Pub Date : 2022-01-24DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.102004
Alp Ayan, S. Meriç, Tamer Gümüş, Ç. Atak
The number of approaches related to recombinant protein production in plants is increasing rapidly day by day. Plant-based expression offers a safe, cost-effective, scalable, and potentially limitless way to rapidly produce recombinant proteins. Plant systems, which have significant advantages over animal and yeast recombinant protein production systems, are particularly promising for the large-scale production of antibodies and therapeutic proteins. Molecular pharming with transgenic plant systems become prominent among other production systems with its low cost, absence of human or animal pathogen contaminants, and the ability to use post-translational modifications such as glycosylation. The ability to produce recombinant pharmaceutical proteins in plant seeds, plant cells and various plant tissues such as hairy roots and leaves, through the stable transformation of the nuclear genome or transient expression, allows for the establishment of different production strategies. In particular, the rapid production of candidate proteins by transient expression, which eliminates the need for lengthy transformation and regeneration procedures, has made plants an attractive bioreactor for the production of pharmaceutical components. This chapter aimsto exhibit the current plant biotechnology applications and transgenic strategies used for the production of recombinant antibodies, antigens, therapeutic proteins and enzymes, which are used especially in the treatment of various diseases.
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Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101037
Prince Emmanuel Norman, Daniel K. Dzidzienyo, Kumba Yannah Karim, Aloysius A. Beah
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) and yams (Dioscorea spp.) are important root and tuber crops grown for food, feed and various industrial applications. However, their genetic gain potentials are limited by breeding and genetic bottlenecks for improvement of many desired traits. This book chapter covers the applications and potential benefits of genetic modification in breeding selected outcrossing root and tuber crops. It assesses how improvement of selected root and tuber crops through genetic modification overcomes both the high heterozygosity and serious trait separation that occurs in conventional breeding, and contributes to timely achievement of improved target traits. It also assesses the ways genetic modification improves genetic gain in the root and tuber breeding programs, conclusions and perspectives. Conscious use of complementary techniques such as genetic modification in the root and tuber breeding programs can increase the selection gain by reducing the long breeding cycle and cost, as well as reliable exploitation of the heritable variation in the desired direction.
{"title":"Genetic Modification and Application in Cassava, Sweetpotato and Yams","authors":"Prince Emmanuel Norman, Daniel K. Dzidzienyo, Kumba Yannah Karim, Aloysius A. Beah","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.101037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101037","url":null,"abstract":"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) and yams (Dioscorea spp.) are important root and tuber crops grown for food, feed and various industrial applications. However, their genetic gain potentials are limited by breeding and genetic bottlenecks for improvement of many desired traits. This book chapter covers the applications and potential benefits of genetic modification in breeding selected outcrossing root and tuber crops. It assesses how improvement of selected root and tuber crops through genetic modification overcomes both the high heterozygosity and serious trait separation that occurs in conventional breeding, and contributes to timely achievement of improved target traits. It also assesses the ways genetic modification improves genetic gain in the root and tuber breeding programs, conclusions and perspectives. Conscious use of complementary techniques such as genetic modification in the root and tuber breeding programs can increase the selection gain by reducing the long breeding cycle and cost, as well as reliable exploitation of the heritable variation in the desired direction.","PeriodicalId":159021,"journal":{"name":"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond [Working Title]","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123733276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-11DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.100198
J. Thomson
This chapter will explore the reasons why some countries, broadly described as “developed,” do not allow their farmers to plant GM crops. It will then go on to discuss the effects that these attitudes held by “the West” have influenced the uptake of GM crops by Africa and “the Rest.” I will then investigate some of the myths that have been used to turn politicians, decision-makers, and inhabitants of such countries against GM crops, and to consider the importance of communication. As it is necessary to understand why and how certain countries “got it right” and are currently growing GM crops successfully, the last section deals with these issues. The conclusion points to the necessity for countries to learn from mistakes made in the past as we enter the era of new technologies such as genome editing.
{"title":"GM Crops: The West versus the Rest","authors":"J. Thomson","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.100198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100198","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter will explore the reasons why some countries, broadly described as “developed,” do not allow their farmers to plant GM crops. It will then go on to discuss the effects that these attitudes held by “the West” have influenced the uptake of GM crops by Africa and “the Rest.” I will then investigate some of the myths that have been used to turn politicians, decision-makers, and inhabitants of such countries against GM crops, and to consider the importance of communication. As it is necessary to understand why and how certain countries “got it right” and are currently growing GM crops successfully, the last section deals with these issues. The conclusion points to the necessity for countries to learn from mistakes made in the past as we enter the era of new technologies such as genome editing.","PeriodicalId":159021,"journal":{"name":"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond [Working Title]","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132766884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99966
Robert R Redden
Plant breeding was provided access to wider genetic variation through genetic modification (GM) of crops in the 1980s. This involved transfer of DNA between species, and introduction of new traits into domestic crops. Concerns were raised for the outcomes in food health and in the environment with GM crops, with the spectre of ‘Frankenstien’ foods and fear of the unknown. This led to widespread adoption of GM regulations based on the ‘Precautionary principle’ of safeguarding the risks to health and to the environment, even when scientific evidence was lacking to support these concerns. The Green lobby required GM foods to be safe for consumption, with no ill-effects over the long term and for many generations into the future. GM foods have proven safe for over two decades, and with benefits to crop productivity, pest and disease resistances, improved nutrition and tolerances of extreme climatic stresses. GM includes the new biotechnology of Genome Editing (GE), with targeted and precise changes to gene sites, and inter-specific transfer of genes from poorly accessible Crop Wild Relatives (CRW), for adaptation of crops to climate change. Food and fibre crops need to be exempt from GM regulations.
{"title":"Proposed Revision of the National Gene Technology Scheme for Australia","authors":"Robert R Redden","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.99966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99966","url":null,"abstract":"Plant breeding was provided access to wider genetic variation through genetic modification (GM) of crops in the 1980s. This involved transfer of DNA between species, and introduction of new traits into domestic crops. Concerns were raised for the outcomes in food health and in the environment with GM crops, with the spectre of ‘Frankenstien’ foods and fear of the unknown. This led to widespread adoption of GM regulations based on the ‘Precautionary principle’ of safeguarding the risks to health and to the environment, even when scientific evidence was lacking to support these concerns. The Green lobby required GM foods to be safe for consumption, with no ill-effects over the long term and for many generations into the future. GM foods have proven safe for over two decades, and with benefits to crop productivity, pest and disease resistances, improved nutrition and tolerances of extreme climatic stresses. GM includes the new biotechnology of Genome Editing (GE), with targeted and precise changes to gene sites, and inter-specific transfer of genes from poorly accessible Crop Wild Relatives (CRW), for adaptation of crops to climate change. Food and fibre crops need to be exempt from GM regulations.","PeriodicalId":159021,"journal":{"name":"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond [Working Title]","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116210203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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