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Silent versus Reading Out Loud modes: An eye-tracking study. 无声模式与大声朗读模式:一项眼动追踪研究。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-10-21 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.2.1
Ioannis Smyrnakis, Vassilios Andreadakis, Andriani Rina, Nadia Bοufachrentin, Ioannis M Aslanides

The main purpose of this study is to compare the silent and loud reading ability of typical and dyslexic readers, using eye-tracking technology to monitor the reading process. The participants (156 students of normal intelligence) were first divided into three groups based on their school grade, and each subgroup was then further separated into typical readers and students diagnosed with dyslexia. The students read the same text twice, one time silently and one time out loud. Various eye-tracking parameters were calculated for both types of reading. In general, the performance of the typical students was better for both modes of reading - regardless of age. In the older age groups, typical readers performed better at silent reading. The dyslexic readers in all age groups performed better at reading out loud. However, this was less prominent in secondary and upper secondary dyslexics, reflecting a slow shift towards silent reading mode as they age. Our results confirm that the eye-tracking parameters of dyslexics improve with age in both silent and loud reading, and their reading preference shifts slowly towards silent reading. Typical readers, before 4th grade do not show a clear reading mode preference, however, after that age they develop a clear preference for silent reading.

本研究的主要目的是比较典型和阅读障碍读者的无声和大声阅读能力,使用眼动追踪技术来监测阅读过程。参与者(156名智力正常的学生)首先根据他们的学校成绩被分为三组,然后每个亚组被进一步分为典型的读者和被诊断为阅读障碍的学生。学生们把同一篇课文读了两遍,一次默读,一次大声朗读。针对这两种类型的阅读计算了各种眼睛跟踪参数。总的来说,无论年龄大小,典型学生在这两种阅读模式下的表现都更好。在年龄较大的群体中,典型的读者在默读方面表现更好。所有年龄组的阅读障碍读者在大声朗读方面表现更好。然而,这在中等和高中阅读障碍患者中并不突出,反映出随着年龄的增长,他们慢慢转向无声阅读模式。我们的研究结果证实,在无声阅读和大声阅读中,阅读障碍者的眼动追踪参数都随着年龄的增长而改善,他们的阅读偏好慢慢向无声阅读转变。典型的读者,在四年级之前并没有表现出明显的阅读模式偏好,但在四年级之后,他们对无声阅读产生了明显的偏好。
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引用次数: 4
Visual scanpath training to emotional faces following severe traumatic brain injury: A single case design. 严重创伤性脑损伤后情绪面部的视觉扫描路径训练:单一案例设计。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-10-21 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.4.6
Suzane Vassallo, Jacinta Douglas

The visual scanpath to emotional facial expressions was recorded in BR, a 35-year-old male with chronic severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), both before and after he underwent intervention. The novel intervention paradigm combined visual scanpath training with verbal feedback and was implemented over a 3-month period using a single case design (AB) with one follow up session. At baseline BR's scanpath was restricted, characterised by gaze allocation primarily to salient facial features on the right side of the face stimulus. Following intervention his visual scanpath became more lateralised, although he continued to demonstrate an attentional bias to the right side of the face stimulus. This study is the first to demonstrate change in both the pattern and the position of the visual scanpath to emotional faces following intervention in a person with chronic severe TBI. In addition, these findings extend upon our previous work to suggest that modification of the visual scanpath through targeted facial feature training can support improved facial recognition performance in a person with severe TBI.

对35岁慢性严重创伤性脑损伤(TBI)患者BR进行干预前后的情绪面部表情视觉扫描路径进行记录。新的干预模式将视觉扫描路径训练与口头反馈相结合,采用单病例设计(AB),并进行了为期3个月的随访。在基线时,脑电的扫描路径是受限的,其特征是凝视主要分配到面部刺激右侧的显著面部特征。干预后,他的视觉扫描路径变得更加偏侧,尽管他继续表现出对面部刺激右侧的注意偏向。这项研究首次证明了在慢性严重脑外伤患者进行干预后,情绪面部的视觉扫描路径的模式和位置发生了变化。此外,这些发现扩展了我们之前的工作,表明通过有针对性的面部特征训练来修改视觉扫描路径可以支持改善严重TBI患者的面部识别性能。
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引用次数: 2
Eye Movements during Dynamic Scene Viewing are Affected by Visual Attention Skills and Events of the Scene: Evidence from First-Person Shooter Gameplay Videos. 动态场景观看过程中的眼球运动受到视觉注意技能和场景事件的影响:来自第一人称射击游戏玩法视频的证据
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-10-21 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.2.3
Suvi K Holm, Tuomo Häikiö, Konstantin Olli, Johanna K Kaakinen

The role of individual differences during dynamic scene viewing was explored. Participants (N=38) watched a gameplay video of a first-person shooter (FPS) videogame while their eye movements were recorded. In addition, the participants' skills in three visual attention tasks (attentional blink, visual search, and multiple object tracking) were assessed. The results showed that individual differences in visual attention tasks were associated with eye movement patterns observed during viewing of the gameplay video. The differences were noted in four eye movement measures: number of fixations, fixation durations, saccade amplitudes and fixation distances from the center of the screen. The individual differences showed during specific events of the video as well as during the video as a whole. The results highlight that an unedited, fast-paced and cluttered dynamic scene can bring about individual differences in dynamic scene viewing.

探讨了个体差异在动态场景观看中的作用。38名参与者观看了第一人称射击游戏(FPS)的游戏视频,同时记录了他们的眼球运动。此外,还评估了参与者在三个视觉注意任务(注意眨眼、视觉搜索和多目标跟踪)中的技能。结果显示,视觉注意力任务的个体差异与观看游戏视频时观察到的眼球运动模式有关。在四项眼动测量中发现了差异:注视次数、注视持续时间、扫视幅度和距屏幕中心的注视距离。个体差异不仅表现在视频的特定事件中,也表现在整个视频中。结果表明,未经编辑的、快节奏的、杂乱的动态场景会导致动态场景观看的个体差异。
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引用次数: 4
The association of eye movements and performance accuracy in a novel sight-reading task. 一种新型视读任务中眼球运动与表现准确性的关系。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-10-21 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.4.5
Lucas Lörch

The present study investigated how eye movements were associated with performance accuracy during sight-reading. Participants performed a complex span task in which sequences of single quarter note symbols that either enabled chunking or did not enable chunking were presented for subsequent serial recall. In between the presentation of each note, participants sight-read a notated melody on an electric piano in the tempo of 70 bpm. All melodies were unique but contained four types of note pairs: eighth-eighth, eighthquarter, quarter-eighth, quarter-quarter. Analyses revealed that reading with fewer fixations was associated with a more accurate note onset. Fewer fixations might be advantageous for sight-reading as fewer saccades have to be planned and less information has to be integrated. Moreover, the quarter-quarter note pair was read with a larger number of fixations and the eighth-quarter note pair was read with a longer gaze duration. This suggests that when rhythm is processed, additional beats might trigger re-fixations and unconventional rhythmical patterns might trigger longer gazes. Neither recall accuracy nor chunking processes were found to explain additional variance in the eye movement data.

本研究调查了眼动与视觉阅读中表现准确性的关系。参与者完成了一个复杂的跨度任务,在这个任务中,单个四分音符符号的序列要么允许分组,要么不允许分组,供随后的连续回忆。在每个音符呈现的间隙,参与者在一架节奏为每分钟70次的电子钢琴上看一段有记号的旋律。所有的旋律都是独特的,但包含四种类型的音符对:8 - 8,8 / 4,1 / 8,1 / 4。分析显示,注视较少的阅读与更准确的音符发作有关。更少的注视可能有利于视觉阅读,因为更少的扫视需要计划,更少的信息需要整合。此外,四分之一音符对的阅读需要更多的注视,而八分之一音符对的阅读需要更长的注视时间。这表明,当节奏被处理时,额外的节拍可能会引发重新注视,而非常规的节奏模式可能会引发更长时间的凝视。记忆准确性和分块过程都不能解释眼动数据的额外差异。
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引用次数: 1
Can longer gaze duration determine risky investment decisions? An interactive perspective. 更长的凝视时间能决定高风险的投资决策吗?交互式透视图。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-09-21 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.4.3
Yiheng Wang, Yanping Liu

Can longer gaze duration determine risky investment decisions? Recent studies have tested how gaze influences people's decisions and the boundary of the gaze effect. The current experiment used adaptive gaze-contingent manipulation by adding a self-determined option to test whether longer gaze duration can determine risky investment decisions. The results showed that both the expected value of each option and the gaze duration influenced people's decisions. This result was consistent with the attentional diffusion model (aDDM) proposed by Krajbich et al. (2010), which suggests that gaze can influence the choice process by amplify the value of the choice. Therefore, the gaze duration would influence the decision when people do not have clear preference.The result also showed that the similarity between options and the computational difficulty would also influence the gaze effect. This result was inconsistent with prior research that used option similarities to represent difficulty, suggesting that both similarity between options and computational difficulty induce different underlying mechanisms of decision difficulty.

更长的凝视时间能决定高风险的投资决策吗?最近的研究已经测试了凝视如何影响人们的决定和凝视效应的边界。目前的实验使用了自适应注视条件操作,通过增加一个自决定选项来测试更长凝视时间是否可以决定风险投资决策。结果表明,每个选项的期望值和注视时间都会影响人们的决策。这一结果与Krajbich et al.(2010)提出的注意扩散模型(attention diffusion model, aDDM)一致,该模型认为凝视可以通过放大选择的价值来影响选择过程。因此,当人们没有明确的偏好时,凝视时间会影响决策。结果还表明,选项之间的相似性和计算难度也会影响注视效果。这一结果与先前使用期权相似度来表示难度的研究结果不一致,表明期权相似度和计算难度都诱发了不同的决策困难的潜在机制。
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引用次数: 0
Rhythmic subvocalization: An eye-tracking study on silent poetry reading. 韵律默读:默读诗歌的眼动追踪研究。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-09-14 eCollection Date: 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.3.5
Judith Beck, Lars Konieczny

The present study investigates effects of conventionally metered and rhymed poetry on eyemovements in silent reading. Readers saw MRRL poems (i.e., metrically regular, rhymed language) in two layouts. In poem layout, verse endings coincided with line breaks. In prose layout verse endings could be mid-line. We also added metrical and rhyme anomalies. We hypothesized that silently reading MRRL results in building up auditive expectations that are based on a rhythmic "audible gestalt" and propose that rhythmicity is generated through subvocalization. Our results revealed that readers were sensitive to rhythmic-gestalt-anomalies but showed differential effects in poem and prose layouts. Metrical anomalies in particular resulted in robust reading disruptions across a variety of eye-movement measures in the poem layout and caused re-reading of the local context. Rhyme anomalies elicited stronger effects in prose layout and resulted in systematic re-reading of pre-rhymes. The presence or absence of rhythmic-gestalt-anomalies, as well as the layout manipulation, also affected reading in general. Effects of syllable number indicated a high degree of subvocalization. The overall pattern of results suggests that eye-movements reflect, and are closely aligned with, the rhythmic subvocalization of MRRL. This study introduces a two-stage approach to the analysis of long MRRL stimuli and contributes to the discussion of how the processing of rhythm in music and speech may overlap.

本研究调查了传统韵律和押韵诗歌对默读时眼球运动的影响。读者看到的MRRL诗歌(即,韵律规则,押韵的语言)有两种布局。在诗歌布局上,诗的结尾与断行一致。在散文布局中,诗句的结尾可以在中间行。我们还添加了韵律和韵律的异常。我们假设,默读MRRL会导致建立基于有节奏的“听觉完形”的听觉期望,并提出节奏性是通过默读产生的。我们的研究结果表明,读者对节奏格式塔异常敏感,但在诗歌和散文布局中表现出不同的影响。特别是韵律异常导致了诗歌布局中各种眼球运动测量的强烈阅读中断,并导致了对当地背景的重新阅读。韵脚异常对散文布局的影响更大,导致对前韵的系统重读。节奏格式塔异常的存在或不存在,以及布局操作,也会影响阅读。音节数的影响表明了高程度的默读。结果的整体模式表明,眼球运动反映了MRRL的有节奏的默读,并与之密切相关。本研究引入了一种两阶段的方法来分析长MRRL刺激,并有助于讨论音乐和语音中的节奏处理如何重叠。
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引用次数: 4
Metacognitive monitoring and metacognitive strategies of gifted and average children on dealing with deductive reasoning task. 资优儿童与一般儿童处理演绎推理任务的元认知监测与元认知策略。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-09-14 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.4.1
Ondřeji Straka, Šárka Portešová, Daniela Halámková, Michal Jabůrek

In this paper, we inquire into possible differences between children with exceptionally high intellectual abilities and their average peers as regards metacognitive monitoring and related metacognitive strategies. The question whether gifted children surpass their typically developing peers not only in the intellectual abilities, but also in their level of metacognitive skills, has not been convincingly answered so far. We sought to examine the indicators of metacognitive behavior by means of eye-tracking technology and to compare these findings with the participants' subjective confidence ratings. Eye-movement data of gifted and average students attending final grades of primary school (4th and 5th grades) were recorded while they dealt with a deductive reasoning task, and four metrics supposed to bear on metacognitive skills, namely the overall trial duration, mean fixation duration, number of regressions and normalized gaze transition entropy, were analyzed. No significant differences between gifted and average children were found in the normalized gaze transition entropy, in mean fixation duration, nor - after controlling for the trial duration - in number of regressions. Both groups of children differed in the time devoted to solving the task. Both groups significantly differed in the association between time devoted to the task and the participants' subjective confidence rating, where only the gifted children tended to devote more time when they felt less confident. Several implications of these findings are discussed.

本文探讨了超常智力儿童在元认知监控及相关元认知策略方面与普通儿童可能存在的差异。天才儿童是否不仅在智力能力上,而且在元认知技能水平上超过了正常发展的同龄人,这个问题到目前为止还没有令人信服的答案。我们试图通过眼动追踪技术检查元认知行为的指标,并将这些发现与参与者的主观信心评级进行比较。记录了小学高年级(四年级和五年级)资优学生和普通学生在处理演绎推理任务时的眼动数据,并分析了与元认知技能有关的四个指标,即总注视时间、平均注视时间、回归次数和归一化凝视转移熵。天才儿童和普通儿童在标准化凝视转换熵、平均注视持续时间和回归数量上没有显著差异(控制试验持续时间后)。两组孩子花在解决问题上的时间不同。两组在投入到任务上的时间和参与者主观信心评级之间的关系上存在显著差异,只有天才儿童在感到不自信时才会投入更多的时间。讨论了这些发现的几个含义。
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引用次数: 1
Reading Eye Movements Performance on iPad vs Print Using a Visagraph. iPad上的阅读眼动表现vs使用Visagraph打印。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-09-14 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.2.6
Alicia Feis, Amanda Lallensack, Elizabeth Pallante, Melanie Nielsen, Nicole Demarco, Balamurali Vasudevan
This study investigated reading comprehension, reading speed, and the quality of eye movements while reading on an iPad, as compared to printed text. 31 visually-normal subjects were enrolled. Two of the passages were read from the Visagraph standardized text on iPad and Print. Eye movement characteristics and comprehension were evaluated. Mean (SD) fixation duration was significantly longer with the iPad at 270 ms (40) compared to the printed text (p=0.04) at 260 ms (40). Subjects’ mean reading rates were significantly lower on the iPad at 294 words per minute (wpm) than the printed text at 318 wpm (p=0.03). The mean (SD) overall reading duration was significantly (p=0.02) slower on the iPad that took 31 s (9.3) than the printed text at 28 s (8.0). Overall reading performance is lower with an iPad than printed text in normal individuals. These findings might be more consequential in children and adult slower readers when they read using iPads.
这项研究调查了在iPad上阅读时的阅读理解、阅读速度和眼球运动质量,并将其与印刷文本进行了比较。纳入31名视力正常的受试者。其中两篇文章是在iPad和Print上阅读Visagraph标准文本。评估眼动特征和理解能力。iPad的平均(SD)注视时间为270 ms(40),显著长于印刷文本的260 ms (40) (p=0.04)。受试者在iPad上的平均阅读速度为每分钟294个单词,显著低于印刷文本的每分钟318个单词(p=0.03)。iPad上的平均(SD)整体阅读时间(31秒,9.3秒)明显慢于印刷文本的28秒(8.0秒)(p=0.02)。使用iPad的整体阅读表现低于正常人的打印文本。这些发现可能对使用ipad阅读速度较慢的儿童和成人更为重要。
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引用次数: 5
I2DNet - Design and Real-Time Evaluation of Appearance-based gaze estimation system. 基于外观的注视估计系统的设计与实时评估。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-08-31 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.4.2
L R D Murthy, Siddhi Brahmbhatt, Somnath Arjun, Pradipta Biswas

Gaze estimation problem can be addressed using either model-based or appearance-based approaches. Model-based approaches rely on features extracted from eye images to fit a 3D eye-ball model to obtain gaze point estimate while appearance-based methods attempt to directly map captured eye images to gaze point without any handcrafted features. Recently, availability of large datasets and novel deep learning techniques made appearance-based methods achieve superior accuracy than model-based approaches. However, many appearance- based gaze estimation systems perform well in within-dataset validation but fail to provide the same degree of accuracy in cross-dataset evaluation. Hence, it is still unclear how well the current state-of-the-art approaches perform in real-time in an interactive setting on unseen users. This paper proposes I2DNet, a novel architecture aimed to improve subject- independent gaze estimation accuracy that achieved a state-of-the-art 4.3 and 8.4 degree mean angle error on the MPIIGaze and RT-Gene datasets respectively. We have evaluated the proposed system as a gaze-controlled interface in real-time for a 9-block pointing and selection task and compared it with Webgazer.js and OpenFace 2.0. We have conducted a user study with 16 participants, and our proposed system reduces selection time and the number of missed selections statistically significantly compared to other two systems.

凝视估计问题可以使用基于模型或基于外观的方法来解决。基于模型的方法依靠从眼睛图像中提取的特征来拟合3D眼球模型来获得凝视点估计,而基于外观的方法试图直接将捕获的眼睛图像映射到凝视点,而不需要任何手工制作的特征。最近,大数据集的可用性和新颖的深度学习技术使得基于外观的方法比基于模型的方法具有更高的准确性。然而,许多基于外观的注视估计系统在数据集内验证中表现良好,但在跨数据集评估中却不能提供相同程度的准确性。因此,目前尚不清楚当前最先进的方法在不可见用户的实时交互设置中表现如何。本文提出了一种新的架构I2DNet,旨在提高与主体无关的凝视估计精度,该架构在MPIIGaze和RT-Gene数据集上分别实现了4.3度和8.4度的平均角度误差。我们对所提出的系统进行了评估,将其作为9块指向和选择任务的实时凝视控制界面,并将其与Webgazer.js和OpenFace 2.0进行了比较。我们对16名参与者进行了用户研究,与其他两种系统相比,我们提出的系统在统计上显著减少了选择时间和错过的选择次数。
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引用次数: 4
Viewing Patterns and Perspectival Paintings: An Eye-Tracking Study on the Effect of the Vanishing Point. 观看模式与透视画:消失点效应的眼动追踪研究。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-08-27 eCollection Date: 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.2.15
Arthur Crucq

Linear perspective has long been used to create the illusion of three-dimensional space on the picture plane. One of its central axioms comes from Euclidean geometry and holds that all parallel lines converge in a single vanishing point. Although linear perspective provided the painter with a means to organize the painting, the question is whether the gaze of the beholder is also affected by the underlying structure of linear perspective: for instance, in such a way that the orthogonals leading to the vanishing point also automatically guides the beholder's gaze. This was researched during a pilot study by means of an eye-tracking experiment at the Lab for Cognitive Research in Art History (CReA) of the University of Vienna. It appears that in some compositions the vanishing point attracts the view of the participant. This effect is more significant when the vanishing point coincides with the central vertical axis of the painting, but is even stronger when the vanishing point also coincides with a major visual feature such as an object or figure. The latter calls into question what exactly attracts the gaze of the viewer, i.e., what comes first: the geometrical construct of the vanishing point or the visual feature?

线性透视法一直被用来在画面平面上创造三维空间的错觉。它的一个中心公理来自欧几里得几何,它认为所有的平行线都收敛于一个消失点。虽然线性透视为画家提供了一种组织绘画的手段,但问题是,旁观者的目光是否也受到线性透视的潜在结构的影响:例如,以这样一种方式,通向消失点的正交线也自动引导旁观者的目光。这是维也纳大学艺术史认知研究实验室(CReA)在一项试点研究中通过眼球追踪实验进行的研究。在一些作品中,消失点似乎吸引了参与者的视线。当消失点与绘画的中心垂直轴重合时,这种效果更为显著,但当消失点也与一个主要的视觉特征(如物体或人物)重合时,这种效果就更强了。后者提出了一个问题,究竟是什么吸引了观众的目光,也就是说,哪个先出现:消失点的几何结构还是视觉特征?
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Journal of Eye Movement Research
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