Reasonable capacity configuration is critical for co-generation systems. Existing studies inadequately characterize pumped storage flexibility. To address this, a precision model that considers the operational characteristics of pumped storage units is presented, which covers non-operable regions, transition losses, and reservoir water volume self-adaptive initial value method to accurately describe the flexibility of pumped storage units. A multi-objective optimization framework balancing economy, environmental protection, and stability is developed. This study proposes a model for optimal configuration of energy storage capacity in multi-energy co-generation system based on the precision modeling of pumped storage energy. A combination of large and small unit configurations is introduced to accommodate the different storage capacity requirements caused by the timing characteristics of renewable energy sources. Simulations demonstrate the model’s accuracy in flexibility characterization. In the case study of this paper, the Two Large + Two Small Units (2L+2S) scheme achieves 381.87 million RMB construction cost reduction relative to the Four Units with Equal Capacity (Equal-4C) scheme, while the 2L+2S scheme demonstrates lower net load fluctuation and higher utilization rate of the pumped storage units. Excluding power station infrastructure costs, the operating cost of the system is reduced by a minimum of 13.26%.
{"title":"Precision modeling and capacity optimization of a pumped storage with hybrid units","authors":"Ganggang Liang , Hao Zhang , Pengcheng Guo , Haipeng Nan","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reasonable capacity configuration is critical for co-generation systems. Existing studies inadequately characterize pumped storage flexibility. To address this, a precision model that considers the operational characteristics of pumped storage units is presented, which covers non-operable regions, transition losses, and reservoir water volume self-adaptive initial value method to accurately describe the flexibility of pumped storage units. A multi-objective optimization framework balancing economy, environmental protection, and stability is developed. This study proposes a model for optimal configuration of energy storage capacity in multi-energy co-generation system based on the precision modeling of pumped storage energy. A combination of large and small unit configurations is introduced to accommodate the different storage capacity requirements caused by the timing characteristics of renewable energy sources. Simulations demonstrate the model’s accuracy in flexibility characterization. In the case study of this paper, the Two Large + Two Small Units (2L+2S) scheme achieves 381.87 million RMB construction cost reduction relative to the Four Units with Equal Capacity (Equal-4C) scheme, while the 2L+2S scheme demonstrates lower net load fluctuation and higher utilization rate of the pumped storage units. Excluding power station infrastructure costs, the operating cost of the system is reduced by a minimum of 13.26%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120906"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120873
Shan Zhong , Fan Li , Chen Liu , Hao Xu , Shuang Wang , Dapeng Cao
In this study, we employed an advanced sequential strategy that involves lignin removal (LR) followed by the growth of ZIF-8 nanoparticles to in situ integrate Canada goldenrod (CG) plant and ZIF-8 (CGLR@Z), ultimately resulting in a highly porous carbon via carbonization with K2CO3 as the chemical activator. The delignification process of CG enhances the exposure of active functional groups, providing sufficient nucleation sites for firm loading of ZIF-8 on the biomass surface. The resulting carbon (Carbon-CGLR@Z) displays a high specific surface area of 2152 m2 g−1 and pore volume of 1.3595 cm3 g−1, a well-designed micro−/mesoporosity, and effective doping with N and O. In a three-electrode system, it demonstrated an ultra-high specific capacitance of 434 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, highlighting its impressive storage capability. Using TEABF4 as electrolyte, the symmetric supercapacitor reaches a maximum energy density of 36 Wh kg−1 and a peak power density of 12,500 W kg−1. These results stem from the in situ integration of CG biomass and ZIF-8 through a sequential strategy, which not only creates hierarchically interconnected porosities within the carbon frameworks but also improves the interfacial compatibility of the N, O co-doped carbon with electrolyte ions. This combination facilitates rapid ion transport and enhances capacitive performance.
在这项研究中，我们采用了一种先进的顺序策略，包括木质素去除（LR），然后生长ZIF-8纳米颗粒，将加拿大黄花（CG）植物和ZIF-8 （CGLR@Z）原位整合，最终通过K2CO3作为化学活化剂碳化得到高多孔碳。CG的脱木质素过程增强了活性官能团的暴露，为ZIF-8在生物质表面的牢固加载提供了足够的成核位点。得到的碳（Carbon-CGLR@Z）具有2152 m2 g−1的高比表面积和1.3595 cm3 g−1的孔隙体积，设计良好的微介孔，有效掺杂了N和o。在三电极体系中，在0.5 ag−1下，碳表现出434 F g−1的超高比电容，突出了其令人惊叹的存储能力。采用TEABF4作为电解液，对称超级电容器的最大能量密度为36 Wh kg−1，峰值功率密度为12,500 W kg−1。这些结果源于CG生物质和ZIF-8通过顺序策略的原位整合，这不仅在碳框架内创造了分层连接的孔隙，而且还提高了N， O共掺杂碳与电解质离子的界面相容性。这种组合有利于快速离子传输和提高电容性能。
{"title":"Enhanced energy storage in biomass-derived carbon electrodes via assisted lignin removal and in situ integration","authors":"Shan Zhong , Fan Li , Chen Liu , Hao Xu , Shuang Wang , Dapeng Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120873","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120873","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we employed an advanced sequential strategy that involves lignin removal (LR) followed by the growth of ZIF-8 nanoparticles to in situ integrate Canada goldenrod (CG) plant and ZIF-8 (CG<sub>LR</sub>@Z), ultimately resulting in a highly porous carbon via carbonization with K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> as the chemical activator. The delignification process of CG enhances the exposure of active functional groups, providing sufficient nucleation sites for firm loading of ZIF-8 on the biomass surface. The resulting carbon (Carbon-CG<sub>LR</sub>@Z) displays a high specific surface area of 2152 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup> and pore volume of 1.3595 cm<sup>3</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>, a well-designed micro−/mesoporosity, and effective doping with N and O. In a three-electrode system, it demonstrated an ultra-high specific capacitance of 434 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 0.5 A g<sup>−1</sup>, highlighting its impressive storage capability. Using TEABF<sub>4</sub> as electrolyte, the symmetric supercapacitor reaches a maximum energy density of 36 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> and a peak power density of 12,500 W kg<sup>−1</sup>. These results stem from the in situ integration of CG biomass and ZIF-8 through a sequential strategy, which not only creates hierarchically interconnected porosities within the carbon frameworks but also improves the interfacial compatibility of the N, O co-doped carbon with electrolyte ions. This combination facilitates rapid ion transport and enhances capacitive performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120873"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120788
Luca Perlini , Francesco Toja , Marco Cecchetti , Andrea Casalegno , Matteo Zago
Electrolyte imbalance caused by undesired vanadium-ion crossover and water transport through the membrane remains one of the major challenges in vanadium redox flow batteries, leading to capacity decay and electrolyte volume variation. In this study, the evolution of electrolyte volume and vanadium crossover was systematically investigated over 400 charge-discharge cycles using a commercial-like electrolyte (1.6 M V in 2 M H2SO4). The evolution of vanadium concentration in both electrolytes was accurately determined via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. While vanadium transport almost ceased after the first 50 hours of testing, water transport continued to modify the volumes of both positive and negative electrolytes. By the end of the test, the positive electrolyte volume increased by 15%, whereas the negative one decreased by 18%.
To elucidate the relationship between volume variation and vanadium crossover, a one-dimensional physics-based model was employed. The model clarified the underlying mechanisms governing volume changes, identifying osmotic pressure as the predominant driving force during periods of significant electrolyte volume variation. Finally, the model was validated on charge-discharge cycles adopting an asymmetric electrolyte formulation (1.6 M VOSO₄ in 3.3 M H₂SO₄ for the positive electrolyte and 1.6 M VOSO₄ in 4.1 M H₂SO₄ for the negative electrolyte), demonstrating that the combined elimination of the initial osmotic gradient and the enhancement of coulombic efficiency effectively suppress electrolyte volume variation. These findings further emphasize osmosis as the main physical phenomenon contributing to electrolytes volume variation.
在钒氧化还原液流电池中，由不希望的钒离子交叉和水通过膜的运输引起的电解质失衡是主要挑战之一，导致容量衰减和电解质体积变化。在这项研究中，使用商用电解质（1.6 M V, 2 M H2SO4），系统地研究了400多个充放电循环中电解质体积和钒交叉的演变。通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法精确测定了两种电解质中钒浓度的变化。在前50个小时的测试后，钒输运几乎停止，但水输运继续改变正负极电解质的体积。试验结束时，正电解质体积增加了15%，而负电解质体积减少了18%。为了阐明体积变化与钒交叉之间的关系，采用了一维物理模型。该模型阐明了控制体积变化的潜在机制，确定渗透压是电解质体积显著变化期间的主要驱动力。最后，采用不对称电解质配方（1.6 M VOSO₄+ 3.3 M H₂SO₄为正电解质，1.6 M VOSO₄+ 4.1 M H₂SO₄为负电解质）对模型进行充放电循环验证，结果表明初始渗透梯度的消除和库仑效率的提高有效抑制了电解质体积变化。这些发现进一步强调渗透是导致电解质体积变化的主要物理现象。
{"title":"Experimental and modelling analyses of electrolytes volume variation in vanadium redox flow batteries: insight into water osmosis through the membrane","authors":"Luca Perlini , Francesco Toja , Marco Cecchetti , Andrea Casalegno , Matteo Zago","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrolyte imbalance caused by undesired vanadium-ion crossover and water transport through the membrane remains one of the major challenges in vanadium redox flow batteries, leading to capacity decay and electrolyte volume variation. In this study, the evolution of electrolyte volume and vanadium crossover was systematically investigated over 400 charge-discharge cycles using a commercial-like electrolyte (1.6 M V in 2 M H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>). The evolution of vanadium concentration in both electrolytes was accurately determined via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. While vanadium transport almost ceased after the first 50 hours of testing, water transport continued to modify the volumes of both positive and negative electrolytes. By the end of the test, the positive electrolyte volume increased by 15%, whereas the negative one decreased by 18%.</div><div>To elucidate the relationship between volume variation and vanadium crossover, a one-dimensional physics-based model was employed. The model clarified the underlying mechanisms governing volume changes, identifying osmotic pressure as the predominant driving force during periods of significant electrolyte volume variation. Finally, the model was validated on charge-discharge cycles adopting an asymmetric electrolyte formulation (1.6 M VOSO₄ in 3.3 M H₂SO₄ for the positive electrolyte and 1.6 M VOSO₄ in 4.1 M H₂SO₄ for the negative electrolyte), demonstrating that the combined elimination of the initial osmotic gradient and the enhancement of coulombic efficiency effectively suppress electrolyte volume variation. These findings further emphasize osmosis as the main physical phenomenon contributing to electrolytes volume variation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120788"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120716
Xinfeng Yan , Zhuang Zhao , Ziran Ye , Yangfan Lu , Mingjia Zhi
High-entropy compounds have attracted considerable attention as promising candidates for energy storage and conversion applications. In this study, we report the synthesis of a high-entropy tungstate, Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2WO4, via the Pechini sol-gel method. The influence of post-calcination temperature on its electrochemical energy storage performance is investigated. A calcination temperature of 500 °C is found to be sufficient to obtain a well-crystallized tungstate while preserving its porous structure, thereby facilitates the exposure of electrochemically active sites. Benefiting from the unique chemical states of the transition metal cations, the optimized electrode demonstrates a high specific capacitance of 385 F/g at 0.5 A/g and retains 250 F/g at a high current density of 20 A/g. Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor assembled using this material exhibits a specific energy density of 41.1 Wh/kg at a power density of 0.375 kW/kg, along with robust cycling stability, maintaining 85.5% of its initial capacitance after 12,000 cycles.
高熵化合物作为能量存储和转换应用的有前途的候选者引起了人们的广泛关注。在这项研究中，我们报道了采用Pechini溶胶-凝胶法合成高熵钨酸盐Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2WO4。研究了煅烧后温度对其电化学储能性能的影响。发现500℃的煅烧温度足以获得结晶良好的钨酸盐，同时保持其多孔结构，从而有利于电化学活性位点的暴露。得益于过渡金属阳离子独特的化学状态，优化后的电极在0.5 a /g时具有385 F/g的高比电容，在20 a /g的高电流密度下保持250 F/g的比电容。此外，使用该材料组装的非对称超级电容器在0.375 kW/kg的功率密度下表现出41.1 Wh/kg的比能量密度，以及强大的循环稳定性，在12,000次循环后保持其初始电容的85.5%。
{"title":"High-entropy tungstate derived by Pechini sol-gel process for supercapacitor electrode","authors":"Xinfeng Yan , Zhuang Zhao , Ziran Ye , Yangfan Lu , Mingjia Zhi","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-entropy compounds have attracted considerable attention as promising candidates for energy storage and conversion applications. In this study, we report the synthesis of a high-entropy tungstate, Fe<sub>0.2</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Ni<sub>0.2</sub>Cu<sub>0.2</sub>Zn<sub>0.2</sub>WO<sub>4</sub>, <em>via</em> the Pechini sol-gel method. The influence of post-calcination temperature on its electrochemical energy storage performance is investigated. A calcination temperature of 500 °C is found to be sufficient to obtain a well-crystallized tungstate while preserving its porous structure, thereby facilitates the exposure of electrochemically active sites. Benefiting from the unique chemical states of the transition metal cations, the optimized electrode demonstrates a high specific capacitance of 385 F/g at 0.5 A/g and retains 250 F/g at a high current density of 20 A/g. Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor assembled using this material exhibits a specific energy density of 41.1 Wh/kg at a power density of 0.375 kW/kg, along with robust cycling stability, maintaining 85.5% of its initial capacitance after 12,000 cycles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120716"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Increased dependency on energy storage devices for electric vehicles and portable devices has led to the development of new materials. The development of a new class of materials for efficient and sustainable batteries has taken center stage in the field of material development. In this context, this review focuses on a new class of high-entropy oxides (HEOs) that can be used as anodes, cathodes, and solid-state electrolytes (SSE) for Li-ion batteries. HEOs offer immense potential as next-generation battery materials due to their unique ability to tailor their properties as needed, making them superior candidates for all types of energy storage systems, including those utilizing sodium ions, zinc ions, potassium ions, and supercapacitors. This review highlights the basic configuration and fundamental requirements for entropy effects. Additionally, the transformative potential of HEOs in anodes, cathodes, and solid-state electrolytes with different crystal structures has been discussed, providing a comprehensive picture through detailed exploration. This work focuses on exploring the importance of HEOs in providing future technologies supporting clean and renewable energy initiatives. The integration of HEO-based electrodes and electrolytes offers a promising pathway toward safe, durable, and high-performance lithium-ion and all-solid-state batteries.
With continued interdisciplinary collaboration and industrial-scale process development, HEOs are poised to emerge as competitive and sustainable alternatives to conventional transition metal oxide materials. Continued advances in structure–property understanding, scalable synthesis, and integrated electrode–electrolyte design will be pivotal in translating HEOs from promising laboratory materials to commercially viable energy storage technologies.
{"title":"Insight into high-entropy oxides as anodes, cathodes, and solid-state electrolytes for advancing Li-ion batteries: A comprehensive review","authors":"Shrikanth G.K. , Takaaki Tomai , Guddappa Halligudra , Sudhakar Y.N. , Chandrakantha Bekal , Padmaraj N.H. , Saraswati Kulkarni , Raghavendra K.G. , Chetana S. , Manjunath Shetty","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increased dependency on energy storage devices for electric vehicles and portable devices has led to the development of new materials. The development of a new class of materials for efficient and sustainable batteries has taken center stage in the field of material development. In this context, this review focuses on a new class of high-entropy oxides (HEOs) that can be used as anodes, cathodes, and solid-state electrolytes (SSE) for Li-ion batteries. HEOs offer immense potential as next-generation battery materials due to their unique ability to tailor their properties as needed, making them superior candidates for all types of energy storage systems, including those utilizing sodium ions, zinc ions, potassium ions, and supercapacitors. This review highlights the basic configuration and fundamental requirements for entropy effects. Additionally, the transformative potential of HEOs in anodes, cathodes, and solid-state electrolytes with different crystal structures has been discussed, providing a comprehensive picture through detailed exploration. This work focuses on exploring the importance of HEOs in providing future technologies supporting clean and renewable energy initiatives. The integration of HEO-based electrodes and electrolytes offers a promising pathway toward safe, durable, and high-performance lithium-ion and all-solid-state batteries.</div><div>With continued interdisciplinary collaboration and industrial-scale process development, HEOs are poised to emerge as competitive and sustainable alternatives to conventional transition metal oxide materials. Continued advances in structure–property understanding, scalable synthesis, and integrated electrode–electrolyte design will be pivotal in translating HEOs from promising laboratory materials to commercially viable energy storage technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120888"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120881
Julia Pross-Brakhage , Nathanael Brandt , Jens Meyer , Christopher Mehlich , Oliver Fitz , Kai Peter Birke
Rechargeable aqueous zinc manganese dioxide batteries (AZMBs) are a promising technology for stationary energy storage due to their low cost, high safety, and environmental compatibility. However, their practical deployment remains limited by poor cycle life, capacity fading and reduced energy efficiency. A major factor contributing to these limitations is the proton-coupled nature of the cathode reaction, which generates local pH gradients that promote parasitic phenomena such as formation of irreversible manganese oxides, salt precipitation, and zinc (Zn) corrosion. In addition, these local pH gradients lead to irreversible voltage losses that directly reduce the usable energy. While experimental measurement of these gradients is challenging, modeling provides a spatially and temporally resolved view of pH dynamics. To address this, we introduce a physics-based framework that links ion transport, electrolyte speciation, and electrode kinetics to quantitatively resolve pH-driven polarization and voltage losses. This approach enables a mechanistic assessment of how pH dynamics govern voltage efficiency and identifies pH-driven overpotentials as a dominant and previously underestimated loss mechanism in AZMBs. These findings provide new and fundamental guidelines for electrolyte design and operating conditions, paving the way toward more efficient, durable and marketable AZMBs.
{"title":"Simulation-supported analysis of pH impacts on the voltage efficiency of aqueous zinc manganese dioxide batteries","authors":"Julia Pross-Brakhage , Nathanael Brandt , Jens Meyer , Christopher Mehlich , Oliver Fitz , Kai Peter Birke","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rechargeable aqueous zinc manganese dioxide batteries (AZMBs) are a promising technology for stationary energy storage due to their low cost, high safety, and environmental compatibility. However, their practical deployment remains limited by poor cycle life, capacity fading and reduced energy efficiency. A major factor contributing to these limitations is the proton-coupled nature of the cathode reaction, which generates local pH gradients that promote parasitic phenomena such as formation of irreversible manganese oxides, salt precipitation, and zinc (Zn) corrosion. In addition, these local pH gradients lead to irreversible voltage losses that directly reduce the usable energy. While experimental measurement of these gradients is challenging, modeling provides a spatially and temporally resolved view of pH dynamics. To address this, we introduce a physics-based framework that links ion transport, electrolyte speciation, and electrode kinetics to quantitatively resolve pH-driven polarization and voltage losses. This approach enables a mechanistic assessment of how pH dynamics govern voltage efficiency and identifies pH-driven overpotentials as a dominant and previously underestimated loss mechanism in AZMBs. These findings provide new and fundamental guidelines for electrolyte design and operating conditions, paving the way toward more efficient, durable and marketable AZMBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120881"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120808
Michael A. Meehan, Andrew Kurzawski, John C. Hewson
Large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) composed of batteries show promise in addressing current energy challenges, but dissipation of generated heat is important. This paper focuses on buoyant convective flows in simplified ESS battery racks. Natural convection is not generally the primary cooling strategy but can be important in abnormal scenarios where there is module overheat or potentially thermal runaway. We use computational fluid dynamics to investigate the flow dynamics and heat transfer mechanisms in a simplified parameterized rack design. Despite its simplicity, this configuration produces many of the relevant features expected in real ESSs without details of module geometry or hardware, allowing broad conclusions independent of manufacture-specific designs. We start by providing visualizations of the flowfield and measurements of entrainment, heat flux, and pressure. To characterize the dependence on the system parameters, we develop an integral-scale analysis of the average temperature equation to highlight the dominant source terms. We use results from this analysis to derive a steady network model composed of simple algebraic expressions to provide first-order predictions of entrainment through the rack. The network model leads to a linear scaling of the Reynolds number based on convective mass flux with respect to the Grashof number based on the heat source. We deduce empirical relationships that relate the heat exchanged between modules using a surface-averaged Nusselt number as a function of the local Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers. Lastly, we investigate how space between the modules and rack in the spanwise direction creates flow bypass, resulting in different flow pathways.
{"title":"Flow dynamics and heat transfer in simplified battery energy storage systems with heated battery modules","authors":"Michael A. Meehan, Andrew Kurzawski, John C. Hewson","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120808","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120808","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) composed of batteries show promise in addressing current energy challenges, but dissipation of generated heat is important. This paper focuses on buoyant convective flows in simplified ESS battery racks. Natural convection is not generally the primary cooling strategy but can be important in abnormal scenarios where there is module overheat or potentially thermal runaway. We use computational fluid dynamics to investigate the flow dynamics and heat transfer mechanisms in a simplified parameterized rack design. Despite its simplicity, this configuration produces many of the relevant features expected in real ESSs without details of module geometry or hardware, allowing broad conclusions independent of manufacture-specific designs. We start by providing visualizations of the flowfield and measurements of entrainment, heat flux, and pressure. To characterize the dependence on the system parameters, we develop an integral-scale analysis of the average temperature equation to highlight the dominant source terms. We use results from this analysis to derive a steady network model composed of simple algebraic expressions to provide first-order predictions of entrainment through the rack. The network model leads to a linear scaling of the Reynolds number based on convective mass flux with respect to the Grashof number based on the heat source. We deduce empirical relationships that relate the heat exchanged between modules using a surface-averaged Nusselt number as a function of the local Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers. Lastly, we investigate how space between the modules and rack in the spanwise direction creates flow bypass, resulting in different flow pathways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120808"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120876
Liubing Song , Qihai Yang , Tingting Zhao , Yinjie Kuang , Lixia Chen , Zheng Yang , Jie Jiang , Qunxuan Yan
The rapidly increasing global demand for lithium-ion batteries has exacerbated the imbalance between supply and demand of lithium resources. As a vital secondary source, the efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries carries strategic importance for securing lithium resource availability and advancing the sustainable development of the new energy industry. This paper presents a systematic review of green technologies for lithium extraction from cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries, focusing on recent advances in two primary categories: liquid-phase leaching (including acid leaching, hydrothermal leaching, electrochemical leaching, chemical oxidation leaching, and deep eutectic solvent leaching) and solid-phase transformation leaching (encompassing roasting and mechanochemical methods). Special emphasis is placed on emerging approaches such as hydrothermal and mechanochemical techniques. From the perspective of full-component recovery, a dual-path strategy is thoroughly examined—closed-loop regeneration through direct resynthesis of cathode materials, and non-closed-loop high-value utilization via conversion into catalysts, functional materials, and other value-added products. Addressing current challenges related to economic feasibility, environmental sustainability, and scalability, this paper proposes future directions toward intelligent and green recycling technologies. It aims to provide theoretical insights and technical guidance for the efficient, sustainable management of spent lithium-ion batteries, thereby supporting the long-term and healthy development of the new energy sector.
{"title":"Green and efficient extraction of lithium from cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries: Technological progress and recycling pathways","authors":"Liubing Song , Qihai Yang , Tingting Zhao , Yinjie Kuang , Lixia Chen , Zheng Yang , Jie Jiang , Qunxuan Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120876","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120876","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapidly increasing global demand for lithium-ion batteries has exacerbated the imbalance between supply and demand of lithium resources. As a vital secondary source, the efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries carries strategic importance for securing lithium resource availability and advancing the sustainable development of the new energy industry. This paper presents a systematic review of green technologies for lithium extraction from cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries, focusing on recent advances in two primary categories: liquid-phase leaching (including acid leaching, hydrothermal leaching, electrochemical leaching, chemical oxidation leaching, and deep eutectic solvent leaching) and solid-phase transformation leaching (encompassing roasting and mechanochemical methods). Special emphasis is placed on emerging approaches such as hydrothermal and mechanochemical techniques. From the perspective of full-component recovery, a dual-path strategy is thoroughly examined—closed-loop regeneration through direct resynthesis of cathode materials, and non-closed-loop high-value utilization via conversion into catalysts, functional materials, and other value-added products. Addressing current challenges related to economic feasibility, environmental sustainability, and scalability, this paper proposes future directions toward intelligent and green recycling technologies. It aims to provide theoretical insights and technical guidance for the efficient, sustainable management of spent lithium-ion batteries, thereby supporting the long-term and healthy development of the new energy sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120876"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120829
Heng Ma , Xiaochao Hou , Yao Sun , Zexiong Wei , Mei Su
Rail gravity energy storage (RGES) system is a promising technology for the renewable power system. To design an efficient, cost-effective, and reliable scheme of RGES, system modeling, efficiency analysis and comprehensive evaluation are important issues. To this end, this study proposes the distributed relay-driven system structure, quantitative efficiency analysis model, and multi-objective evaluation method. First, the novel distributed relay-driven system model integrating vehicle-mechanical-electrical subsystems is proposed. Distributed motors are installed under the rail at intervals and connected with the vehicle by the transverse-coupling transmission-joint. The proposed distributed power-driven architecture improves operational reliability and flexibility in complex terrains. Second, the comprehensive full-process motion operation efficiency model is established. Based on the model, the key impacts of rail-slope, vehicle-speed, and height-difference on the system efficiency are analyzed. Quantitative analysis of the system losses illustrates that electrical and mechanical system loss is the major factor. Finally, by integrating criterions such as efficiency, economy, power supply, and safety risk, a multi-objective evaluation framework based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is constructed. For various configuration objectives, several optimal solutions are given, and the feasible system parameter domains are obtained. As a result, this study offers practical design guideline and parameter configuration method for the engineering application of RGES.
{"title":"Rail gravity energy storage: Distributed-driven configuration, efficiency analysis and multi-objective evaluation","authors":"Heng Ma , Xiaochao Hou , Yao Sun , Zexiong Wei , Mei Su","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rail gravity energy storage (RGES) system is a promising technology for the renewable power system. To design an efficient, cost-effective, and reliable scheme of RGES, system modeling, efficiency analysis and comprehensive evaluation are important issues. To this end, this study proposes the distributed relay-driven system structure, quantitative efficiency analysis model, and multi-objective evaluation method. First, the novel distributed relay-driven system model integrating vehicle-mechanical-electrical subsystems is proposed. Distributed motors are installed under the rail at intervals and connected with the vehicle by the transverse-coupling transmission-joint. The proposed distributed power-driven architecture improves operational reliability and flexibility in complex terrains. Second, the comprehensive full-process motion operation efficiency model is established. Based on the model, the key impacts of rail-slope, vehicle-speed, and height-difference on the system efficiency are analyzed. Quantitative analysis of the system losses illustrates that electrical and mechanical system loss is the major factor. Finally, by integrating criterions such as efficiency, economy, power supply, and safety risk, a multi-objective evaluation framework based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is constructed. For various configuration objectives, several optimal solutions are given, and the feasible system parameter domains are obtained. As a result, this study offers practical design guideline and parameter configuration method for the engineering application of RGES.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120829"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Porous carbon integrated with metals and metal oxides provides a high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and enhanced pseudocapacitive activity, making it highly attractive for next-generation energy storage applications. However, challenges such as finding a suitable method, scalable synthesis, and optimized oxide loading must be addressed to avoid pore blockage and performance trade-offs. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of Ni-NiO-wrapped by nitrogen-doped porous carbon/nanotube (Ni/NiO@N-TNC) composite derived from a porous organic framework (POF), which is used as a battery-like electrode for a supercapattery coin cell. The Ni2+ ions were incorporated into the POF (denoted as POF-Ni2+) through a condensation process and subsequently carbonized under an N₂ atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 800 °C to 1100 °C. Among the obtained materials, the sample carbonized at 1000 °C (Ni/NiO@N-TNC-10) exhibited high crystallinity, a specific surface area of 350 m2 g−1, and a highly graphitic structure, making it suitable for supercapattery applications. The Ni/NiO@N-TNC-10 electrode exhibited a specific capacitance of 598 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 with 96% retention after 6000 cycles at 10 A g−1. In contrast, the carbonized POF at 900 °C (C-POF-9), acting as the capacitor-type electrode, achieved 285 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. Furthermore, the Ni/NiO@N-TNC-10//1.0 M LiFP6 (non-aqueous electrolyte)//C-POF-9 Li-ion supercapattery coin cell delivered high energy and power densities of 153 Wh kg−1 and 5562 W kg−1. Finally, the real-time application of the fabricated non-aqueous Li-ion supercapattery coin cell was demonstrated by its ability to illuminate a red LED light.
多孔碳与金属和金属氧化物相结合，具有高表面积、优异的导电性和增强的赝电容活性，对下一代储能应用具有很高的吸引力。然而，寻找合适的方法、可扩展的合成和优化氧化物负载等挑战必须得到解决，以避免孔隙堵塞和性能折衷。在此，我们报告了一种由多孔有机框架（POF）衍生的氮掺杂多孔碳/纳米管（Ni/NiO@N-TNC）复合材料包裹的Ni- nio的简单合成，该复合材料被用作超级电池硬币电池的电池样电极。通过缩合过程将Ni2+离子结合到POF（记为POF-Ni2+）中，随后在800℃至1100℃的n2气氛下碳化。在得到的材料中，在1000°C碳化的样品（Ni/NiO@N-TNC-10）具有高结晶度，350 m2 g−1的比表面积和高度石墨化的结构，适合于超级电池的应用。Ni/NiO@N-TNC-10电极在1 a g−1下的比电容为598 F g−1，在10 a g−1下循环6000次后保持率为96%。相比之下，在900°C下碳化的POF （C-POF-9）作为电容型电极，在1 A g−1下达到285 F g−1。此外，Ni/NiO@N-TNC-10//1.0 M LiFP6（非水电解质）//C-POF-9锂离子超级纽扣电池的能量和功率密度分别为153 Wh kg -1和5562 W kg -1。最后，制造的非水锂离子超级电池硬币电池能够点亮红色LED灯，从而证明了其实时应用。
{"title":"High energy storage performance of Li-based supercapattery using Ni/NiO-wrapped by nitrogen-doped porous carbon/nanotube","authors":"Eswaran Narayanamoorthi , Haidee Mana-ay , Cheng-Sao Chen , Pei-Chien Tsai , Phuong V. Pham , Muthusankar Eswaran , Pin-Yi Chen , Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porous carbon integrated with metals and metal oxides provides a high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and enhanced pseudocapacitive activity, making it highly attractive for next-generation energy storage applications. However, challenges such as finding a suitable method, scalable synthesis, and optimized oxide loading must be addressed to avoid pore blockage and performance trade-offs. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of Ni-NiO-wrapped by nitrogen-doped porous carbon/nanotube (Ni/NiO@N-TNC) composite derived from a porous organic framework (POF), which is used as a battery-like electrode for a supercapattery coin cell. The Ni<sup>2+</sup> ions were incorporated into the POF (denoted as POF-Ni<sup>2+</sup>) through a condensation process and subsequently carbonized under an N₂ atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 800 °C to 1100 °C. Among the obtained materials, the sample carbonized at 1000 °C (Ni/NiO@N-TNC-10) exhibited high crystallinity, a specific surface area of 350 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>, and a highly graphitic structure, making it suitable for supercapattery applications. The Ni/NiO@N-TNC-10 electrode exhibited a specific capacitance of 598 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 1 A g<sup>−1</sup> with 96% retention after 6000 cycles at 10 A g<sup>−1</sup>. In contrast, the carbonized POF at 900 °C (C-POF-9), acting as the capacitor-type electrode, achieved 285 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 1 A g<sup>−1</sup>. Furthermore, the Ni/NiO@N-TNC-10//1.0 M LiFP<sub>6</sub> (non-aqueous electrolyte)//C-POF-9 Li-ion supercapattery coin cell delivered high energy and power densities of 153 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> and 5562 W kg<sup>−1</sup>. Finally, the real-time application of the fabricated non-aqueous Li-ion supercapattery coin cell was demonstrated by its ability to illuminate a red LED light.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120757"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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