Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2024.3447451
Linjing Huang;Xinyu Fan;Chaozhu Liu;Zuyuan He
The utilization of distributed fiber-optic sensing systems has become prevalent in monitoring both static parameters such as temperature or strain, and dynamic parameters like vibration. In order to measure multi-parameters simultaneously, we combine Rayleigh scattering and Brillouin scattering in a single sensing system. The time-gated digital optical frequency domain reflectometry is employed for vibration sensing and the Rayleigh backscattering of linear frequency modulation pulse is used as the probe of BOTDA for temperature sensing. The multi-frequency probe enables a non-step-scanning single-end BOTDA system. To simplify the hybrid system, we employ an intensity modulator for frequency modulation and pulse generation, replacing acousto-optic modulators. Both the positive and negative sidebands are received and modulated for demarcating static and dynamic parameters. This simplified system achieves sub-meter spatial resolution for vibration within a 12-km sensing range and offers a temperature measuring range of approximately 500 $^circ text{C}$ , which is also non-step-scanning and immune to coherent fading.
{"title":"Non-Step-Scanning Rayleigh–Brillouin Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensing System Utilizing Double Sideband Modulation","authors":"Linjing Huang;Xinyu Fan;Chaozhu Liu;Zuyuan He","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3447451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3447451","url":null,"abstract":"The utilization of distributed fiber-optic sensing systems has become prevalent in monitoring both static parameters such as temperature or strain, and dynamic parameters like vibration. In order to measure multi-parameters simultaneously, we combine Rayleigh scattering and Brillouin scattering in a single sensing system. The time-gated digital optical frequency domain reflectometry is employed for vibration sensing and the Rayleigh backscattering of linear frequency modulation pulse is used as the probe of BOTDA for temperature sensing. The multi-frequency probe enables a non-step-scanning single-end BOTDA system. To simplify the hybrid system, we employ an intensity modulator for frequency modulation and pulse generation, replacing acousto-optic modulators. Both the positive and negative sidebands are received and modulated for demarcating static and dynamic parameters. This simplified system achieves sub-meter spatial resolution for vibration within a 12-km sensing range and offers a temperature measuring range of approximately 500 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ text{C}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, which is also non-step-scanning and immune to coherent fading.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142233070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2024.3447712
Lin Htein;Jingxian Cui;Xin Cheng;Hwa-Yaw Tam
This study presents an innovative approach to pressure sensing by utilizing an 8-shaped birefringent optical fiber fabricated through a mechanical milling technique. The proposed sensor employs the Sagnac effect to monitor wavelength shifts in the interference pattern. Experimental results demonstrate that the sensor achieves a high sensitivity of 441 pm/kPa within the pressure range of 0 to 20 kPa, enabling accurate pressure measurements with a resolution of up to 2 Pa. The measurements exhibit good repeatability, and demonstrate a linearity of 99.65%. In addition, by integrating a fiber Bragg grating fabricated using a femtosecond laser into the 8-shaped fiber within the Sagnac loop, the temperature cross-sensitivity was determined to be 20 Pa/ °C. The combination of the 8-shaped birefringent fiber and the Sagnac interferometric technique offers a promising solution for achieving precise and reliable pressure sensing in low-pressure environments.
{"title":"Low-Pressure Sensor Realized With 8-Shaped Birefringent Optical Fiber","authors":"Lin Htein;Jingxian Cui;Xin Cheng;Hwa-Yaw Tam","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3447712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3447712","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents an innovative approach to pressure sensing by utilizing an 8-shaped birefringent optical fiber fabricated through a mechanical milling technique. The proposed sensor employs the Sagnac effect to monitor wavelength shifts in the interference pattern. Experimental results demonstrate that the sensor achieves a high sensitivity of 441 pm/kPa within the pressure range of 0 to 20 kPa, enabling accurate pressure measurements with a resolution of up to 2 Pa. The measurements exhibit good repeatability, and demonstrate a linearity of 99.65%. In addition, by integrating a fiber Bragg grating fabricated using a femtosecond laser into the 8-shaped fiber within the Sagnac loop, the temperature cross-sensitivity was determined to be 20 Pa/ °C. The combination of the 8-shaped birefringent fiber and the Sagnac interferometric technique offers a promising solution for achieving precise and reliable pressure sensing in low-pressure environments.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142233078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using compressed sensing (CS), stepped Raman optical frequency-domain reflectometry (ROFDR) can be performed on a reduced set of frequencies. We experimentally show that temperature hotspots can be reconstructed from a small subset of the usually required frequency steps when the measured temperature profile corresponds to a known model. In this case, the measurement rate can typically be increased by a factor of 4. CS reconstruction of temperature hotspots is investigated in two different setups. The results, compared to full measurements, indicate that CS is a viable practical technique for ROFDR when the expected temperature variations follow the assumed model and the signal to noise ratio is sufficient.
{"title":"Compressed Sensing for Temperature Measurements With Incoherent Raman OFDR Distributed Sensors","authors":"Thibault North;Benjamin Marx;Tim Jungbluth;Michel Kocher","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3447078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3447078","url":null,"abstract":"Using compressed sensing (CS), stepped Raman optical frequency-domain reflectometry (ROFDR) can be performed on a reduced set of frequencies. We experimentally show that temperature hotspots can be reconstructed from a small subset of the usually required frequency steps when the measured temperature profile corresponds to a known model. In this case, the measurement rate can typically be increased by a factor of 4. CS reconstruction of temperature hotspots is investigated in two different setups. The results, compared to full measurements, indicate that CS is a viable practical technique for ROFDR when the expected temperature variations follow the assumed model and the signal to noise ratio is sufficient.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142230812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2024.3446827
Zichuan Zhou;Amany Kassem;James Seddon;Eric Sillekens;Izzat Darwazeh;Polina Bayvel;Zhixin Liu
The next-generation radio access network (RAN) requires high speed wireless transmission between base stations exceeding $geq$ 100 Gb/s to connect access points and hubs. This has motivated research exploring how to fully utilize wireless spectrum from sub-6 GHz to millimeter (mm) waveband (e.g. D-band up to 170 GHz) for data transmission, using either all-electronic or optoelectronic approaches. However, to date, all-electronic and optoelectronic methods have been used separately due to the challenge of generating broad-band signals with synchronized carrier frequencies. Here, we demonstrate an ultra-wide 145 GHz bandwidth wireless transmission of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signals over the air, covering 5–150 GHz frequency region. This is achieved by combining the merits of high-speed electronics and microwave photonics technologies. Specifically, the signals over 5–75 GHz are generated using high speed digital-to-analog converters. The high frequency mm-wave band signals, including W-band (75–110 GHz) and D-band (110–150 GHz) signals, are generated by mixing optically modulated signals with frequency-locked lasers on high-speed photodiodes. By frequency-locking two pairs of narrow linewidth lasers and referring to a common quartz oscillator, we generated W-band and D-band signals with stable carrier frequency and reduced phase noise compared to free-running lasers, maximizing the use of spectrum. By using OFDM format and bit loading, we achieve 938 Gb/s transmission data rate with less than 300 MHz gap between different RF and mm-wave bands.
下一代无线接入网（RAN）要求基站之间的高速无线传输速度超过 100 Gb/s，以连接接入点和集线器。这就促使研究人员探索如何利用全电子或光电子方法，充分利用从 6 千兆赫以下到毫米波带（例如高达 170 千兆赫的 D 波段）的无线频谱进行数据传输。然而，迄今为止，全电子和光电子方法一直是分开使用的，这是因为产生具有同步载波频率的宽带信号是一项挑战。在此，我们展示了 145 GHz 超宽带宽的正交频分复用（OFDM）信号空中无线传输，覆盖 5-150 GHz 频率区域。这是通过结合高速电子技术和微波光子技术的优点实现的。具体来说，5-75 千兆赫的信号是通过高速数模转换器产生的。高频毫米波波段信号，包括 W 波段（75-110 千兆赫）和 D 波段（110-150 千兆赫）信号，是通过高速光电二极管上的锁频激光器与光学调制信号混合产生的。通过对两对窄线宽激光器进行锁频，并参考一个共用石英振荡器，我们产生了载频稳定的 W 波段和 D 波段信号，与自由运行的激光器相比，相位噪声更小，从而最大限度地利用了频谱。通过使用 OFDM 格式和比特负载，我们实现了 938 Gb/s 的传输数据率，而不同射频和毫米波波段之间的差距不到 300 MHz。
{"title":"938 Gb/s, 5–150 GHz Ultra-Wideband Transmission Over the Air Using Combined Electronic and Photonic-Assisted Signal Generation","authors":"Zichuan Zhou;Amany Kassem;James Seddon;Eric Sillekens;Izzat Darwazeh;Polina Bayvel;Zhixin Liu","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3446827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3446827","url":null,"abstract":"The next-generation radio access network (RAN) requires high speed wireless transmission between base stations exceeding \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$geq$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 100 Gb/s to connect access points and hubs. This has motivated research exploring how to fully utilize wireless spectrum from sub-6 GHz to millimeter (mm) waveband (e.g. D-band up to 170 GHz) for data transmission, using either all-electronic or optoelectronic approaches. However, to date, all-electronic and optoelectronic methods have been used separately due to the challenge of generating broad-band signals with synchronized carrier frequencies. Here, we demonstrate an ultra-wide 145 GHz bandwidth wireless transmission of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signals over the air, covering 5–150 GHz frequency region. This is achieved by combining the merits of high-speed electronics and microwave photonics technologies. Specifically, the signals over 5–75 GHz are generated using high speed digital-to-analog converters. The high frequency mm-wave band signals, including W-band (75–110 GHz) and D-band (110–150 GHz) signals, are generated by mixing optically modulated signals with frequency-locked lasers on high-speed photodiodes. By frequency-locking two pairs of narrow linewidth lasers and referring to a common quartz oscillator, we generated W-band and D-band signals with stable carrier frequency and reduced phase noise compared to free-running lasers, maximizing the use of spectrum. By using OFDM format and bit loading, we achieve 938 Gb/s transmission data rate with less than 300 MHz gap between different RF and mm-wave bands.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2024.3445585
Camilo Escobar-Vera;Miguel Soriano-Amat;Sonia Martin-Lopez;Miguel Gonzalez-Herraez;María R. Fernández-Ruiz
Shape sensing based on optical fiber sensing brings interesting advantages such as high sensitivity, lightweight, long-term reliability, and minimal intrusiveness, among others. However, the fiber interrogation methods employed to date, namely fiber Bragg gratings, OFDR or phase-sensitive (Φ)OTDR are either not entirely distributed, have poor performance in spatial resolution or dynamic sensing or are only valid for short (i.e., few meter-long) fibers. Here, we present a fully distributed optical fiber sensing system able to perform dynamic curvature and torsion sensing over a range of 125 m, with 10 cm resolution and at a sampling rate of 1 kHz. This performance is attained by interrogating three cores of a multi-core fiber (MCF) with time-expanded (TE-) ΦOTDR in its quasi-integer ratio (QIR) mode. With respect to the previously presented TE-ΦOTDR-based curvature sensing proof-of-concept, the use of QIR mode opens the possibility of effortlessly expanding range and/or sampling rate without a significant cost increase. Additionally, in this work the detection of fiber torsion is also addressed, offering for the first time to our knowledge the complete information towards fully distributed shape sensing at acoustic sampling rate with cm-scale resolutions over a record fiber length of >100 m. The unique sensing performance offered by the proposed system may become a valuable tool for a broad range of applications within civil and mechanical engineering, industrial manufacturing or seismology, among others.
{"title":"Dynamic Curvature and Torsion Monitoring Using Quasi-Integer-Ratio Time-Expanded ΦOTDR","authors":"Camilo Escobar-Vera;Miguel Soriano-Amat;Sonia Martin-Lopez;Miguel Gonzalez-Herraez;María R. Fernández-Ruiz","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3445585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3445585","url":null,"abstract":"Shape sensing based on optical fiber sensing brings interesting advantages such as high sensitivity, lightweight, long-term reliability, and minimal intrusiveness, among others. However, the fiber interrogation methods employed to date, namely fiber Bragg gratings, OFDR or phase-sensitive (Φ)OTDR are either not entirely distributed, have poor performance in spatial resolution or dynamic sensing or are only valid for short (i.e., few meter-long) fibers. Here, we present a fully distributed optical fiber sensing system able to perform dynamic curvature and torsion sensing over a range of 125 m, with 10 cm resolution and at a sampling rate of 1 kHz. This performance is attained by interrogating three cores of a multi-core fiber (MCF) with time-expanded (TE-) ΦOTDR in its quasi-integer ratio (QIR) mode. With respect to the previously presented TE-ΦOTDR-based curvature sensing proof-of-concept, the use of QIR mode opens the possibility of effortlessly expanding range and/or sampling rate without a significant cost increase. Additionally, in this work the detection of fiber torsion is also addressed, offering for the first time to our knowledge the complete information towards fully distributed shape sensing at acoustic sampling rate with cm-scale resolutions over a record fiber length of >100 m. The unique sensing performance offered by the proposed system may become a valuable tool for a broad range of applications within civil and mechanical engineering, industrial manufacturing or seismology, among others.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142230897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A circular patch antenna-coupled quantum well optical modulator for 1550 nm is proposed for the incident millimeter-wave polarization angle-independent phase modulation. The core layer of the modulator is composed of a multiple five-layer asymmetric coupled quantum well structure. The design and theoretical millimeter wave reception characteristics of circular and rectangular patch antennas with a gap structure are theoretically discussed for comparison. The circular antenna with an outer radius of 330 μm and a gap radius of 310 μm is designed. The optical phase modulators with both types of antennas are fabricated, and their modulation characteristics in the 60 GHz millimeter wave band are demonstrated and compared. The phase modulation independent of the incident millimeter-wave polarization angle is successfully realized. The CSR of 55.0 dB (3.56 mrad of phase shift) is obtained when irradiated with 60 GHz millimeter waves. The phase shift of 3.0 to 3.6 mrad is obtained at any polarization angle of the radio waves at an incident power density of 4.4 W/m 2 .
{"title":"Quantum Well Optical Modulator With Circular Patch Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Radio Over Fiber System","authors":"Ryotaro Nakazawa;Gaku Sekiguchi;Yui Otagaki;Hiroshi Murata;Atsushi Matsumoto;Taro Arakawa","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3445632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3445632","url":null,"abstract":"A circular patch antenna-coupled quantum well optical modulator for 1550 nm is proposed for the incident millimeter-wave polarization angle-independent phase modulation. The core layer of the modulator is composed of a multiple five-layer asymmetric coupled quantum well structure. The design and theoretical millimeter wave reception characteristics of circular and rectangular patch antennas with a gap structure are theoretically discussed for comparison. The circular antenna with an outer radius of 330 μm and a gap radius of 310 μm is designed. The optical phase modulators with both types of antennas are fabricated, and their modulation characteristics in the 60 GHz millimeter wave band are demonstrated and compared. The phase modulation independent of the incident millimeter-wave polarization angle is successfully realized. The CSR of 55.0 dB (3.56 mrad of phase shift) is obtained when irradiated with 60 GHz millimeter waves. The phase shift of 3.0 to 3.6 mrad is obtained at any polarization angle of the radio waves at an incident power density of 4.4 W/m\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10638736","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Analog radio-over-fiber (RoF) technologies have been studied as a suitable solution for mobile applications such as mobile fronthaul and accommodation of distributed antennas. On the other hand, multiple reflections are known to cause significant degradation in the transmission signal quality of analog RoF systems. In this paper, the influence of multiple reflections and the effectiveness of its mitigation scheme, high-frequency phase dithering and polarization randomization, are experimentally studied for different types of optical transmitters based on directly modulated laser (DML), electro-absorption modulator laser (EML), and lithium niobate Mach-Zehnder modulator (LN-MZM). The noise induced by multiple reflections and its mitigation effect are quantitatively evaluated in various conditions for the multiple reflections and the mitigation techniques. Additionally, transmission qualities of intermediate frequency over fiber (IFoF) signals under multiple reflections conditions are clarified. The operational conditions for achieving an error vector magnitude (EVM) criterion of 64-QAM OFDM signal are also presented.
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of Optical Reflection Tolerance and Its Improvement Techniques in Various Optical Analog Transmitters","authors":"Kazuki Tanaka;Hirotaka Ochi;Shinji Nimura;Kosuke Nishimura;Ryo Inohara;Takehiro Tsuritani;Masatoshi Suzuki","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3443998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3443998","url":null,"abstract":"Analog radio-over-fiber (RoF) technologies have been studied as a suitable solution for mobile applications such as mobile fronthaul and accommodation of distributed antennas. On the other hand, multiple reflections are known to cause significant degradation in the transmission signal quality of analog RoF systems. In this paper, the influence of multiple reflections and the effectiveness of its mitigation scheme, high-frequency phase dithering and polarization randomization, are experimentally studied for different types of optical transmitters based on directly modulated laser (DML), electro-absorption modulator laser (EML), and lithium niobate Mach-Zehnder modulator (LN-MZM). The noise induced by multiple reflections and its mitigation effect are quantitatively evaluated in various conditions for the multiple reflections and the mitigation techniques. Additionally, transmission qualities of intermediate frequency over fiber (IFoF) signals under multiple reflections conditions are clarified. The operational conditions for achieving an error vector magnitude (EVM) criterion of 64-QAM OFDM signal are also presented.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-13DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2024.3442571
Nicolas Ospina-Mendivelso;Andrés Triana;Camilo Cano-Vásquez;Hector F. Guarnizo;A. V. Fonseca-Benítez;S. J. Perdomo;Margarita Varón-Durán
This paper presents a temperature study of cellular spheroids of the line MCF-07 under a hyperthermia (HT) treatment. A 3D printed culture plate embedded with optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors was designed to perform real-time temperature measurements of the spheroids. The proposed culture plate preserves the fiber sensors' integrity and functionality while remaining immune to the high electromagnetic interference scenario. A custom microwave applicator was designed to eliminate direct contact between the heating element and the samples, while considering the culture plate material's permittivity to ensure efficient heating. The heating setup maintains the samples' temperature within the HT range, which is crucial for predicting treatment outcomes. The sensors embedded in the designed culture plate achieved an accuracy within 0.31 $^{circ }$ C. Initial observations of the temperature effects on spheroids are discussed, highlighting the potential of this approach to understand how temperature variations within the HT range affect cell cultures.
{"title":"Temperature Measurement in Microwave-Induced Hyperthermia Treatments Using FBG Sensors","authors":"Nicolas Ospina-Mendivelso;Andrés Triana;Camilo Cano-Vásquez;Hector F. Guarnizo;A. V. Fonseca-Benítez;S. J. Perdomo;Margarita Varón-Durán","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3442571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3442571","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a temperature study of cellular spheroids of the line MCF-07 under a hyperthermia (HT) treatment. A 3D printed culture plate embedded with optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors was designed to perform real-time temperature measurements of the spheroids. The proposed culture plate preserves the fiber sensors' integrity and functionality while remaining immune to the high electromagnetic interference scenario. A custom microwave applicator was designed to eliminate direct contact between the heating element and the samples, while considering the culture plate material's permittivity to ensure efficient heating. The heating setup maintains the samples' temperature within the HT range, which is crucial for predicting treatment outcomes. The sensors embedded in the designed culture plate achieved an accuracy within 0.31 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C. Initial observations of the temperature effects on spheroids are discussed, highlighting the potential of this approach to understand how temperature variations within the HT range affect cell cultures.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142230813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-12DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2024.3441711
Federico Camponeschi;Valentina Gemmato;Filippo Scotti;Luca Rinaldi;Ahmad W. Mohammad;Chris G. Roeloffzen;Paul W. van Dijk;Paolo Ghelfi
This article presents an experimental characterization of the first photonic-assisted receiver module developed for a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) designed for Earth observation from space as part of the SPACEBEAM project. The receiver module aims to achieve high-resolution wide-swath SAR imaging using photonic beamforming techniques implemented in a hybrid photonic integrated circuit (PIC). It leverages the Scan-on-Receive (SCORE) method to perform precise and continuous beamforming-on-receive of wideband signals from a 12-element antenna array, synthesizing up to three simultaneous receiving beams. The PIC also employs frequency-agnostic photonic down-conversion to enable direct digitization of the synthesized beams. The design and fabrication of the hybrid PIC are discussed, highlighting the use of indium phosphide (InP) and silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) platforms for active and passive components, respectively. The description of the receiver module is detailed, including functional architecture, PIC layout, chip fabrication, and hybrid assembly with custom-designed PCB and control electronics. Experimental results demonstrate successful frequency down-conversion from X-band at 9.65 GHz to a low intermediate frequency at 1.35 GHz with a measured conversion loss of 50 dB. Furthermore, both single- and multi-beam beamforming operations of the PIC receiver module are demonstrated through radiation diagrams showing beam steering at different pointing angles. To the best of our knowledge, this outcome marks the first-ever multibeam demonstration of a fully integrated optical beamforming network (OBFN). It underscores the effectiveness of photonic technologies in implementing OBFNs with high scalability, flexibility, and suitability for small satellite platforms.
{"title":"Multibeam Beamforming Demonstration of a Hybrid Integrated Photonic Module for a Synthetic Aperture Radar Receiver","authors":"Federico Camponeschi;Valentina Gemmato;Filippo Scotti;Luca Rinaldi;Ahmad W. Mohammad;Chris G. Roeloffzen;Paul W. van Dijk;Paolo Ghelfi","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2024.3441711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3441711","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an experimental characterization of the first photonic-assisted receiver module developed for a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) designed for Earth observation from space as part of the SPACEBEAM project. The receiver module aims to achieve high-resolution wide-swath SAR imaging using photonic beamforming techniques implemented in a hybrid photonic integrated circuit (PIC). It leverages the Scan-on-Receive (SCORE) method to perform precise and continuous beamforming-on-receive of wideband signals from a 12-element antenna array, synthesizing up to three simultaneous receiving beams. The PIC also employs frequency-agnostic photonic down-conversion to enable direct digitization of the synthesized beams. The design and fabrication of the hybrid PIC are discussed, highlighting the use of indium phosphide (InP) and silicon nitride (Si\u0000<sub>3</sub>\u0000N\u0000<sub>4</sub>\u0000) platforms for active and passive components, respectively. The description of the receiver module is detailed, including functional architecture, PIC layout, chip fabrication, and hybrid assembly with custom-designed PCB and control electronics. Experimental results demonstrate successful frequency down-conversion from X-band at 9.65 GHz to a low intermediate frequency at 1.35 GHz with a measured conversion loss of 50 dB. Furthermore, both single- and multi-beam beamforming operations of the PIC receiver module are demonstrated through radiation diagrams showing beam steering at different pointing angles. To the best of our knowledge, this outcome marks the first-ever multibeam demonstration of a fully integrated optical beamforming network (OBFN). It underscores the effectiveness of photonic technologies in implementing OBFNs with high scalability, flexibility, and suitability for small satellite platforms.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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