Journal of energy storage最新文献_第9页

Tailored biomimetic sea urchin-like Ni, Co-metal-organic frameworks @ biomass carbon cathodes for advanced hybrid supercapacitors 定制仿生海胆样Ni， co金属有机框架@生物质碳阴极用于先进的混合超级电容器

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.120332

Zhe Sun , Yulong An , Jiangyang Tian , Qingfeng Sun , Zhanhua Huang

Battery-type electrodes integrated into hybrid supercapacitors offer a prospective route to enhance energy density without compromising power delivery. However, their practical application is often limited by poor cycling stability and sluggish kinetics. Herein, a battery-type electrode with high energy-power density and long cycle life is fabricated by anchoring bionic sea urchin-like Ni, Co-MOF (MNC) on biomass waste (corncobs)-derived porous carbon (CPC). This rational architecture effectively suppresses metal agglomeration, enhances electrical conductivity, and improves structural stability. The MNC@CPC composite features a large specific surface area and abundant electroactive sites, which facilitate rapid ion diffusion and electron transport by shortening the electrolyte ion pathways and increasing electrode–electrolyte contact. Therefore, the MNC@CPC cathode achieves a high capacitance of 1438.12 F g⁻¹, good rate, and excellent long cycle life. Additionally, a quasi-solid-state hybrid supercapacitor (MNC@CPC//CPC) with a PVA-KOH gel electrolyte, achieves an energy density of 61.77 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 750 W kg⁻¹, along with a remarkable capacity retention of 87.5% over 10,000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g⁻¹. These results demonstrate a scalable and sustainable approach for developing high-energy, long-life hybrid supercapacitors.

集成到混合超级电容器中的电池型电极提供了一种有前途的途径，可以在不影响功率传输的情况下提高能量密度。然而，它们的实际应用往往受到循环稳定性差和动力学缓慢的限制。本文将仿生海胆样Ni， Co-MOF （MNC）锚定在生物质废弃物（玉米芯）衍生多孔碳（CPC）上，制备了具有高能量功率密度和长循环寿命的电池型电极。这种合理的结构有效地抑制了金属团聚，提高了导电性，提高了结构的稳定性。MNC@CPC复合材料具有较大的比表面积和丰富的电活性位点，通过缩短电解质离子路径和增加电极-电解质接触，促进了离子的快速扩散和电子传递。因此，MNC@CPC阴极具有1438.12 F g−1的高电容、良好的倍率和优异的长循环寿命。此外，使用PVA-KOH凝胶电解质的准固态混合超级电容器（MNC@CPC//CPC）在功率密度为750 W kg - 1时，能量密度为61.77 Wh kg - 1，在电流密度为10 a g - 1时，超过10,000次循环的容量保持率为87.5%。这些结果展示了一种可扩展和可持续的方法来开发高能量、长寿命的混合超级电容器。

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引用次数: 0

Advances in the preparation and application of metal–organic framework (MOF) and 2D MXene composites for energy storage devices 金属有机骨架（MOF）和二维MXene储能材料的制备与应用研究进展

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.120254

Parya Aghamohammadi , Osman Cem Altıncı , Eda Taga Akgül , Muslum Demir

The increasing global demand for sustainable and high-performance energy storage has intensified interest in hybrid electrode materials that can combine high energy and power with long cycling stability. This review highlights the distinctive innovation of two-dimensional MXene/MOF composites, emphasizing the synergistic interplay between MXene's metallic conductivity and MOF's hierarchical porosity and redox-active sites, which collectively enhance electron transport, ion diffusion, and faradaic contribution. Key synthesis strategies, including in situ growth, solvothermal/hydrothermal routes, and post-synthetic modifications, are summarized, along with structural engineering approaches such as MOF pillaring, Ti–O–M interfacial bonding, and heteroatom/linker tuning that effectively suppress MXene restacking and reduce charge-transfer resistance. Representative studies demonstrate significant improvements in capacitance, energy density, and cycle life, underscoring the strong application potential of these hybrids from flexible electronics to electric vehicles. Remaining challenges and future research directions are also outlined to support the advancement of MXene/MOF composites toward practical commercialization.

全球对可持续和高性能储能的需求不断增长，增强了人们对混合电极材料的兴趣，这种材料可以将高能量和功率与长循环稳定性结合起来。本文重点介绍了二维MXene/MOF复合材料的独特创新，强调了MXene的金属导电性与MOF的分层孔隙度和氧化还原活性位点之间的协同相互作用，共同增强了电子传递、离子扩散和法拉第贡献。总结了关键的合成策略，包括原位生长、溶剂热/水热途径和合成后修饰，以及结构工程方法，如MOF柱化、Ti-O-M界面键合和杂原子/连接剂调整，这些方法有效地抑制了MXene的再堆积和降低了电荷转移阻力。有代表性的研究表明，在电容、能量密度和循环寿命方面有了显著的改善，强调了这些混合动力车从柔性电子产品到电动汽车的强大应用潜力。为了支持MXene/MOF复合材料的商业化，本文还概述了存在的挑战和未来的研究方向。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation method for high-frequency hydraulic forced excitation in headrace tunnel of pumped storage power stations 抽水蓄能电站引水隧洞高频水力强制激励评价方法

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.120222

Xiuwei Yang , Jijian Lian , Yingzhou Liu , Wenchao Qi , Linrui Zuo , Haijun Wang , Xiaoqun Wang

High-frequency pressure pulsations in pumped storage power station (PSPS) can induce structural vibrations of headrace tunnels, which may cause vibration and noise in nearby residential and heritage areas. This study established a coupled fluid-pipe-surrounding rock coupling (FPSC) model to investigate the propagation and attenuation characteristics of the high-frequency vibration (HFV). A decoupling strategy between fluid and pipe is developed, with the influence of pipe described via scaling factor and phase lag. The governing equations of fluid are discretized using the Finite Difference Method (FDM), forming a time-domain approach for analyzing steady-state hydraulic excitations. Additionally, a finite-infinite element model is established to evaluate vibration response under traveling and standing wave excitations. Results reveal that steady pressure oscillations in the headrace tunnel exhibit periodic spatial distributions, which possesses the characteristic of standing waves, while traveling-wave-induced amplitudes align with the mean trend of the standing wave pattern. The peak vibration amplitude of the pipe wall under standing wave excitation exceeds that under traveling wave excitation by more than 30%. It is essential to evaluate the structural response under multiple reflections and superimposition of the pressure wave inside the headrace tunnel.

抽水蓄能电站的高频压力脉动会引起引水隧洞的结构振动，给附近的居民区和遗产地带来振动和噪声。建立了流体-管道-围岩耦合（FPSC）模型，研究了高频振动（HFV）的传播与衰减特性。提出了流体与管道的解耦策略，通过比例因子和相位滞后来描述管道的影响。采用有限差分法对流体的控制方程进行离散化，形成了一种分析稳态液压激励的时域方法。另外，建立了行波和驻波激励下振动响应的有限-无限单元模型。结果表明：引水隧洞内压力振荡具有周期性的空间分布特征，具有驻波特征，而行波诱发振幅与驻波型的平均趋势一致；驻波激励下管壁的峰值振动幅值比行波激励下的峰值振动幅值高出30%以上。研究引水隧洞内压力波的多重反射和叠加作用下结构的响应是十分必要的。

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引用次数: 0

Nanoperforated graphene microspheres decorated with zinc oxide as a stable host for dendrite-free lithium metal anodes 以氧化锌装饰的纳米穿孔石墨烯微球作为无枝晶锂金属阳极的稳定宿主

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120483

Jeong-A Kim , Soo Hwan Park , Young-Hyun Hong , Byeong-Jun Kang , Gyoo-Rin Kim , Jin Eun , Seong-Min Bak , Wook Ahn , Hyun-Kyung Kim

Lithium (Li) metal emerged as the most promising anode for next-generation high-energy-density batteries, although its practical application is hindered by dendritic growth, resulting in internal short circuits or cell failure. Here, we propose a novel Li host material based on nanoperforated graphene microspheres (PGM), which comprise lithiophilic carbonyl (C=O) groups at their edge sites, further composited with cost-effective and lithiophilic Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. The synthesized ZnO/PGM composites offer two key advantages: (1) ZnO and CO groups reduce the nucleation barrier for Li, promoting uniform deposition; (2) the three-dimensional spherical assembly of nanoperforated graphene sheets reduces the tortuosity of Li-ion pathways, suppressing localized deposition. Li-plated ZnO/PGM symmetric cells achieved a low Li plating/stripping overpotential of ∼18.87 mV for 700 cycles. Furthermore, dendrite-free morphology was retained after 300 cycles. Full cells paired with LiFePO₄ cathode retained a discharge capacity of 124.8 mAh g⁻¹ after 250 cycles at 1C-rate (capacity retention of 87.3%). These results demonstrate that the PGM, which overcomes the limitations of conventional graphene-based Li hosts, enables the facile construction of dendrite-free Li metal anodes by compositing with ZnO nanoparticles.

锂（Li）金属成为下一代高能量密度电池最有前途的阳极，尽管其实际应用受到树枝状生长的阻碍，导致内部短路或电池失效。在这里，我们提出了一种基于纳米穿孔石墨烯微球（PGM）的新型锂载体材料，该材料在其边缘位置包含亲锂羰基（C=O）基团，并进一步与具有成本效益和亲锂的氧化锌（ZnO）纳米颗粒复合。合成的ZnO/PGM复合材料具有两个主要优点：(1)ZnO和CO基团降低了Li的成核势垒，促进了均匀沉积；(2)纳米穿孔石墨烯片的三维球形组装减少了锂离子通路的扭曲，抑制了局部沉积。镀锂的ZnO/PGM对称电池在700次循环中获得了低的镀锂/剥离过电位，约18.87 mV。300次循环后仍保持无枝晶形态。在1c倍率下，经过250次循环后，与LiFePO4阴极配对的充满电池保持了124.8 mAh g−1的放电容量（容量保持率为87.3%）。这些结果表明，PGM克服了传统石墨烯基锂基质的局限性，可以通过与ZnO纳米颗粒复合来方便地构建无枝晶的锂金属阳极。

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引用次数: 0

A comprehensive review of additive manufacturing techniques for conductive polymeric composites in energy storage applications 导电聚合物复合材料增材制造技术在储能领域的应用综述

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120392

Reza Sedaghat , Seyed Amirreza Zareian , Sasan Sattarpanah Karganroudi , Mazeyar Parvinzadeh Gashti

Conductive polymeric composites (CPCs), created by incorporating conductive fillers such as carbon nanotubes, graphene derivatives, and metal nanostructures into insulating or intrinsically conductive polymers, have emerged as potential materials for advanced energy storage devices. This review methodically examines the synthesis and functional attributes of CPC matrix, the mechanisms for creating percolated conductive networks, and their consequent electrical, mechanical, and electrochemical properties. A comprehensive comparison of prominent additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, namely fused deposition modeling (FDM), direct ink writing (DIW), stereolithography (SLA), and inkjet printing (IJP), is presented, focusing on print resolution, material compatibility, mass-loading capacity, and appropriateness for various device architectures. The energy density, power performance, structural stability, and functional adaptability of recently shown 3D-printed CPC electrodes for batteries, supercapacitors, and hybrid storage devices are assessed. We discuss critical challenges—rheological tuning for printability, minimizing percolation thresholds, and ensuring long-term composite integrity—and propose future directions for standardizing performance metrics, integrating computational design, and developing next-generation multifunctional CPC-AM platforms and 3D geometric inspection and metrological stability, digital-twin-based intelligent real-time monitoring. By marrying tailored materials with digital fabrication, this field is poised to deliver customizable, high-performance, and sustainable energy storage solutions.

导电聚合物复合材料（cpc）是将导电填料（如碳纳米管、石墨烯衍生物和金属纳米结构）掺入绝缘或本导电聚合物中而制成的，已成为先进储能设备的潜在材料。本文系统地研究了CPC基质的合成和功能属性，形成渗透导电网络的机制，以及它们随后的电学、力学和电化学性能。介绍了突出的增材制造（AM）技术，即熔融沉积建模（FDM），直接墨水书写（DIW），立体光刻（SLA）和喷墨打印（IJP）的全面比较，重点是打印分辨率，材料兼容性，质量负载能力和适合各种器件架构。评估了最近展示的用于电池、超级电容器和混合存储设备的3d打印CPC电极的能量密度、功率性能、结构稳定性和功能适应性。我们讨论了关键的挑战——可打印性的流变调整、最小化渗透阈值和确保长期复合材料的完整性——并提出了标准化性能指标、集成计算设计、开发下一代多功能CPC-AM平台、3D几何检测和计量稳定性、基于数字孪生的智能实时监控的未来方向。通过将定制材料与数字制造相结合，该领域有望提供可定制、高性能和可持续的能源存储解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

“Balancing seasonal variability in low-carbon electricity systems: A review of technologies and strategies” “平衡低碳电力系统的季节性变化：技术和策略综述”

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120532

Anasuya Gangopadhyay , Ashwin K. Seshadri

Global transitions to net-zero electricity systems are accelerating the replacement of fossil-fuel generation with variable renewable energy, especially wind and solar, whose output varies systematically across regions and seasons. Unlike dispatchable sources, these renewables introduce variability across multiple timescales, most prominently a persistent mismatch between seasonal patterns of electricity supply and demand. Managing this mismatch is critical for maintaining adequacy, reliability, and affordability in deeply decarbonized electricity systems. In this review, we assess the principal strategies available to address seasonal imbalances, including long-duration energy storage, cross-sectoral flexibility, renewables overcapacity, hybrid storage configurations, and expanded interregional transmission. We define seasonal storage as bulk systems capable of storing energy for durations exceeding one month, and evaluate candidate technologies based on capital cost, round-trip efficiency, self-discharge, lifetime, technology readiness, and cross sector integration potential. Our synthesis highlights that no single strategy is adequate across all geographies, demand profiles, or resource conditions. Instead, leveraging synergies and managing trade-offs among diverse flexibility options, e.g., storage duration, energy-specific cost, self-discharge, and siting constraints, is essential for building resilient, net-zero electricity systems capable of managing seasonal dynamics worldwide. The review also identifies key research gaps in integrated multi-timescale storage modelling, valuation of seasonal services under climate and interannual variability, design and assessment of hybrid storage architectures, techno-economic and environmental evaluation across siting contexts, and the system, environmental, and institutional factors as well as policy enablers shaping cross-sectoral integration.

全球向净零电力系统的过渡正在加速用可变的可再生能源，特别是风能和太阳能取代化石燃料发电，这些能源的产量在不同地区和季节有系统地变化。与可调度能源不同，这些可再生能源在多个时间尺度上引入了可变性，最突出的是电力供需季节性模式之间的持续不匹配。管理这种不匹配对于保持深度脱碳电力系统的充分性、可靠性和可负担性至关重要。在这篇综述中，我们评估了可用于解决季节性失衡的主要策略，包括长期储能、跨部门灵活性、可再生能源产能过剩、混合储能配置和扩大区域间输电。我们将季节性存储定义为能够存储超过一个月的能量的散装系统，并根据资本成本、往返效率、自放电、寿命、技术准备程度和跨部门集成潜力来评估候选技术。我们的综合强调，没有一个单一的战略是适合所有的地理位置，需求概况，或资源条件。相反，利用协同效应和管理各种灵活性选择之间的权衡，例如存储时间、能源特定成本、自放电和选址限制，对于建立能够管理全球季节性动态的弹性净零电力系统至关重要。该综述还确定了综合多时间尺度存储建模、气候和年际变化下的季节性服务评估、混合存储架构的设计和评估、跨选址背景的技术经济和环境评估、系统、环境和制度因素以及形成跨部门整合的政策推动因素等方面的关键研究差距。

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引用次数: 0

Achieving a high-rate capability of lithium‑sulfur battery via a bimetal and dual heterostructure catalytic interlayer 通过双金属和双异质结构催化中间层实现锂硫电池的高倍率性能

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120533

Changchang Guo, Bo Jin, Yiyang Li, Hui Liu, Qing Jiang

The theoretical specific energy of lithium‑sulfur (Li-S) batteries, reaching to 2600 Wh kg⁻¹, positions them as the option for advancing energy storage/conversion solutions. The environmentally sustainable attributes further enhance their appeal. However, the commercialization of Li-S batteries faces substantial obstacles, primarily due to the rapid capacity loss associated with the polysulfide shuttle and inherently slow kinetics of redox reaction. In this work, a novel nanorod-shaped hybrid material (Co-Fe-MoC/Mo₂C/NC) featuring bimetallic active centers (Co-Fe) and dual heterostructures (Co/Fe and MoC/Mo₂C) is fabricated through a two-stage thermal reduction approach, and coated onto polypropylene (PP) to inhibit shuttle effect. Comprehensive electrochemical evaluations and material characterizations make this composite possess a superior catalytic performance, markedly accelerating the conversion kinetics of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and boosting their transformation efficiency. Additionally, a robust chemical interaction between this composite and lithium polysulfide is also indicated, which is helpful for adsorption of LiPSs and inhibition of shuttling for LiPSs. Therefore, Li-S battery equipped with Co-Fe-MoC/Mo₂C/NC coated PP (Co-Fe-MoC/Mo₂C/NC-PP) membrane demonstrates a remarkable electrochemical performance: achieving a first discharge capacity of 1464 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.5 C with 81% of its capacity retained after 100 cycles, as well as exhibiting an initial discharge capacity of 764 mAh g⁻¹ at 8 C during 1000 cycles and a discharge capacity of 560 mAh g⁻¹ at 10 C. Importantly, under a high sulfur loading (6.6 mg cm⁻²) and a low electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratio (E/S = 2.5 μL mg⁻¹), the battery system still keeps a good cycling stability. The design philosophy in this work would be extended to other electrocatalytic systems, providing significant theoretical and practical insights for advancements in energy storage/conversion technologies.

锂硫（li -硫）电池的理论比能量达到2600 Wh kg - 1，使其成为推进能量存储/转换解决方案的选择。环境可持续的特性进一步增强了它们的吸引力。然而，锂- s电池的商业化面临着巨大的障碍，主要是由于与多硫化物穿梭相关的快速容量损失和固有的缓慢的氧化还原反应动力学。本研究通过两段热还原法制备了一种具有双金属活性中心（Co-Fe）和双异质结构（Co/Fe和MoC/Mo2C）的新型纳米棒状杂化材料（Co-Fe-MoC/Mo2C/NC），并将其涂覆在聚丙烯（PP）表面以抑制穿梭效应。综合电化学评价和材料表征表明，该复合材料具有优异的催化性能，显著加快了多硫化锂（LiPSs）的转化动力学，提高了其转化效率。此外，该复合材料与聚硫锂之间存在强大的化学相互作用，有助于抑制LiPSs的吸附和穿梭。因此，配备Co-Fe-MoC/Mo2C/NC包覆PP （Co-Fe-MoC/Mo2C/NC-PP）膜的锂电池表现出显著的电化学性能：实现第一次放电容量1464 mAh克−1 0.5 C和81%的容量保留100次后,以及表现出的初始放电容量764 mAh g−1在8 C 1000周期和放电容量560 mAh在10 g−1 C。重要的是,高硫载荷作用下(6.6毫克厘米−2)和低电解质/硫(E / S)比(E / S = 2.5μL mg−1),电池系统仍然保持良好的循环稳定性。这项工作的设计理念将扩展到其他电催化系统，为能量存储/转换技术的进步提供重要的理论和实践见解。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced electrochemical performance of carbon nanofibers derived from benzimidazole-containing polyimides as supercapacitor electrodes 用含苯并咪唑聚酰亚胺制备的纳米碳纤维作为超级电容器电极，提高了其电化学性能

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120462

Zizheng Deng, Yunhua Lu, Miao Liu, Hongbin Zhao, Zhizhi Hu, Guoyong Xiao

Polyimide (PI)-based carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are promising carbon electrode materials, featuring integrated advantages of high specific surface area, good conductivity, and tunable electrochemical performance. Herein, benzimidazole-containing polyimide (BPI)-based CNFs were fabricated via electrospinning of poly(amic acid) (PAA), synthesized from 2-(4-aminophenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole (APBIA) and 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) followed by thermal imidization and carbonization. The optimal precursor concentration and carbonization duration at 800 °C were identified as 16 wt% and 0.5 h, respectively, yielding CNF-16-0.5 with a specific capacitance of 233 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹. After KOH activation, the resultant ACNF-700-1/2 exhibited a high specific surface area of 1941.48 m² g⁻¹ and pore volume of 1.24 cm³ g⁻¹, delivering a significantly enhanced specific capacitance of 449.3 F g⁻¹. A symmetric supercapacitor assembled with ACNF-700-1/2 as self-supporting electrodes achieved a specific capacitance of 95 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹, along with an energy density of 13.19 Wh kg⁻¹ at 249.9 W kg⁻¹. This work provides valuable insights into the correlation between PI precursor structure and the properties of resultant carbon materials for supercapacitor applications.

聚酰亚胺（PI）基碳纳米纤维（CNFs）具有比表面积高、导电性好、电化学性能可调等综合优点，是一种很有前途的碳电极材料。以2-（4-氨基苯基）-5-氨基苯并咪唑（APBIA）和4,4′-（六氟异丙基）二苯二甲酸酐（6FDA）为原料，经热亚酰化和碳化制备了含苯并咪唑类聚酰亚胺（BPI）基CNFs。在800℃下，最佳的前驱体浓度为16 wt%，炭化时间为0.5 h，得到的CNF-16-0.5在0.5 a g−1下的比电容为233 F g−1。经KOH活化后，所得ACNF-700-1/2具有1941.48 m2 g−1的高比表面积和1.24 cm3 g−1的孔隙体积，比电容显著提高至449.3 F g−1。以ACNF-700-1/2为自支撑电极组装的对称超级电容器在0.5 A g−1时的比电容为95 F g−1，在249.9 W kg−1时的能量密度为13.19 Wh kg−1。这项工作为PI前驱体结构与合成的超级电容器碳材料性能之间的相关性提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Harnessing tailored fluorinated metal-organic frameworks enables high ionic conductivity and stability in solid-state electrolytes for lithium metal batteries 利用量身定制的氟化金属有机框架，可在锂金属电池的固态电解质中实现高离子导电性和稳定性

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120450

Doudou Jin , Jinghao Zhang , Huirong Liu , Changchun Hou , Xuelei Li , Haoxuan Liu , Qingwen Li , Aruuhan Bayaguud

Solid-state lithium batteries have drawn considerable interest as a promising strategy for achieving both high energy density and enhanced safety in energy storage, yet the development of solid-state electrolytes is still constrained by poor interfacial compatibility with lithium anodes and low ionic conductivity at room temperature. Here, we design a composite solid electrolyte (UCFL-CSE) by incorporating trifluoromethyl-functionalized UiO-66 as an ionic liquid host into a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix. The strong electron-withdrawing -CF₃ groups enhance efficient lithium salt dissociation, while the ionic liquids further accelerate ion transport. As a result, the optimized electrolyte exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 1.2 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at room temperature, a Li⁺ transference number of 0.50, and an extended electrochemical stability window up to 4.5 V versus Li⁺/Li. Lithium symmetric cells cycle stably for over 1700 h at 0.05 mA cm⁻², and LiFePO₄||Li full cells retain 90.1% of their initial capacity after 200 cycles at 0.2C. This study presents an effective MOF/ionic liquid hybrid electrolyte design strategy, which shows great promise in advancing the practical implementation of solid-state lithium metal batteries with high energy density.

固态锂电池作为一种实现高能量密度和增强储能安全性的有前途的策略，已经引起了相当大的兴趣，但固态电解质的发展仍然受到与锂阳极界面兼容性差和室温下离子电导率低的限制。在这里，我们设计了一种复合固体电解质（UCFL-CSE），将三氟甲基功能化的UiO-66作为离子液体载体加入聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）基质中。强吸电子的-CF3基团增强了锂盐的有效解离，而离子液体进一步加速了离子的传递。结果表明，优化后的电解质在室温下具有1.2 × 10−4 S cm−1的高离子电导率，Li+转移数为0.50，与Li+/Li相比，电化学稳定性窗口扩展到4.5 V。锂对称电池在0.05 mA cm−2下稳定循环1700 h以上，LiFePO₄||Li充满电池在0.2C下循环200次后仍保持其初始容量的90.1%。本研究提出了一种有效的MOF/离子液体混合电解质设计策略，对推进高能量密度固态锂金属电池的实用化具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

From cell to module: An integrated approach to identification, modeling, simulation, and experimental validation of 21,700 Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles 从电池到模块：21,700个电动汽车用锂离子电池的识别、建模、仿真和实验验证的综合方法

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120530

Dillip Kumar Mishra , Saroj Paudel , Jiangfeng Zhang , Benjamin Lawler , Matthew P. Castanier

Modern battery technology is increasingly focused on the issues of climate change and sustainability. Accurate and robust battery models are crucial for the effective design and operation of battery-driven systems, which play an essential role in reducing carbon emissions and promoting electric transportation systems. However, the accuracy of these models compels the use of advanced and comprehensive parameter identification methods and validations. The adoption of 21,700 lithium-ion cells in electric vehicles (EVs) is hindered by two interrelated issues: a lack of extensive, publicly accessible characterization data and a scarcity of integrated modeling studies compared to the traditional 18,650 configuration. This hinders the attainment of industry standards, which necessitate thorough hybrid pulse-power characterization (HPPC) to forecast actual performance. This article presents an extensive procedure for parameter identification, modeling, and experimental validation of 21,700 Li-ion battery models. The model parameters of 21,700 cell are determined using the HPPC test and the Direct Current Internal Resistance (DCIR) approach. This methodology leads to the development of a unified second-order resistor-capacitor (RC) electrical equivalent circuit model, which is crucial for accurately modeling the batteries. Following the formation of a unified model of 21,700 Li-ion batteries, it simulates constant current and real-time driving cycle input at the cell level and module level. Furthermore, the equivalent model incorporates electrical, thermal, and degradation models to examine the thermal performance and battery life. Simulation results are validated through experimental testing at the cell and module levels. Moreover, the performance of the 21,700 cells is compared with that of the 18,650 cell, revealing that the 21,700 cells are more suitable for high-discharge applications and result in reduced degradation. These findings contribute to improving the effectiveness of 21,700 Li-ion batteries in designing and operating battery-driven systems for EV applications.

现代电池技术越来越关注气候变化和可持续性问题。准确、稳健的电池模型对于电池驱动系统的有效设计和运行至关重要，电池驱动系统在减少碳排放和促进电动交通系统发展方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，这些模型的准确性迫使使用先进和全面的参数识别方法和验证。21,700个锂离子电池在电动汽车中的应用受到两个相互关联的问题的阻碍：与传统的18,650个配置相比，缺乏广泛的、可公开访问的表征数据和缺乏集成建模研究。这阻碍了行业标准的实现，这需要彻底的混合脉冲功率特性（HPPC）来预测实际性能。本文介绍了21,700个锂离子电池模型的参数识别，建模和实验验证的广泛程序。采用HPPC测试和直流内阻（DCIR）方法确定了21,700个电池的模型参数。该方法建立了统一的二阶电阻-电容等效电路模型，这对电池的精确建模至关重要。在形成21700个锂离子电池的统一模型后，在电池级和模块级模拟恒流和实时驱动循环输入。此外，等效模型结合了电、热和退化模型，以检查热性能和电池寿命。仿真结果通过单元级和模块级的实验测试得到验证。此外，将21,700电池的性能与18,650电池的性能进行了比较，表明21,700电池更适合高放电应用，并减少了退化。这些发现有助于提高21,700块锂离子电池在电动汽车电池驱动系统设计和运行中的有效性。

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