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Absorbing the gaze, scattering looks: Klimt's distinctive style and its two-fold effect on the eye of the beholder. 吸引目光,分散目光:克里姆特独特的风格及其对旁观者眼睛的双重影响。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-10-06 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.2.8
Anna Miscenà, Jozsef Arato, Raphael Rosenberg

Among the most renowned painters of the early twentieth century, Gustav Klimt is often associated - by experts and laymen alike - with a distinctive style of representation: the visual juxtaposition of realistic features and flattened ornamental patterns. Art historical writing suggests that this juxtaposition allows a two-fold experience; the perception of both the realm of art and the realm of life. While Klimt adopted a variety of stylistic choices in his career, this one popularised his work and was hardly ever used by other artists. The following study was designed to observe whether Klimt's distinctive style causes a specific behaviour of the viewer, at the level of eye-movements. Twenty-one portraits were shown to thirty viewers while their eye-movements were recorded. The pictures included artworks by Klimt in both his distinctive and non-distinctive styles, as well as other artists of the same historical period. The recorded data show that only Klimt's distinctive paintings induce a specific eyemovement pattern with alternating longer ("absorbed") and shorter ("scattered") fixations. We therefore claim that there is a behavioural correspondence to what art historical interpretations have so far asserted: The perception of "Klimt's style" can be described as two-fold also at a physiological level.

在二十世纪早期最著名的画家中,古斯塔夫·克里姆特(Gustav Klimt)经常被专家和外行人与一种独特的表现风格联系在一起:现实主义特征和扁平装饰图案的视觉并列。艺术史写作表明,这种并列允许双重体验;感知艺术的境界和生活的境界。虽然克里姆特在他的职业生涯中采用了多种风格选择,但这一种风格使他的作品流行起来,几乎没有被其他艺术家使用过。下面的研究旨在观察克里姆特独特的风格是否会在眼球运动的层面上引起观众的特定行为。研究人员向30名观众展示了21幅肖像,同时记录了他们的眼球运动。这些图片包括克里姆特的独特和非独特风格的作品,以及同一历史时期的其他艺术家的作品。记录的数据显示,只有克里姆特独特的画作才会引起一种特定的眼球运动模式,即长时间(“吸收”)和短时间(“分散”)的注视交替出现。因此,我们声称,艺术史解释迄今为止所断言的行为是一致的:对“克里姆特风格”的感知也可以在生理层面上被描述为双重的。
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引用次数: 2
Objective measurement of nine gaze-directions using an eye-tracking device. 用眼动追踪装置客观测量九个凝视方向。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-10-06 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.6.4
Yo Iwata, Tomoya Handa, Hitoshi Ishikawa

Purpose: To investigate the usefulness and efficacy of a novel eye-tracking device that can objectively measure nine gaze-directions.

Methods: We measured each of the nine gaze-directions subjectively, using a conventional Hess screen test, and objectively, using the nine gaze-direction measuring device, and de-termined the correlation, addition error, and proportional error. We obtained two consecu-tive measurements of the nine gaze-directions using the newly developed device in healthy young people with exophoria and investigated the reproducibility of the measurements. We further measured the nine gaze-directions using a Hess screen test and the newly developed device in three subjects with cover test-based strabismus and compared the results.

Results: We observed that the objective measurements obtained with the newly developed gaze-direction measuring device had significant correlation and addition error compared to the conventional subjective method, and we found no proportional error. These measure-ments had good reproducibility.

Conclusion: The novel device can be used to observe delayed eye movement associated with limited eye movement in the affected eye, as well as the associated excessive movement of the healthy eye in patients with strabismus, similar to the Hess screen test. This is a useful device that can provide objective measurements of nine gaze-directions.

目的:探讨一种能够客观测量九个凝视方向的眼动追踪装置的实用性和有效性。方法:主观上采用传统的Hess筛检法测量9个注视方向,客观上采用9个注视方向测量装置测量9个注视方向,确定相关误差、相加误差和比例误差。我们用新研制的仪器对健康的青少年外斜视患者连续两次测量了9个注视方向,并研究了测量结果的可重复性。我们进一步使用Hess屏幕测试和新开发的装置测量了3名基于盖测试的斜视受试者的9个注视方向,并比较了结果。结果:与传统的主观测量方法相比,使用新研制的注视方向测量装置获得的客观测量结果具有显著的相关和附加误差,且没有发现比例误差。这些测量具有良好的重现性。结论:该装置可用于观察斜视患者患眼伴眼动受限的眼动延迟,以及健康眼伴眼动过度,类似于Hess筛检试验。这是一个有用的装置,可以提供九个凝视方向的客观测量。
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引用次数: 3
Improving Eye-Computer Interaction Interface Design: Ergonomic Investigations of the Optimum Target Size and Gaze-triggering Dwell Time. 改进眼-机交互界面设计:最佳目标尺寸和凝视触发停留时间的人机工程学研究。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-09-25 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.12.3.8
Ya-Feng Niu, Yue Gao, Ya-Ting Zhang, Cheng-Qi Xue, Li-Xin Yang

Interactive feedback of interface elements and low level of spatial accuracy are two main key points for the interaction research in the Eye-computer interaction system. This study tried to solve these two problems from the perspective of human-computer interactions and ergonomics. Two experiments were conducted to explore the optimum target size and gaze-triggering dwell time of the eye-computer interaction (ECI) system. Experimental Series 1 was used as the pre-experiment to identify the size that has a greater task completion rate. Experimental Series 2 was used as the main experiment to investigate the optimum gaze-triggering dwell time by using a comprehensive evaluation of the task completion rate, reaction time, and NASA-TLX (Task Load Index). In Experimental Series 1, the optimal element size was determined to be 256 × 256p x 2. The conclusion of Experimental Series 2 was that when the dwell time is set to 600 ms, the efficiency of the interface is the highest, and the task load of subjects is minimal as well. Finally, the results of Experiment Series 1 and 2 have positive effects on improving the usability of the interface. The optimal control size and the optimal dwell time obtained from the experiments have certain reference and application value for interface design and software development of the ECI system.

界面元素的交互反馈和空间精度不高是眼-机交互系统中交互研究的两个主要问题。本研究试图从人机交互和人机工程学的角度来解决这两个问题。通过两个实验探讨了眼-机交互(ECI)系统的最佳靶尺寸和注视触发停留时间。实验系列1作为预实验,确定任务完成率较高的尺寸。以实验系列2为主要实验,采用任务完成率、反应时间和NASA-TLX (task Load Index,任务负荷指数)作为综合评价指标,探讨最佳凝视触发停留时间。在实验系列1中,确定最佳元素尺寸为256 × 256p × 2。实验系列2的结论是,当停留时间设置为600 ms时,界面效率最高,受试者的任务负荷最小。最后,实验系列1和2的结果对提高界面的可用性有积极的作用。实验得到的最优控制尺寸和最优停留时间对ECI系统的界面设计和软件开发具有一定的参考和应用价值。
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引用次数: 8
Oculomotor Fatigue and Neuropsychological Assessments mirror Multiple Sclerosis Fatigue. 眼球运动性疲劳和神经心理学评估镜像多发性硬化症疲劳。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-09-13 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.4.6
Wolfgang H Zangemeister, Christof Heesen, Dorit Röhr, Stefan M Gold

Fatigue is a major complaint in MS. Up to now no objective assessment tools have been established which hampers any treatment approach. Previous work has indicated an association of fatigue with cognitive measures of attention. Oculomotor tests have been established in healthy individuals as a read-out of fatigue, and to some extent in MS patients. Based on these observations we compared two groups of MS patients, one with fatigue (n=28) and one without fatigue (n=21) and a group of healthy subjects (n=15) with a standardised computerised measure of alertness and an oculomotor stress test. Patients with fatigue showed highly significant changes of their saccade dynamics as defined by the Main Sequence and Phase Plane plots: They showed slowing of saccades, the characteristical fatigue double peak, and an asymmetrical phase plane. Oculomotor tests differentiated significantly between fatigue and fatigabiliy in our MS patients. They also showed significantly worse performance in the alertness test as well as in the oculomotor task. Significantly slower reaction times were observed for tonic alertness in 2 series without a cue (p=.025 and p=.037) but not in phasic alertness with a cue (p=.24 and p=.34). Performance was influenced by disability as well as by affective state. We conclude, when controlling for disability and depression, saccadic stress tests and alertness tests could be used as an objective read-out for fatigability and fatigue in MS patients.

疲劳是多发性硬化症患者的主要主诉。迄今为止,尚未建立客观的评估工具,这阻碍了任何治疗方法。以往的研究表明,疲劳与注意力的认知测量有关。眼球运动测试在健康人中已被确定为疲劳的读数,在某种程度上也适用于多发性硬化症患者。基于这些观察结果,我们对两组多发性硬化症患者(一组有疲劳感(28 人),另一组无疲劳感(21 人))和一组健康受试者(15 人)进行了标准化的计算机警觉性测量和眼球运动压力测试。根据主序图和相位平面图的定义,疲劳患者的眼球运动动态出现了非常明显的变化:他们的眼球移动速度减慢,出现典型的疲劳双峰和不对称的相位平面。我们的多发性硬化症患者在眼球运动测试中明显区分了疲劳和疲劳性。他们在警觉性测试和眼球运动任务中的表现也明显较差。在没有提示的两个系列中,强直性警觉性的反应时间明显较慢(p=.025 和 p=.037),但在有提示的阶段性警觉性中反应时间却不慢(p=.24 和 p=.34)。成绩受残疾和情绪状态的影响。我们的结论是,在控制残疾和抑郁的情况下,囊回压力测试和警觉性测试可作为多发性硬化症患者疲劳和疲乏的客观读数。
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引用次数: 0
Reading development at the text level: an investigation of surprisal and embeddingbased text similarity effects on eyemovements in Chinese early readers. 文本水平上的阅读发展:基于惊讶和嵌入的文本相似度对中国早期读者眼球运动的影响。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-09-09 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.6.2
Xi Fan, Ronan Reilly

This paper describes the use of semantic similarity measures based on distributed representations of words, sentences, and paragraphs (so-called "embeddings") to assess the impact of supra-lexical factors on eye-movement data from early readers of Chinese. In addition, we used a corpus-based measure of surprisal to assess the impact of local word predictability. Eye movement data from 56 Chinese students were collected (a) in the students' 4th grade and (b) one year later while they were in 5th grade. Results indicated that surprisal and some text similarity measures have a significant impact on the momentto- moment processing of words in reading. The paper presents an easy-to-use set of tools for linking the low-level aspects of fixation durations to a hierarchy of sentence-level and paragraph-level features that can be computed automatically. The study is the first attempt, as far as we are aware, to track the developmental trajectory of these influences in developing readers across a range of reading abilities. The similarity-based measures described here can be used (a) to provide a measure of reader sensitivity to sentence and paragraph cohesion and (b) to assess specific texts for their suitability for readers of different reading ability levels.

本文描述了使用基于词、句和段落的分布式表示(所谓的“嵌入”)的语义相似度量来评估超词汇因素对早期汉语读者眼动数据的影响。此外,我们使用基于语料库的惊讶度测量来评估局部词可预测性的影响。我们收集了56名中国学生(a)四年级和(b)一年后五年级的眼动数据。结果表明,惊讶度和某些文本相似度对阅读中词汇的瞬间加工有显著影响。本文提供了一套易于使用的工具,用于将注视持续时间的低级方面与可以自动计算的句子级和段落级特征的层次结构联系起来。据我们所知,这项研究是第一次尝试追踪这些影响在发展各种阅读能力的读者中的发展轨迹。这里描述的基于相似度的测量方法可以用来(a)衡量读者对句子和段落衔接的敏感度,(b)评估特定文本是否适合不同阅读能力水平的读者。
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引用次数: 3
The impact of uninformative parafoveal masks on L1 and late L2 speakers. 非信息性旁中央凹掩模对第一语言和第二语言晚期说话者的影响。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-08-26 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.6.3
Leigh B Fernandez, Christoph Scheepers, Shanley E M Allen

Much reading research has found that informative parafoveal masks lead to a reading benefit for native speakers (see 1). However, little reading research has tested the impact of uninformative parafoveal masks during reading. Additionally, parafoveal processing research is primarily restricted to native speakers. In the current study we manipulated the type of uninformative preview using a gaze contingent boundary paradigm with a group of L1 English speakers and a group of late L2 English speakers (L1 German). We were interested in how different types of uninformative masks impact on parafoveal processing, whether L1 and L2 speakers are similarly impacted, and whether they are sensitive to parafoveally viewed language-specific sub-lexical orthographic information. We manipulated six types of uninformative masks to test these objectives: an Identical, English pseudo-word, German pseudo-word, illegal string of letters, series of X's, and a blank mask. We found that X masks affect reading the most with slight graded differences across the other masks, L1 and L2 speakers are impacted similarly, and neither group is sensitive to sub-lexical orthographic information. Overall these data show that not all previews are equal, and research should be aware of the way uninformative masks affect reading behavior. Additionally, we hope that future research starts to approach models of eye-movement behavior during reading from not only a monolingual but also from a multilingual perspective.

许多阅读研究发现,信息性的旁中央凹掩体对母语人士的阅读有好处(见1)。然而,很少有阅读研究测试非信息性的旁中央凹掩体对阅读的影响。此外,中央凹旁加工的研究主要局限于母语人士。在当前的研究中,我们对一组母语英语使用者和一组晚期第二语言英语使用者(母语德语)使用凝视偶然边界范式来操纵非信息预览的类型。我们感兴趣的是不同类型的非信息性掩模对旁中央凹处理的影响,母语和第二语言使用者是否受到类似的影响,以及他们是否对旁中央凹查看的语言特定的亚词汇正字法信息敏感。我们操纵了六种类型的无信息掩码来测试这些目标:一个相同的、英语伪单词、德语伪单词、非法的字母串、一系列X和一个空白掩码。我们发现X掩模对阅读的影响最大,其他掩模之间存在轻微的等级差异,L1和L2说话者受到的影响相似,两组对亚词汇正字法信息都不敏感。总的来说,这些数据表明并不是所有的预览都是平等的,研究人员应该意识到缺乏信息的面具影响阅读行为的方式。此外,我们希望未来的研究不仅可以从单语角度出发,还可以从多语角度出发,开始研究阅读过程中的眼动行为模型。
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引用次数: 4
Does Pictorial Composition Guide the Eye? Investigating Four Centuries of Last Supper Pictures. 图案构图能引导眼睛吗?调查四个世纪的《最后的晚餐》。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-08-21 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.2.7
Rosa Sancarlo, Zoya Dare, Jozsef Arato, Raphael Rosenberg

Within art literature, there is a centuries-old assumption that the eye follows the lines set out by the composition of a painting. However, recent empirical findings suggest that this may not be true. This study investigates beholders' saccadic eye movements while looking at fourteen paintings representing the scene of the Last Supper, and their perception of the compositions of those paintings. The experiment included three parts: 1) recording the eye movements of the participants looking at the paintings; 2) asking participants to draw the composition of the paintings; and 3) asking them to rate the amount of depth in the paintings. We developed a novel coefficient of similarity in order to quantify 1) the similarity between the saccades of different observers; 2) the similarity between the compositional drawings of different observers; and 3) the similarity between saccades and compositional drawings. For all of the tested paintings, we found a high, above-chance similarity between the saccades and between the compositional drawings. Additionally, for most of the paintings, we also found a high, above-chance similarity between compositional lines and saccades, both on a collective and on an individual level. Ultimately, our findings suggest that composition does influence visual perception.

在艺术文学中,有一个古老的假设,即眼睛会跟随绘画构图所设定的线条。然而,最近的实证研究结果表明,这可能不是真的。本研究调查了观看者在观看十四幅描绘《最后的晚餐》场景的画作时的跳眼运动,以及他们对这些画作构成的感知。实验包括三个部分:1)记录被试在观看画作时的眼球运动;2)要求参与者绘制画作的构图;3)让他们给画作的深度打分。我们开发了一个新的相似系数,以量化1)不同观察者扫视之间的相似性;2)不同观察者的构图图之间的相似性;3)眼动图与构图图的相似性。对于所有被测试的画作,我们发现在扫视图和构图图之间有很高的、高于概率的相似性。此外,对于大多数画作,我们还发现,无论是在集体层面还是在个人层面,构图线和扫视之间都有很高的、高于偶然的相似性。最终,我们的研究结果表明,构图确实会影响视觉感知。
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引用次数: 4
Fixation duration and the learning process: an eye tracking study with subtitled videos. 注视时间和学习过程:带有字幕视频的眼动追踪研究。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-08-16 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.6.1
Shivsevak Negi, Ritayan Mitra

Learning is a complex phenomenon and education researchers are increasingly focussing on processes that go into it. Eye tracking has become an important tool in such research. In this paper, we focus on one of the most commonly used metrics in eye tracking, namely, fixation duration. Fixation duration has been used to study cognition and attention. However, fixation duration distributions are characteristically non-normal and heavily skewed to the right. Therefore, the use of a single average value, such as the mean fixation duration, to predict cognition and/or attention could be problematic. This is especially true in studies of complex constructs, such as learning, which are governed by both cognitive and affective processes. We collected eye tracking data from 51 students watching a 12 min long educational video with and without subtitles. The learning gain after watching the video was calculated with pre- and post-test scores. Several multiple linear regression models revealed a) fixation duration can explain a substantial fraction of variation in the pre-post data, which indicates its usefulness in the study of learning processes; b) the arithmetic mean of fixation durations, which is the most commonly reported eye tracking metric, may not be the optimal choice; and c) a phenomenological model of fixation durations where the number of fixations over different temporal ranges are used as inputs seemed to perform the best. The results and their implications for learning process research are discussed.

学习是一个复杂的现象,教育研究者越来越关注学习的过程。眼动追踪已成为此类研究的重要工具。在本文中,我们关注眼动追踪中最常用的指标之一,即注视时间。注视时间被用来研究认知和注意。然而,注视时间分布具有非正态特征,且严重偏右。因此,使用单一的平均值,如平均注视时间,来预测认知和/或注意力可能是有问题的。在复杂构念的研究中尤其如此,比如学习,这是由认知和情感过程共同控制的。我们收集了51名学生的眼动追踪数据,他们观看了一段12分钟长的教育视频,有或没有字幕。观看视频后的学习收益是用测试前和测试后的分数来计算的。几个多元线性回归模型显示a)固定时间可以解释前后数据的很大一部分变化,这表明它在学习过程研究中的有用性;B)注视时间的算术平均值,这是最常见的眼动追踪指标,可能不是最佳选择;c)用不同时间范围内的注视次数作为输入的注视持续时间的现象学模型似乎表现最好。讨论了研究结果及其对学习过程研究的启示。
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引用次数: 30
Microsaccadic rate signatures correlate under monocular and binocular stimulation conditions. 在单眼和双眼刺激条件下,微眼动率特征相互关联。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-08-11 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.5.3
Peter Essig, Alexander Leube, Katharina Rifai, Siegfried Wahl

Microsaccades are involuntary eye movements occurring naturally during fixation. In this study, microsaccades were investigated under monocularly and binocularly stimulated conditions with respect to their directional distribution and rate signature, that refers to a curve reporting the frequency modulation of microsaccades over time. For monocular stimulation the left eye was covered by an infrared filter. In both stimulation conditions, participants fixated a Gabor patch presented randomly in orientation of 45° or 135° over a wide range of spatial frequencies appearing in the center of a monitor. Considering the microsaccadic directions, this study showed microsaccades to be preferably horizontally oriented in their mean direction, regardless of the spatial characteristics of the grating. Furthermore, this outcome was found to be consistent between both stimulation conditions. Moreover, this study found that the microsaccadic rate signature curve correlates between both stimulation conditions, while the curve given for binocular stimulation was already proposed as a tool for estimation of visual performance in the past. Therefore, this study extends the applicability of microsaccades to clinical use, since parameters as contrast sensitivity, has been measured monocularly in the clinical attitude.

微扫视是注视时自然发生的不自觉的眼球运动。在这项研究中,我们研究了在单眼和双眼刺激条件下微眼跳的方向分布和速率特征,即一条报告微眼跳频率随时间调制的曲线。对于单眼刺激,左眼被红外滤光片覆盖。在这两种刺激条件下,参与者都盯着监视器中心出现的宽范围空间频率上随机呈现的45°或135°方向的Gabor贴片。考虑到微跳跃方向,本研究表明微跳跃在其平均方向上最好是水平方向,而不考虑光栅的空间特性。此外,这一结果在两种刺激条件下是一致的。此外,本研究还发现两种刺激条件下的微跳率特征曲线具有相关性,而双目刺激的微跳率特征曲线在过去已经被提出作为一种评估视觉表现的工具。因此,本研究将微眼跳的适用性扩展到临床应用,因为作为对比敏感度的参数已经在临床态度中进行了单目测量。
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引用次数: 3
An eye-tracking study of reading long and short novel and lexicalized compound words. 长篇、短篇小说及词汇化复合词阅读的眼动追踪研究。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-08-04 eCollection Date: 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.4.3
Jukka Hyönä, Alexander Pollatsek, Minna Koski, Henri Olkoniemi

An eye-tracking experiment examined the recognition of novel and lexicalized compound words during sentence reading. The frequency of the head noun in modifier-head compound words was manipulated to tap into the degree of compositional processing. This was done separately for long (12-16 letter) and short (7-9 letters) compound words. Based on the dual-route race model [Pollatsek et al., 4] and the visual acuity principle [Bertram & Hyönä, 2], long lexicalized and novel compound words were predicted to be processed via the decomposition route and short lexicalized compound words via the holistic route. Gaze duration and selective regression-path duration demonstrated a constituent frequency effect of similar size for long lexicalized and novel compound words. For short compound words the constituent frequency effect was negligible for lexicalized words but robust for novel words. The results are consistent with the visual acuity principle that assumes long novel compound words to be recognized via the decomposition route and short lexicalized compound words via the holistic route.

一项眼球追踪实验研究了在句子阅读过程中对新词和词汇化复合词的识别。对修饰语-头部复合词中主名词的出现频率进行了调整,以挖掘构成加工的程度。这是对长(12-16个字母)和短(7-9个字母)复合词分别进行的。基于双路线竞赛模型[Pollatsek et al., 4]和视觉敏锐原理[Bertram & Hyönä, 2],预测长词化和新词化复合词的加工采用分解路线,短词化复合词的加工采用整体路线。注视持续时间和选择性回归路径持续时间对长词汇化词和新复合词的构成频率效应大小相似。对于较短的复合词,组成频率对词汇化词的影响可以忽略不计,但对新词的影响很强。研究结果与视觉敏度原则一致,即长篇新颖性复合词通过分解途径识别,短词化复合词通过整体途径识别。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
Journal of Eye Movement Research
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