者在适应分数的复杂性方面表现出高度的感知灵活性;b)考虑到分数内部和分数之间的差异很大,根据分数的特殊性来解释EHS是很重要的;c) EHS的灵活性可以很好地反映音乐家的感知和认知能力,表明音乐家的目光可以很早就被乐谱中遥远部分的复杂性所吸引。这些不同的观点是根据文献的音乐阅读专业知识进行讨论。为了进一步了解需要多感官整合的专业知识的构建,提出了使用眼动追踪方法的有前途的研究途径。
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引用次数: 6
Multimodality During Fixation - Part II: Evidence for Multimodality in Spatial Precision-Related Distributions and Impact on Precision Estimates. 固定过程中的多模态。第二部分:空间精度相关分布中的多模态的证据和对精度估计的影响。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-10-28 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.3.4
Lee Friedman, Timothy Hanson, Oleg V Komogortsev

This paper is a follow-on to our earlier paper (7), which focused on the multimodality of angular offsets. This paper applies the same analysis to the measurement of spatial precision. Following the literature, we refer these measurements as estimates of device precision, but, in fact, subject characteristics clearly affect the measurements. One typical measure of the spatial precision of an eye-tracking device is the standard deviation (SD) of the position signals (horizontal and vertical) during a fixation. The SD is a highly interpretable measure of spread if the underlying error distribution is unimodal and normal. However, in the context of an underlying multimodal distribution, the SD is less interpretable. We will present evidence that the majority of such distributions are multimodal (68-70% strongly multimodal). Only 21-23% of position distributions were unimodal. We present an alternative method for measuring precision that is appropriate for both unimodal and multimodal distributions. This alternative method produces precision estimates that are substantially smaller than classic measures. We present illustrations of both unimodality and multimodality with either drift or a microsaccade present during fixation. At present, these observations apply only to the EyeLink 1000, and the subjects evaluated herein.

这篇论文是我们之前的论文(7)的后续,该论文关注的是角偏移的多模态。本文将同样的分析应用于空间精度的测量。根据文献,我们将这些测量值称为设备精度的估计,但实际上,受试者特征明显影响测量值。眼动追踪设备空间精度的一个典型度量是注视过程中位置信号(水平和垂直)的标准偏差(SD)。如果潜在的误差分布是单峰和正态的,标准差是一种高度可解释的传播度量。然而,在潜在的多模态分布的背景下,SD的可解释性较差。我们将提供证据表明,大多数这样的分布是多模态的(68-70%的强多模态)。只有21-23%的位置分布是单峰分布。我们提出了一种测量精度的替代方法,适用于单峰和多峰分布。这种替代方法产生的精度估计比经典测量结果小得多。我们提出了单模态和多模态的插图,在固定期间存在漂移或微跳变。目前,这些观察结果仅适用于EyeLink 1000和本文评估的受试者。
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引用次数: 3
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Journal of Eye Movement Research
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