Journal of energy storage最新文献_第9页

Robust cobalt phthalocyanine-based covalent organic framework/chitosan aerogel for high-performance supercapacitor 基于酞菁共价有机框架/壳聚糖气凝胶的稳健型钴基高性能超级电容器

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114043

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) usually exist in the form of powder, which is not conducive to electrical conductivity and difficult to be molded, especially into aerogel, tremendously limiting its application in supercapacitors. In this work, the robust cobalt phthalocyanine-based COF/chitosan (CoPc-COF/CS) aerogels were successfully prepared by freeze drying the water solution of CoPc-COF and 2,4,6-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp, crosslinker) in chitosan (CS). The CoPc-COF/CS aerogels not only have good mechanical strength and compressibility but also maintain the COF original crystallinity and functionalities. Notably, the porous network structure of CoPc-COF/CS aerogels provides rich active surfaces and short ion diffusion paths. Meanwhile, the rich nitrogen groups on the surface of aerogel and CoN₄ centers improve their specific capacitance in the three-electrode system. The obtained CoPc-COF/CS aerogel exhibits excellent capacitive performance (556 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹) in the three-electrode system. Furthermore, the asymmetric supercapacitor (CoPc-COF/CS aerogel//AC ASC) assembled using CoPc-COF/CS aerogel and activated carbon (AC) electrodes exhibited a high energy density of 31.9 Wh kg⁻¹ at 750 W kg⁻¹ and good cycle stability (87.5 % after 5000 cycles). The capacitive performances of CoPc-COF/CS aerogel promising for practical applications in supercapacitors.

共价有机框架（COFs）通常以粉末状存在，不利于导电，难以成型，尤其是难以制成气凝胶，极大地限制了其在超级电容器中的应用。在这项工作中，通过冷冻干燥壳聚糖（CS）中的 CoPc-COF 和 2,4,6-三异丙基氯葡萄糖醇（Tp，交联剂）水溶液，成功制备了坚固的酞菁钴基 COF/壳聚糖（CoPc-COF/CS）气凝胶。CoPc-COF/CS 气凝胶不仅具有良好的机械强度和可压缩性，还保持了 COF 的原始结晶度和功能性。值得注意的是，CoPc-COF/CS 气凝胶的多孔网络结构提供了丰富的活性表面和较短的离子扩散路径。同时，气凝胶表面丰富的氮基团和 CoN4 中心提高了它们在三电极系统中的比电容。所获得的 CoPc-COF/CS 气凝胶在三电极系统中表现出优异的电容性能（1 A g-1 时为 556 F g-1）。此外，使用 CoPc-COF/CS 气凝胶和活性炭（AC）电极组装的不对称超级电容器（CoPc-COF/CS 气凝胶//AC ASC）在 750 W kg-1 的能量密度下具有 31.9 Wh kg-1 的高能量密度和良好的循环稳定性（5000 次循环后为 87.5%）。CoPc-COF/CS 气凝胶的电容性能有望在超级电容器中得到实际应用。

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引用次数: 0

Lithium nitridonickelate as anode coupled with argyrodite electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries 硝基镍酸锂作为阳极与箭石电解质结合用于全固态锂离子电池

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114027

Argyrodites Li₆PS₅X (X = Cl, Br) have attracted growing interest due to their exceptional ionic conductivity and ductility, making them promising electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. However, their poor electrochemical stability at very low potential limits the use of lithium metal as a negative electrode. Instead of using Li-In alloy, this study explores the electrochemical properties of lithium nitridonickelate Li_2.07Ni_0.62N as an alternative negative electrode material, paired with balled milled argyrodite Li₆PS₅Br. The same electrochemical storage mechanism observed in liquid media is at work here, exhibiting a solid-solution profile along with low lattice expansion through the reversible insertion mechanism. By adjusting the potential window to minimize argyrodite degradation, the active material delivered a stable capacity of 125 mAh g⁻¹ over 60 cycles at C/25, with a mean working potential of 0.5 V at room temperature. The excellent capacity retention was achieved up to C/10, demonstrating good compatibility between the argyrodite solid electrolyte and lithium nitridonickelate negative electrode.

雌雄同体 Li6PS5X（X = Cl、Br）因其卓越的离子导电性和延展性，使其成为全固态锂离子电池的理想电解质，因而吸引了越来越多的关注。然而，它们在极低电位下的电化学稳定性较差，限制了金属锂作为负极的使用。本研究没有使用锂-铟合金，而是探索了氮化镍酸锂 Li2.07Ni0.62N 与球磨文石 Li6PS5Br 配对后作为替代负极材料的电化学特性。在液体介质中观察到的电化学存储机制在这里也起了作用，通过可逆插入机制显示出固溶曲线和低晶格膨胀。通过调整电位窗口以最大限度地减少箭石降解，这种活性材料在室温下的平均工作电位为 0.5 V，在 C/25 条件下循环 60 次，可提供 125 mAh g-1 的稳定容量。在 C/10 以下仍能保持良好的容量，这表明霰石固体电解质与镍酸锂氮化物负极之间具有良好的兼容性。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental analysis of a radiant floor system incorporating phase change materials: Thermal performance and energy efficiency 包含相变材料的辐射地板系统的实验分析：热性能和能源效率

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114084

The incorporation of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) in radiant floors has the potential to improve the thermal and energy performance of the system. PCMs can act as thermal batteries, providing additional thermal energy storage capacity to Radiant Floor Systems (RFS). However, in the case of wet construction, when PCMs are incorporated into the enveloping mortar surrounding the RFS water pipes, the resulting specific heat and thermal conductivity can pose a challenge to system performance. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impact that the incorporation of microencapsulated PCM (mPCM) in the RFS mortar has on the thermal and energy performance of the system. To tackle this objective, an experimental setup was constructed consisting of two RFS specimens: one reference and the other with mPCM within an innovative mortar. The two specimens were then tested under different heating strategies controlled by: i) timer, and ii) floor surface temperature setpoint. The thermal performance of the PCM-RFS and operating time were compared with the reference RFS. Timer-controlled intermittent heating has proven beneficial when the heating strategy is established to combine renewable solar energy and off-peak electricity tariffs. Thermal fluctuation was reduced and the PCM phase change process was mobilized twice in 24 h, maintaining surface floor temperatures of the PCM-RFS within comfort levels throughout the test period. When the heat source is controlled by floor surface temperature setpoint, the thermophysical properties of the PCM-RFS led to longer operating times, however mitigating high intermittency of the heat source activations, resulting in more regular operation mode, easier control and avoiding peak heating loads.

在辐射地板中加入相变材料 (PCM) 有可能改善系统的热能和能源性能。PCM 可充当热电池，为辐射地板系统 (RFS) 提供额外的热能储存能力。然而，在湿式建筑中，当 PCM 被加入到 RFS 水管周围的砂浆中时，所产生的比热和热传导率会对系统性能构成挑战。本文旨在评估在 RFS 砂浆中加入微胶囊 PCM（mPCM）对系统热能和能源性能的影响。为了实现这一目标，我们构建了一个实验装置，其中包括两个 RFS 试样：一个是参照试样，另一个是在创新砂浆中加入了 mPCM 的试样。然后，在不同的加热策略下对这两个试样进行了测试，加热策略由以下两个方面控制：i) 定时器；ii) 地板表面温度设定点。PCM-RFS 的热性能和运行时间与参考 RFS 进行了比较。事实证明，在结合可再生太阳能和非高峰电价制定供暖策略时，定时控制的间歇式供暖是有益的。热波动减少了，PCM 相变过程在 24 小时内被调动了两次，在整个测试期间，PCM-RFS 的地板表面温度保持在舒适水平内。当热源由地板表面温度设定值控制时，PCM-RFS 的热物理性质导致了更长的运行时间，但同时也缓解了热源启动的高间歇性，从而使运行模式更有规律，更易于控制，并避免了峰值加热负荷。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of puffing on electrochemical properties of sorghum seed based porous carbon materials in supercapacitors 膨化对超级电容器中基于高粱籽的多孔碳材料电化学特性的影响

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114065

Biomass-based carbon materials are renewable, affordable and environmentally friendly, possessing great potential in electrochemical energy storage as electrode materials in supercapacitors due to their large specific surface area and self-doped heteroatoms. However, the electrochemical properties of these carbon materials may be influenced to some extent by pretreatment procedures of carbon precursors. For this research, a range of porous carbon materials based on unpuffed and puffed sorghum seeds were synthesized under various pre‑carbonization and activation temperatures. Among them, the puffed sorghum seed-based porous carbon (PH-R6A7), prepared through pre‑carbonization at 600 °C and KOH activation at 700 °C, exhibits a higher graphitization degree, increased N and O content, as well as a greater variety of nitrogen-containing groups and significant increasing graphite nitrogen compared to unpuffed sorghum seed-based porous carbon (PC-R6A7) fabricated under similar conditions. These improvements result in enhanced conductivity and wettability of electrode materials, thereby boosting their electrochemical properties. In a three-electrode setup employing a 6 M solution of KOH, PH-R6A7 demonstrates an exceptional specific capacitance of 523.84 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ compared with PC-R6A7 of 366.00 F g⁻¹; even at a high current density of 20 A g⁻¹ it maintains a high level of capacitance at 387.94 F g⁻¹. When employed in a double-electrode configuration at the same current density (i.e., 1 A g⁻¹), PH-R6A7 also achieves higher specific capacitance of 357.83 F g⁻¹ than PC-R6A7 (286.89 F g⁻¹), accompanied by an increased energy density of 12.35 Wh kg⁻¹ and 8.85 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 249.97 W kg⁻¹ and 4.98 kW kg⁻¹, respectively. Furthermore, after undergoing 10,000 cycles at 2 A g⁻¹, PH-R6A7 demonstrates a superior capacitance retention of 99.68 % and coulomb efficiency of 99.91 %. PH-R6A7 fabricated through the combination method of puffing pretreatment and carbonization activation merits acknowledgment as an electrode material of superior performance and notable practical importance.

生物质基碳材料具有可再生性、经济性和环境友好性，由于其比表面积大和自掺杂杂原子，在电化学储能方面具有巨大潜力，可用作超级电容器的电极材料。然而，这些碳材料的电化学特性可能会在一定程度上受到碳前体预处理程序的影响。本研究在不同的预碳化和活化温度下合成了一系列基于未膨化和膨化高粱籽的多孔碳材料。与在类似条件下制备的未膨化高粱籽多孔碳（PC-R6A7）相比，膨化高粱籽多孔碳（PH-R6A7）的石墨化程度更高，N 和 O 含量增加，含氮基团种类更多，石墨氮显著增加。这些改进增强了电极材料的导电性和润湿性，从而提高了其电化学性能。在采用 6 M KOH 溶液的三电极设置中，PH-R6A7 在 1 A g-1 电流条件下的比电容为 523.84 F g-1，而 PC-R6A7 为 366.00 F g-1；即使在 20 A g-1 的高电流密度条件下，PH-R6A7 仍能保持 387.94 F g-1 的高电容水平。在相同电流密度（即 1 A g-1）下采用双电极配置时，PH-R6A7 的比电容也达到了 357.83 F g-1，高于 PC-R6A7（286.89 F g-1），同时在功率密度为 249.97 W kg-1 和 4.98 kW kg-1 时，能量密度分别增加到 12.35 Wh kg-1 和 8.85 Wh kg-1。此外，在 2 A g-1 条件下经过 10,000 次循环后，PH-R6A7 的电容保持率和库仑效率分别达到 99.68% 和 99.91%。通过膨化预处理和碳化活化相结合的方法制造的 PH-R6A7 是一种性能优越、具有显著实用价值的电极材料，值得肯定。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation of cold storage procedure via Galerkin method in existence of nanomaterial 通过伽勒金方法评估纳米材料存在时的冷藏程序

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114053

In this study, a numerical method was employed to model the unsteady process of freezing. The system comprises an enclosure with fins, filled with a mixture of nanoparticles and H₂O. The mesh style adapts dynamically during the freezing process to better capture the evolving ice front, thereby enhancing simulation accuracy. Validation against previous studies confirms the model's reliability. Three levels of nanoparticle diameter (dp) and concentration (ϕ) were tested, examining their effects on the freezing process. The results indicate that the fastest solidification occurs with medium-sized nanoparticles at the highest concentration. Specifically, at ϕ = 0.02, an initial increase in dp declines the freezing time by around 11.72 %. However, further increasing dp beyond 40 nm results in a 25.75 % increase in freezing time. Additionally, increasing the nanoparticle concentration significantly reduces solidification time by approximately 41.31 %. The introduction of nanomaterials decreases the required freezing time from 9514.19 s to 5583.51 s, demonstrating a substantial improvement in efficiency.

在这项研究中，采用了一种数值方法来模拟冷冻的非稳态过程。该系统包括一个带有鳍片的外壳，里面充满了纳米颗粒和水的混合物。网格样式在冻结过程中动态调整，以更好地捕捉不断变化的冰锋，从而提高模拟精度。根据以往研究进行的验证证实了该模型的可靠性。测试了三个级别的纳米粒子直径（dp）和浓度（j），研究了它们对冻结过程的影响。结果表明，中等大小的纳米粒子在最高浓度下凝固速度最快。具体来说，当 ϕ = 0.02 时，初始增加 dp 会使凝固时间缩短约 11.72%。然而，当 dp 进一步增大到 40 nm 以上时，冷冻时间会延长 25.75%。此外，纳米颗粒浓度的增加会使凝固时间显著缩短约 41.31%。引入纳米材料后，所需的凝固时间从 9514.19 秒减少到 5583.51 秒，这表明效率有了大幅提高。

引用次数: 0

Recovery of lithium from spent LFP and NCA batteries by electro-oxidation process and synthesis of cathode material from recycled precursors 通过电氧化工艺从废 LFP 和 NCA 电池中回收锂，并利用回收的前体合成正极材料

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114001

The rising demand for lithium across various applications underscores the urgent need for sustainable recycling practices. This study highlights the critical importance of recycling lithium-ion batteries, given the finite nature of lithium resources and the environmental impact of improper disposal. The research presents an efficient method for lithium recovery from spent batteries, including LiFePO₄ (LFP) and LiNi_xCo_yAl_zO₂ (NCA) types. This approach utilizes selective lithium recovery via electro-oxidation, applying varying potentials to enhance lithium extraction from spent Li-ion batteries. This technique overcomes the limitations of traditional methods, achieving higher yields and minimizing losses.

Lithium recovery efficiency is assessed through inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis of the resulting solution. The recycled lithium precursors are then employed to synthesize new LiCoO2 (LCO) cathodes. Electrochemical evaluations show that the newly synthesized LCO exhibits a capacity of 136 mAh/g at a charge rate of 0.1C and a Coulombic efficiency of 99 %. These results confirm the effectiveness of the electro-oxidation process in recovering lithium as Li₂CO₃, facilitating the successful development of high-performance LCO cathode materials.

This study emphasizes the significance of sustainable battery recycling, offering a viable solution to the challenges of mineral scarcity, particularly lithium. It demonstrates a method that provides selectivity for different battery chemistries and compositions, advancing the field of recycling technologies.

各种应用领域对锂的需求不断增加，这凸显了对可持续回收实践的迫切需求。鉴于锂资源的有限性和不当处置对环境的影响，本研究强调了回收锂离子电池的极端重要性。研究提出了一种从废旧电池（包括 LiFePO4 (LFP) 和 LiNixCoyAlzO2 (NCA)）中回收锂的高效方法。这种方法通过电氧化进行选择性锂回收，利用不同的电位提高废旧锂离子电池的锂提取率。通过对所得溶液进行电感耦合等离子体 (ICP) 分析来评估锂回收效率。然后利用回收的锂前驱体合成新的钴酸锂（LCO）阴极。电化学评估显示，新合成的 LCO 在充电速率为 0.1C 时的容量为 136 mAh/g，库仑效率为 99%。这些结果证实了电氧化工艺在以 Li2CO3 形式回收锂方面的有效性，从而促进了高性能 LCO 正极材料的成功开发。这项研究强调了可持续电池回收的重要性，为解决矿物质稀缺（尤其是锂）的挑战提供了可行的解决方案。它展示了一种可为不同电池化学成分和组成提供选择性的方法，推动了回收技术领域的发展。

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引用次数: 0

A critical review on operating parameter monitoring/estimation, battery management and control system for redox flow batteries 关于氧化还原液流电池运行参数监测/估算、电池管理和控制系统的重要综述

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114029

Redox flow battery (RFB) is an efficient electrochemical energy storage technology, which has the advantages of high system stability, high electrolyte safety, long service life, etc., and has been widely used in the field of energy storage in the world. Compared with the well-reviewed research status on materials (electrodes, electrolyte, membranes and bipolar plates) and numerical simulations on RFB, the parameter monitoring/estimation, battery management and control system are insufficiently summarized and envisaged. Based on this, in this paper, the published literature on control modeling, parameter monitoring and estimation, battery management and control system for RFBs are reviewed. The importance of the control system is proposed, and the control system for RFBs is divided into three levels: for single cell, for battery stack and for battery system, according to the order from small to large, from simple to complex. Firstly, the control modeling and parameter estimation methods of single cell are summarized. In addition, it introduces the control modeling, parameter estimation and management control strategy of the battery stack, including water management system and thermal management system. Then, the control modeling, parameter estimation and control strategy of the battery system are introduced, and the energy distribution between the battery system and the power grid is explained. Finally, the control modeling, parameter estimation, management control strategy and energy distribution of RFBs are summarized and prospected, with a special emphasis on power coordination problem and fast response problem between battery system and power grid.

氧化还原液流电池（Redox flow battery，RFB）是一种高效的电化学储能技术，具有系统稳定性高、电解液安全性高、使用寿命长等优点，在世界储能领域得到了广泛应用。相对于对 RFB 的材料（电极、电解液、隔膜和双极板）和数值模拟研究现状的综述，对 RFB 的参数监测/估计、电池管理和控制系统的总结和设想还不够充分。基于此，本文对已发表的有关 RFB 的控制建模、参数监测和估计、电池管理和控制系统的文献进行了综述。提出了控制系统的重要性，并按照从小到大、从简单到复杂的顺序，将射频电池的控制系统分为三个层次：单体电池、电池堆和电池系统。首先，总结了单体电池的控制建模和参数估计方法。此外，还介绍了电池堆（包括水管理系统和热管理系统）的控制建模、参数估计和管理控制策略。然后，介绍了电池系统的控制建模、参数估计和控制策略，并解释了电池系统与电网之间的能量分配。最后，总结并展望了 RFB 的控制建模、参数估计、管理控制策略和能量分配，特别强调了电池系统与电网之间的功率协调问题和快速响应问题。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of extremely low water hammer pressures of draft tubes for double units in pumped storage power stations under successive load rejection conditions 连续甩负荷条件下抽水蓄能电站双机组引水管极低水锤压力分析

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114120

With large-scale integration of intermittent energy into power systems, the operating conditions of pumped storage power stations (PSPSs) change frequently, thereby intensifying the risk of load rejections. For multiple units sharing a water conveyance system, when one or more units reject the load, other units also reject the load after a few seconds; this is defined as successive load rejection (SLR). During SLR conditions, pumped storage units produce extreme water hammer pressures, jeopardizing the safe operation of PSPSs. This study reveals the generation mechanism of extremely low draft tube pressure (DTP) during SLR, and clarifies the generating unit and corresponding occurrence moment characteristics of the minimum DTP. The results indicated an extremely low DTP, attributed to the sharp decline in the discharge owing to increased rotational speed in unit's S-shape region and the hydraulic interference owing to the increased discharge of the other unit. When the guide vane closing time (GVCT) was short, the minimum DTP occurred in the subsequent load rejection unit (SLRU) near the first peak of its rotational speed, with the discharge of initial load rejection unit (ILRU) in the rising stage. Conversely, for a large GVCT, the minimum DTP occurred in the ILRU near the second peak of its rotational speed, with SLRU discharge in the rising stage. Finally, engineering measures to improve the extremely low DTP were proposed. Overall, the findings underscore crucial engineering insights for ensuring the safety of PSPSs under extreme conditions.

随着间歇性能源大规模融入电力系统，抽水蓄能电站（PSPS）的运行条件频繁变化，从而加剧了拒载风险。对于共享输水系统的多个机组而言，当一个或多个机组拒载时，其他机组也会在几秒钟后拒载；这被定义为连续拒载（SLR）。在 SLR 条件下，抽水蓄能机组会产生极高的水锤压力，危及 PSPS 的安全运行。本研究揭示了 SLR 期间极低牵伸管压力 (DTP) 的产生机理，并阐明了最小 DTP 的产生单元和相应的发生力矩特征。研究结果表明，极低 DTP 的产生是由于机组 S 形区域转速增加导致排量急剧下降，以及另一机组排量增加导致的水力干扰。当导叶关闭时间（GVCT）较短时，最小 DTP 出现在后续卸荷单元（SLRU），接近其转速的第一个峰值，而初始卸荷单元（ILRU）的排量则处于上升阶段。相反，对于大型 GVCT，最小 DTP 出现在接近其转速第二个峰值的 ILRU 中，而 SLRU 在上升阶段放电。最后，提出了改善极低 DTP 的工程措施。总之，研究结果强调了在极端条件下确保 PSPS 安全的重要工程见解。

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引用次数: 0

Game theoretic operation optimization of photovoltaic storage charging station considering uncertainty and carbon trading 考虑不确定性和碳交易的光伏储能充电站博弈论运营优化

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114111

With the advancement of energy conservation and emission reduction efforts, the orderly charging of electric vehicles and the operation of photovoltaic-storage-charging stations associated with electric vehicles have become increasingly important topics. This study constructs an optimization model for the operation of stations under the synergy of electricity and carbon markets from a game theory perspective. Firstly, Latin hypercube sampling and Monte Carlo sampling are employed to handle the uncertainties in photovoltaic output and the stochastic nature of electric vehicles charging. Secondly, a ladder-type carbon trading mechanism is introduced, and a charging optimization model based on Stackelberg game theory is developed to describe the benefit interaction between charging stations and electric vehicles users. In this model, the upper level represents the charging station operator aiming to maximize joint electricity and carbon revenue while minimizing load fluctuations, whereas the lower level represents electric vehicles users aiming to maximize consumer surplus. Finally, a genetic algorithm nested with mixed-integer linear programming is used to solve the optimization model. The simulation results validate the model's effectiveness and superiority. The results indicate that, compared to centralized optimization methods, the Stackelberg game mechanism can increase consumer surplus by 119.40 %, reduce carbon emissions by 217.92 %, and achieve a win-win situation for both parties. Compared to a fixed carbon trading value, the ladder-type carbon trading mechanism can reduce carbon emissions by 23.84 % and smooth load fluctuations.

随着节能减排工作的推进，电动汽车的有序充电以及与电动汽车相关的光伏-储能充电站的运营日益成为重要课题。本研究从博弈论角度出发，构建了电力市场和碳市场协同作用下的充电站运营优化模型。首先，采用拉丁超立方采样和蒙特卡罗采样来处理光伏输出的不确定性和电动汽车充电的随机性。其次，引入了阶梯式碳交易机制，并建立了基于斯塔克尔伯格博弈论的充电优化模型，以描述充电站与电动汽车用户之间的利益互动。在该模型中，上层代表充电站运营商，其目标是最大化电力和碳的联合收益，同时最小化负荷波动；下层代表电动汽车用户，其目标是最大化消费者剩余。最后，使用嵌套混合整数线性规划的遗传算法来求解优化模型。模拟结果验证了模型的有效性和优越性。结果表明，与集中优化方法相比，斯塔克尔伯格博弈机制可增加 119.40 % 的消费者剩余，减少 217.92 % 的碳排放，实现双方共赢。与固定碳交易值相比，阶梯式碳交易机制可减少 23.84 % 的碳排放，并能平滑负荷波动。

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引用次数: 0

Stochastic Risk-driven Bidding of a Solar and Storage Aggregator in Primary Frequency and Energy Markets: A Performance-based Capacity Allocation Approach 一次频率和能源市场中太阳能和储能聚合器的随机风险驱动投标：基于性能的容量分配方法

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.113862

The ever-increasing impact of deploying renewable energy resources reducing power system inertia, requires distributed energy resource (DER) aggregators to secure high-performance, fast-responding primary frequency reserve (PFR) in ancillary service markets. However, enabling immediate and local regulation of the operating point upon detecting frequency deviations imposes the necessity of allocating specific headroom for DERs. The individual headroom susceptibility to uncertainty and response speed of a certain DER not only compromises aggregated headroom performance in the PFR market but also leads to incurring unnecessary opportunity costs in the energy market and inadequate frequency control in the power system. To address this challenge, this paper introduces an integrated probabilistic performance index for DERs that considers their individual interactive heterogeneous response speed and uncertainty. Using this index, aggregators overseeing photovoltaic and smart buildings equipped with energy storage can evaluate, allocate, and remunerate optimal headroom capacity for individual DERs based on their performance. This approach ensures maximum aggregated profits and minimum opportunity costs in the PFR and energy markets while improving the performance of the provided PFR capacity, respectively. These tasks are aimed by a novel optimal capacity allocation strategy for an aggregator in both markets. This strategy employs a mixed-integer linear programming model to find the optimal solution and the conditional value-at-risk measure to tackle the uncertainties faced with the problem. The efficiency of the proposed model is assessed within a system reflecting the ERCOT market structure, demonstrating improved aggregated headroom performance, reduced energy opportunity costs, diminished risk of capacity shortage, and improved load frequency control (LFC) from the power system perspective.

部署可再生能源资源对减少电力系统惯性的影响越来越大，这就要求分布式能源资源（DER）聚合商在辅助服务市场中确保高性能、快速响应的一次频率储备（PFR）。然而，要在检测到频率偏差时立即对运行点进行局部调节，就必须为 DER 分配特定的净空。特定 DER 对不确定性和响应速度的个别净空敏感性不仅会影响 PFR 市场中的总体净空性能，还会导致能源市场中不必要的机会成本和电力系统中不充分的频率控制。为应对这一挑战，本文引入了 DER 的综合概率性能指标，该指标考虑了它们各自的交互异构响应速度和不确定性。利用该指数，监管配备储能设备的光伏和智能建筑的聚合器可根据单个 DERs 的性能评估、分配和补偿其最佳余量。这种方法可确保在 PFR 和能源市场上获得最大的综合利润和最小的机会成本，同时分别提高所提供的 PFR 容量的性能。这些任务的目标是在这两个市场中为聚合器提供一种新颖的最优容量分配策略。该策略采用混合整数线性规划模型来寻找最优解，并采用条件风险值措施来解决面临的不确定性问题。在一个反映 ERCOT 市场结构的系统中对所提模型的效率进行了评估，结果表明，从电力系统的角度来看，该模型改善了聚合净空性能，降低了能源机会成本，降低了容量短缺风险，并改善了负荷频率控制（LFC）。

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引用次数: 0