Distributed-feedback fiber lasers (DFB-FLs) based sensors have achieved great performance in strain sensing for realizing the resolution to pico-level, while higher strain resolution is still very challenging. In this paper, we propose an optical injection phase-lock loop (OIPLL) for ultrahigh resolution DFB-FL-based strain sensor. A narrow linewidth laser tracks the gained Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) error signal enabling self-compensation for quasi-static strain sensing, which is generated from DFB-FL by combing the optical injection-locking (OIL) and PDH technique. Meanwhile, with an acousto-optic modulator’s (AOM’s) frequency shifter from the narrow linewidth laser, a sideband laser is beating with the DFB-FL to frequency-offset lock to a helical bandpass filter (HBPF), as an absolute frequency reference, through an optical phase-locked loop (OPLL) based on amplitude detection (AmD). In strain experiments, a high quasi-strain spectral resolution of 7.89 pϵ/√Hz at 10 Hz with OIL path is obtained, and an ultrahigh dynamic strain spectral resolution of 124.88 fϵ/√Hz at 100 Hz and better than 100 fϵ/√Hz over 1 kHz with OPLL path is achieved at the same time. Under the quasi-static strain operating, the temporal dynamic strain resolution of 99.7 pϵ in 60 s is realized. Due to the high strain resolution, the proposed strain sensor appears to be extremely auspicious for applications in geophysical research.
{"title":"Optical Injection Phase-Lock Loop for Sub-100 fϵ/√Hz Resolution Fiber Laser Strain Sensor","authors":"Tongshuo Zhang;Wei Jin;Jiaxing Gao;Yu Zhang;Shanshan Li;Jinhua Mou;Mengyao Zhang;Cunkai Lou;Yifei Lu;Weihong Chen;Hao Lin;Yifan Qin;Zhihai Liu;Longxiang Guo;Liang Zhang;Heping Shen;Libo Yuan","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3618650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3618650","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed-feedback fiber lasers (DFB-FLs) based sensors have achieved great performance in strain sensing for realizing the resolution to pico-level, while higher strain resolution is still very challenging. In this paper, we propose an optical injection phase-lock loop (OIPLL) for ultrahigh resolution DFB-FL-based strain sensor. A narrow linewidth laser tracks the gained Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) error signal enabling self-compensation for quasi-static strain sensing, which is generated from DFB-FL by combing the optical injection-locking (OIL) and PDH technique. Meanwhile, with an acousto-optic modulator’s (AOM’s) frequency shifter from the narrow linewidth laser, a sideband laser is beating with the DFB-FL to frequency-offset lock to a helical bandpass filter (HBPF), as an absolute frequency reference, through an optical phase-locked loop (OPLL) based on amplitude detection (AmD). In strain experiments, a high quasi-strain spectral resolution of 7.89 pϵ/√Hz at 10 Hz with OIL path is obtained, and an ultrahigh dynamic strain spectral resolution of 124.88 fϵ/√Hz at 100 Hz and better than 100 fϵ/√Hz over 1 kHz with OPLL path is achieved at the same time. Under the quasi-static strain operating, the temporal dynamic strain resolution of 99.7 pϵ in 60 s is realized. Due to the high strain resolution, the proposed strain sensor appears to be extremely auspicious for applications in geophysical research.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 24","pages":"11112-11118"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The detection of carbon dioxide (CO2) is important for environmental protection. This paper proposes a CO2 sensor based on ZIF-8 functionalized evanescent wave coupled fiber Bragg grating (FBG). The sensor is constructed by coupling a multimode fiber (MMF) with a single-mode FBG, resulting in a comb - like structure spectrum and generating a strong evanescent field in the FBG region. A ZIF-8 thin film with a thickness of approximately 132 nm is coated. After ZIF-8 absorbs CO2, its refractive index increases, the intensity of the evanescent wave in the grating region is enhanced, leading to a decrease in the effective refractive index of the optical fiber. The FBG transmission spectrum produces a sensitive blue shift, and the wavelength variation has a power - function relationship with the CO2 concentration, thus realizing CO2 detection. A rapid detection method is proposed, which can quickly determine within 20 seconds in the range of 0–20% CO2 concentration. In addition, the sensor has good selectivity for CO2; when applied to automobile exhaust detection, it accurately judges that the CO2 concentration in the exhaust of a 15-year-old car exceeds the standard, while the other vehicles meet the standard.The sensor has the advantages of high sensitivity, fast response and simple preparation, providing an effective solution for the rapid monitoring of CO2 in automobile exhaust and the environment.
{"title":"A ZIF-8-Functionalized Evanescent Wave Coupled Optical Fiber Bragg Grating for CO2 Detection","authors":"Haibo Sun;Xinrui Chen;Weihan Li;Shimeng Chen;Xuhui Zhang;Man Wang;Yun Liu;Wei Peng","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3619039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3619039","url":null,"abstract":"The detection of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) is important for environmental protection. This paper proposes a CO<sub>2</sub> sensor based on ZIF-8 functionalized evanescent wave coupled fiber Bragg grating (FBG). The sensor is constructed by coupling a multimode fiber (MMF) with a single-mode FBG, resulting in a comb - like structure spectrum and generating a strong evanescent field in the FBG region. A ZIF-8 thin film with a thickness of approximately 132 nm is coated. After ZIF-8 absorbs CO<sub>2</sub>, its refractive index increases, the intensity of the evanescent wave in the grating region is enhanced, leading to a decrease in the effective refractive index of the optical fiber. The FBG transmission spectrum produces a sensitive blue shift, and the wavelength variation has a power - function relationship with the CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, thus realizing CO<sub>2</sub> detection. A rapid detection method is proposed, which can quickly determine within 20 seconds in the range of 0–20% CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. In addition, the sensor has good selectivity for CO<sub>2</sub>; when applied to automobile exhaust detection, it accurately judges that the CO<sub>2</sub> concentration in the exhaust of a 15-year-old car exceeds the standard, while the other vehicles meet the standard.The sensor has the advantages of high sensitivity, fast response and simple preparation, providing an effective solution for the rapid monitoring of CO<sub>2</sub> in automobile exhaust and the environment.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 24","pages":"11152-11158"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A dual-wavelength parity-time (PT) symmetric Brillouin fiber laser (BFL) with asymmetric rings is proposed and experimentally verified. Two single-mode fibers (SMFs) of 10 km and 1 km length, differing by 74 MHz in Brillouin frequency shift, are used to generate two highly coherent laser wavelengths of λ1 and λ2, respectively. Both of them achieve Vernier effect and PT symmetry in an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder structure ring cavity, which mainly composed of a 10 km long ring (LR), 1 km short ring (SR) and a polarization beam splitter (PBS). Specifically, PBS divides λ1 and λ2 both into two orthogonal polarized beams, enabling each to achieve their own PT symmetry in the asymmetric rings. λ1 experience gain in LR whereas loss in SR, with the reverse occurring for λ1. Tuning the polarization state to balance each wavelength’s gain and loss above the coupling threshold, PT symmetry is broken, thereby enabling single longitudinal mode (SLM) simultaneous operation of dual-wavelength. In contrast to existing PT symmetric BFL, this design employs asymmetric rings to prove the same ring can realize the existence of completely opposite and independently gain/loss states for different wavelength, ultimately producing two ultra-narrow linewidth SLM outputs. In the experiment, the dual-wavelength BFL demonstrated narrow linewidths of 4.1 Hz and 83 Hz, with a maximum side mode suppression ratio of 58.1 dB and an optical signal to noise ratio enhanced to 74 dB. Over a 20-minute period, the frequency and power fluctuations of λ1 and λ2 remain below ±135.8 kHz and ±0.87 dB. Furthermore, the beat microwave signal derived from the dual-wavelength output exhibits exceptional frequency stability, enabled by minimal differential phase noise between the two emissions.
{"title":"Dual-Wavelength Parity-Time Symmetric Brillouin Fiber Laser With Asymmetric Rings","authors":"Qing Yan;Lei Yu;Xulei Yang;Huijie Wang;Mingxing Li;Zepeng Wu;Wenjun He;Yajun You;Yi Liu;Xiujian Chou","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3618101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3618101","url":null,"abstract":"A dual-wavelength parity-time (PT) symmetric Brillouin fiber laser (BFL) with asymmetric rings is proposed and experimentally verified. Two single-mode fibers (SMFs) of 10 km and 1 km length, differing by 74 MHz in Brillouin frequency shift, are used to generate two highly coherent laser wavelengths of λ<sub>1</sub> and λ<sub>2</sub>, respectively. Both of them achieve Vernier effect and PT symmetry in an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder structure ring cavity, which mainly composed of a 10 km long ring (LR), 1 km short ring (SR) and a polarization beam splitter (PBS). Specifically, PBS divides λ<sub>1</sub> and λ<sub>2</sub> both into two orthogonal polarized beams, enabling each to achieve their own PT symmetry in the asymmetric rings. λ<sub>1</sub> experience gain in LR whereas loss in SR, with the reverse occurring for λ<sub>1</sub>. Tuning the polarization state to balance each wavelength’s gain and loss above the coupling threshold, PT symmetry is broken, thereby enabling single longitudinal mode (SLM) simultaneous operation of dual-wavelength. In contrast to existing PT symmetric BFL, this design employs asymmetric rings to prove the same ring can realize the existence of completely opposite and independently gain/loss states for different wavelength, ultimately producing two ultra-narrow linewidth SLM outputs. In the experiment, the dual-wavelength BFL demonstrated narrow linewidths of 4.1 Hz and 83 Hz, with a maximum side mode suppression ratio of 58.1 dB and an optical signal to noise ratio enhanced to 74 dB. Over a 20-minute period, the frequency and power fluctuations of λ<sub>1</sub> and λ<sub>2</sub> remain below ±135.8 kHz and ±0.87 dB. Furthermore, the beat microwave signal derived from the dual-wavelength output exhibits exceptional frequency stability, enabled by minimal differential phase noise between the two emissions.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 24","pages":"11058-11066"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
All polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber figure-9 lasers have shown great potential in industrial and scientific applications. However, according to the prerequisite of sufficient nonlinear phase shift, a relatively high self-starting pump threshold is typically required, making the increasing of fundamental repetition rate challenging. In this paper, we report on the study of the pump reduction using an active method enabled by multifunctional piezoelectric actuation, which can simultaneously reduce the self-starting pump threshold by half, and lock the repetition rate of the mode-locked pulses. By applying a square-wave modulation to the piezoelectric transducer (PZT), the pump threshold decreases from ∼512 mW to 260 mW. The underlying mechanism of the reduction of the self-starting pump threshold is further studied with single-shot spectroscopy implemented with dispersive Fourier transform, and we find that the relaxation oscillation plays a significant role. In stable mode-locking, the PZT is configurated to stabilize the fundamental repetition rate of the mode-locked pulses, and experimentally achieves a repetition-rate fluctuation with a standard deviation of ∼340 μHz and in-loop relative frequency stability of 7 × 10−12 (1-s gating time). We anticipate that this approach can be a promising method for further improving the performance of all-PM fiber figure-9 laser.
{"title":"Study on the Pump Reduction of All-Polarization-Maintaining Fiber Figure-9 Ultrafast Laser Through Active Method","authors":"Jiangli Dong;Minjie Pan;Yan Zeng;Zihan Li;Luyi Wang;Yalong Liu;Ou Xu;Changsheng Yang;Wei Lin;Songnian Fu;Yuwen Qin","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3618154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3618154","url":null,"abstract":"All polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber figure-9 lasers have shown great potential in industrial and scientific applications. However, according to the prerequisite of sufficient nonlinear phase shift, a relatively high self-starting pump threshold is typically required, making the increasing of fundamental repetition rate challenging. In this paper, we report on the study of the pump reduction using an active method enabled by multifunctional piezoelectric actuation, which can simultaneously reduce the self-starting pump threshold by half, and lock the repetition rate of the mode-locked pulses. By applying a square-wave modulation to the piezoelectric transducer (PZT), the pump threshold decreases from ∼512 mW to 260 mW. The underlying mechanism of the reduction of the self-starting pump threshold is further studied with single-shot spectroscopy implemented with dispersive Fourier transform, and we find that the relaxation oscillation plays a significant role. In stable mode-locking, the PZT is configurated to stabilize the fundamental repetition rate of the mode-locked pulses, and experimentally achieves a repetition-rate fluctuation with a standard deviation of ∼340 μHz and in-loop relative frequency stability of 7 × 10<sup>−12</sup> (1-s gating time). We anticipate that this approach can be a promising method for further improving the performance of all-PM fiber figure-9 laser.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 24","pages":"11020-11026"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-02DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3617131
Yi Liu;Wajahat Ali;Rui Chen;Nikolaos Bamiedakis;Ian H. White;Harald Haas;Michael Crisp;Richard V. Penty
A 5 × 5 VCSEL array-based optical wireless communication multi-beam transmitter is designed and simulated. Each element of the array addresses a separate spatial attocell. A microlens-array based homogenizer achieves uniform coverage at the receiver plane from each multi-mode VCSEL output. 1 m2 total coverage is achieved with each attocell covering an area of 400 cm2 at a range of 3 m. For a proof-of-concept demonstration a 1 × 3 channel VCSEL array-based transmitter prototype is experimentally tested. The performance is verified by demonstrating three channels achieving ∼0.12 mW/m2 uniform power with negligible optical interference to adjacent attocells (<−14>4 Gb/s within 12 cm lateral range at 3 m. The transmitter meets eye-safety restrictions and could be scaled to 250 Gb/s aggregate data rate by employing all 25 VCSELs with independent OFDM modulation.
{"title":"A Scalable VCSEL-Array Optical Wireless Transmitter With Experimental Multi-Beam Prototype","authors":"Yi Liu;Wajahat Ali;Rui Chen;Nikolaos Bamiedakis;Ian H. White;Harald Haas;Michael Crisp;Richard V. Penty","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3617131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3617131","url":null,"abstract":"A 5 × 5 VCSEL array-based optical wireless communication multi-beam transmitter is designed and simulated. Each element of the array addresses a separate spatial attocell. A microlens-array based homogenizer achieves uniform coverage at the receiver plane from each multi-mode VCSEL output. 1 m<sup>2</sup> total coverage is achieved with each attocell covering an area of 400 cm<sup>2</sup> at a range of 3 m. For a proof-of-concept demonstration a 1 × 3 channel VCSEL array-based transmitter prototype is experimentally tested. The performance is verified by demonstrating three channels achieving ∼0.12 mW/m<sup>2</sup> uniform power with negligible optical interference to adjacent attocells (<−14>4 Gb/s within 12 cm lateral range at 3 m. The transmitter meets eye-safety restrictions and could be scaled to 250 Gb/s aggregate data rate by employing all 25 VCSELs with independent OFDM modulation.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 23","pages":"10591-10597"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3615933
Yanxi Wang;Xiaolan Li;Yinping Miao;Wangyang Nie
Visible light detection plays a significant role in communication, Remote Sensing, phototherapy, photodiagnosis, and security Fields. In this work, a novel visible light detector is proposed based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and polydimethylsiloxane (MWCNTs/PDMS) mixed polymer modified optical microfiber coupler (OMC) working at the dispersion turning point (DTP). The position of the DTP can be controllably adjusted by optimizing the concentration of the mixed polymer and the waist diameter of OMC. The theoretical and experimental results show that the DTP was around 1500 nm when the concentration of MWCNTs/PDMS hybrid polymers was 1 mg/mL and the waist diameter of the OMC was 6.2 μm, which is much larger than those in the prior methods to tune DTP and boost the device’s toughness. Benefiting from the photothermal effect of MWCNTs, the high thermo-optic coefficient of PDMS and the high refractive index sensitivity near the DTP, the proposed sensor achieves a high sensitivity of −0.322 nm/mW (22.80 nm/(W·cm−2)) under 405 nm light illuminate, with response times of 0.57 s (rise time) and 0.4 s (fall time), respectively. The proposed device demonstrates exceptional photodetection sensitivity, remarkable stability, and potential application in the fields of vehicle communication and healthcare.
{"title":"MWCNTs /PDMS Mixed Polymer-Modified Optical Microfiber Coupler to Tune the Dispersion Turning Point for Enhancing High Sensitivity Visible Light Detection","authors":"Yanxi Wang;Xiaolan Li;Yinping Miao;Wangyang Nie","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3615933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3615933","url":null,"abstract":"Visible light detection plays a significant role in communication, Remote Sensing, phototherapy, photodiagnosis, and security Fields. In this work, a novel visible light detector is proposed based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and polydimethylsiloxane (MWCNTs/PDMS) mixed polymer modified optical microfiber coupler (OMC) working at the dispersion turning point (DTP). The position of the DTP can be controllably adjusted by optimizing the concentration of the mixed polymer and the waist diameter of OMC. The theoretical and experimental results show that the DTP was around 1500 nm when the concentration of MWCNTs/PDMS hybrid polymers was 1 mg/mL and the waist diameter of the OMC was 6.2 <italic>μ</i>m, which is much larger than those in the prior methods to tune DTP and boost the device’s toughness. Benefiting from the photothermal effect of MWCNTs, the high thermo-optic coefficient of PDMS and the high refractive index sensitivity near the DTP, the proposed sensor achieves a high sensitivity of −0.322 nm/mW (22.80 nm/(W·cm<sup>−2</sup>)) under 405 nm light illuminate, with response times of 0.57 s (rise time) and 0.4 s (fall time), respectively. The proposed device demonstrates exceptional photodetection sensitivity, remarkable stability, and potential application in the fields of vehicle communication and healthcare.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 23","pages":"10734-10739"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145584669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antimony-based superlattice (SL) interband cascade photodetectors (ICIPs) have shown great potential for mid-infrared high-frequency systems. However, the multiple-stage architecture that benefits high speed operation is one of the main factors hampering the device optical output performance. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication, characterization, and analysis of a current-matched high-speed ICIP based on InAs/GaSb type-II SLs. Optimized multiple-stage architecture enhances incident photons utilization efficiency. Carefully designed electrode structures reduce the parasitic RC time constant. The fabricated ICIP achieves a 7.16 GHz 3 dB bandwidth at –2.7 V with a saturation output current of 6.78 mA. These results validate the potential of ICIPs to achieve both high-capacity signal output and fast response, providing a technical foundation for emerging fields such as mid-infrared communications, autonomous driving sensing, and beyond.
{"title":"Fabrication and Research of High Speed and High Saturation Mid-Wave Interband Cascade Infrared Photodetectors","authors":"Yong Li;Zefeng Chen;Xiaomin Huang;Ying Yu;Yunjiang Jin;Siyuan Yu","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3615939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3615939","url":null,"abstract":"Antimony-based superlattice (SL) interband cascade photodetectors (ICIPs) have shown great potential for mid-infrared high-frequency systems. However, the multiple-stage architecture that benefits high speed operation is one of the main factors hampering the device optical output performance. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication, characterization, and analysis of a current-matched high-speed ICIP based on InAs/GaSb type-II SLs. Optimized multiple-stage architecture enhances incident photons utilization efficiency. Carefully designed electrode structures reduce the parasitic RC time constant. The fabricated ICIP achieves a 7.16 GHz 3 dB bandwidth at –2.7 V with a saturation output current of 6.78 mA. These results validate the potential of ICIPs to achieve both high-capacity signal output and fast response, providing a technical foundation for emerging fields such as mid-infrared communications, autonomous driving sensing, and beyond.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 23","pages":"10605-10612"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145584680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mode-division multiplexing (MDM) leverages the orthogonality of multimode waveguide eigenmodes to increase optical communication capacity. Mode order converters (MOCs), as a crucial component in MDM systems, play an essential role in enabling controlled mode excitation and conversion. However, existing MOCs encounter limitations in generating and detecting high-order modes, which hinder the scalability of MDM systems. We address these limitations by employing subwavelength metasurfaces to precisely manipulate higher-order mode. This approach demonstrates a unified architecture capable of achieving longitudinal, horizontal, parallel, polarized parallel, and partial pass-through transformations using identical fundamental cell structures. It not only enhances the diversity of single-mode manipulation but also achieves scalability for multiple spatial mode conversions. The symmetric MOC design reduces the original operating requirements by nearly 70% through symmetric boundary conditions. Meanwhile, simulations have shown the spaced cascaded asymmetric directional coupler (ADC) achieves more than twice the bandwidth characterization of the original results (the bandwidth expands from 160 nm to 370 nm), effectively reducing errors in traditional testing systems. Experiments on five fabricated MOCs validates excellent bandwidth (almost all >100 nm), compact footprints (5.695–12.07 μm), and superior scalability. Numerical simulations further verify extended operation to high-order MOCs (TE0 to TE8, TE1 to TE9, TE1 to TE21), with maintained performance (Length < 4.53 μm, BW10dB >265 nm). The system’s viability is demonstrated through clear 64 Gbps eye diagrams, establishing the capacity for high-speed optical communication.
{"title":"Symmetry-Engineered Subwavelength Metasurfaces for Scalable Mode Order Conversion and Multiplexing","authors":"Enze Zhou;Yaohui Sun;Qichao Wang;Dongyu Wang;Wanghua Zhu;Haoyu Zhang;Qiyue Yang;Jingzhou Sun;Guohua Hu;Binfeng Yun;Yiping Cui","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3615204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3615204","url":null,"abstract":"Mode-division multiplexing (MDM) leverages the orthogonality of multimode waveguide eigenmodes to increase optical communication capacity. Mode order converters (MOCs), as a crucial component in MDM systems, play an essential role in enabling controlled mode excitation and conversion. However, existing MOCs encounter limitations in generating and detecting high-order modes, which hinder the scalability of MDM systems. We address these limitations by employing subwavelength metasurfaces to precisely manipulate higher-order mode. This approach demonstrates a unified architecture capable of achieving longitudinal, horizontal, parallel, polarized parallel, and partial pass-through transformations using identical fundamental cell structures. It not only enhances the diversity of single-mode manipulation but also achieves scalability for multiple spatial mode conversions. The symmetric MOC design reduces the original operating requirements by nearly 70% through symmetric boundary conditions. Meanwhile, simulations have shown the spaced cascaded asymmetric directional coupler (ADC) achieves more than twice the bandwidth characterization of the original results (the bandwidth expands from 160 nm to 370 nm), effectively reducing errors in traditional testing systems. Experiments on five fabricated MOCs validates excellent bandwidth (almost all >100 nm), compact footprints (5.695–12.07 μm), and superior scalability. Numerical simulations further verify extended operation to high-order MOCs (TE<sub>0</sub> to TE<sub>8</sub>, TE<sub>1</sub> to TE<sub>9</sub>, TE<sub>1</sub> to TE<sub>21</sub>), with maintained performance (Length < 4.53 μm, BW<sub>10dB</sub> >265 nm). The system’s viability is demonstrated through clear 64 Gbps eye diagrams, establishing the capacity for high-speed optical communication.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 23","pages":"10630-10643"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145584590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose and demonstrate a compact high-dimensional optical switch based on a single microring resonator (MRR). By fabricating dual-coupled (DC) structures in the MRR, we achieve two-dimensional routing (with 4 switching ports) within a compact footprint of only 64.5 × 89.5 μm2. Our switch exhibits an insertion loss below 1.00 dB, and isolation ranging from 9.81 dB to 17 dB. Furthermore, through optimized DC-area design, the footprint can be further reduced. Additionally, by increasing the number of DCs, the optical switch can be flexibly scaled to higher dimensions. Our scheme can significantly reduce the size of on-chip optical interconnects, facilitating the development of large-scale ONoCs.
{"title":"Compact High-Dimensional Switch Based on a Single Microring Resonator","authors":"Shasha Liao;Yikang Yao;Yejun Liu;Xingchen Fan;Yingfei Chen;Lei Guo","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3614645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3614645","url":null,"abstract":"We propose and demonstrate a compact high-dimensional optical switch based on a single microring resonator (MRR). By fabricating dual-coupled (DC) structures in the MRR, we achieve two-dimensional routing (with 4 switching ports) within a compact footprint of only 64.5 × 89.5 μm<sup>2</sup>. Our switch exhibits an insertion loss below 1.00 dB, and isolation ranging from 9.81 dB to 17 dB. Furthermore, through optimized DC-area design, the footprint can be further reduced. Additionally, by increasing the number of DCs, the optical switch can be flexibly scaled to higher dimensions. Our scheme can significantly reduce the size of on-chip optical interconnects, facilitating the development of large-scale ONoCs.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"43 23","pages":"10598-10604"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-24DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2025.3613843
Dmitry A. Korobko;Valeria A. Ribenek;Pavel A. Itrin;Galina V. Tertyshnikova;Andrei A. Fotiadi
Long-range soliton interactions governed by the gain depletion and recovery (GDR) mechanism in polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) lasers are investigated both numerically and experimentally. We show that the direction and magnitude of the interaction forces strongly depend on the stage of cooperative evolution of solitons and dispersive waves within the gain fiber. The GDR mechanism enables control over soliton interactions by varying the position of the saturable absorber (SA) inside the cavity. In particular, placing the SA directly after the gain fiber promotes attractive forces, transforming the laser into a generator of bound solitons or soliton bunches. In contrast, selecting an optimal separation between the SA and the gain fiber enhances repulsive inter-soliton interactions and enables harmonic mode-locking (HML) with multi-GHz pulse repetition rates and improved stability. The results of numerical simulations are in good agreement with experimental observations.
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