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Revisiting the structures and energies of β-SiC $$leftlangle {001} rightrangle$$ symmetric tilt grain boundaries 重新审视 β-SiC $$leftlangle {001} rightrangle$$ 对称倾斜晶界的结构和能量
IF 2.7 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-024-01375-9
Liang Wang, Lei Zhang, Wenshan Yu

Structures and energetics of grain boundaries (GBs) can significantly modulate various properties of polycrystals. Previous studies focus on the ground-state GB structures of β-SiC while the metastable states are poorly understood. Herein, atomistic simulations are employed to generate metastable structures for a series of (leftlangle {001} rightrangle) symmetric tilt GBs in β-SiC. Structural units (SUs) based on the edge dislocation core structures are defined to characterize the GB structures. All GB structures can be divided into four types according to their different constituent SUs. Various distributions, orderings and combinations of SUs can generate multiple metastable structures with different GB energies. Furthermore, our calculations of low-angle GB energies agree well with the theoretical predictions based on the continuum elasticity theory. Our findings not only enhance the fundamental understanding of the (meta)stable grain boundary energetics and structural characteristics but also have significant implications for micro-structure design and grain boundary engineering in polycrystalline SiC.

Graphical abstract

晶界(GB)的结构和能量能显著调节多晶体的各种特性。以往的研究主要集中于β-SiC的基态晶界结构,而对其蜕变态却知之甚少。在此,我们采用原子模拟的方法生成了一系列β-SiC中的(左/角{001} 右/角)对称倾斜GB的可迁移结构。根据边缘位错核心结构定义了结构单元(SU),以表征国标结构。根据不同的组成 SU,所有 GB 结构可分为四种类型。SU的不同分布、排序和组合可产生具有不同GB能量的多种可迁移结构。此外,我们对低角度 GB 能量的计算与基于连续弹性理论的理论预测非常吻合。我们的发现不仅加深了对(元)稳定晶界能量和结构特征的基本理解,而且对多晶 SiC 的微结构设计和晶界工程具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
A comparative investigation on the development of porous-structured Akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7) via ball milling, sol–gel, and combination (hybrid) process for orthopedic applications 通过球磨、溶胶-凝胶和组合(混合)工艺开发骨科用多孔结构赤铁矿(Ca2MgSi2O7)的比较研究
IF 2.7 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-024-01378-6
M. Girija, T. Sampath Kumar

Biomedical material advancements have resulted in an increasing demand for innovative and high-performance Akermanite (AKT-Ca2MgSi2O7) ceramics developed for a diverse range of uses. This study conducts a comparative analysis and development of porous AKT structures, employing three distinct synthesis methods: ball milling, sol–gel, and a combining both processes. The objective is to evaluate the microstructural properties, porosity levels, mechanical strength, and bioactivity of the AKT. XRD study confirms the phase purity at 1300 °C, and FT-IR identified the respective functional groups present in the material composition. SEM analysis revealed the porous structure (~ 3–6 μm) of AKT samples, which had a uniform distribution. The results suggest that the combination process enhances the structural and functional properties of Akermanite. Biomineralization study reveals that hydroxyapatite formation was attained after 21 days. The achieved compressive strength is 193 ± 5 MPa. The outcome of the antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli test strains suggests that viable material for orthopedic applications.

Graphical abstract

生物医学材料的发展导致对创新型高性能阿克曼石(AKT-Ca2MgSi2O7)陶瓷的需求不断增加,这种陶瓷可用于多种用途。本研究采用球磨、溶胶-凝胶和两种工艺相结合的三种不同合成方法,对多孔 AKT 结构进行了比较分析和开发。目的是评估 AKT 的微观结构特性、孔隙率水平、机械强度和生物活性。XRD 研究证实了 1300 °C 时的相纯度,傅立叶变换红外光谱则确定了材料成分中各自存在的官能团。扫描电子显微镜分析表明,AKT 样品具有多孔结构(约 3-6 μm),且分布均匀。结果表明,组合过程增强了赤铁矿的结构和功能特性。生物矿化研究表明,21 天后羟基磷灰石形成。抗压强度为 193 ± 5 兆帕。对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌试验菌株的抗菌活性结果表明,这种材料可用于骨科应用。
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引用次数: 0
Lamellar structures in directionally solidified naphthalene suspensions 定向固化萘悬浮液中的层状结构
IF 2.7 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-024-01381-x
Kristen L. Scotti, Peter W. Voorhees, David C. Dunand

To investigate naphthalene as a suspending fluid for freeze-casting applications, sterically stabilized suspensions of copper microparticles suspended in liquid naphthalene are directionally solidified in a Bridgman furnace. Colonies of nearly particle-free naphthalene lamellae, interspersed with particle-enriched interlamellar regions, are predominantly aligned in the direction of the imposed thermal gradient. As furnace translation velocities decrease from 80 to 6.5 μm s−1, the thickness of naphthalene lamellae increases. For the lowest velocity, a transition to a lensing microstructure (with naphthalene bands aligned perpendicular to the solidification direction) is observed in central regions of samples. For all velocities, the naphthalene lamellae show (i) secondary dendritic arms on one of their sides and (ii) are thinnest within core regions relative to peripheral regions (closest to the crucible walls). Together, these observations suggest the presence of buoyancy-driven convection during solidification.

Graphical Abstract

为了研究萘作为悬浮液在冷冻铸造中的应用,悬浮在液态萘中的铜微颗粒的立体稳定悬浮液在布里奇曼炉中定向凝固。几乎不含颗粒的萘层状菌落与富含颗粒的层间区域相间,主要沿施加的热梯度方向排列。当熔炉平移速度从 80 μm s-1 降低到 6.5 μm s-1 时,萘薄片的厚度增加。在速度最低的情况下,在样品的中心区域观察到向透镜微观结构的过渡(萘带垂直于凝固方向排列)。在所有速度下,萘层状结构(i)在其一侧显示出二级树枝状臂,(ii)相对于外围区域(最靠近坩埚壁),核心区域的萘层状结构最薄。这些观察结果表明,在凝固过程中存在浮力驱动的对流。
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引用次数: 0
Molten flux growth of single crystals of quasi-1D hexagonal chalcogenide BaTiS3 准一维六方铬化钛(BaTiS3)单晶的熔融流体生长
IF 2.7 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-024-01379-5
Huandong Chen, Shantanu Singh, Hongyan Mei, Guodong Ren, Boyang Zhao, Mythili Surendran, Yan-Ting Wang, Rohan Mishra, Mikhail A. Kats, Jayakanth Ravichandran

BaTiS3, a quasi-1D complex chalcogenide, has gathered considerable scientific and technological interest due to its giant optical anisotropy and electronic phase transitions. However, the synthesis of high-quality BaTiS3 crystals, particularly those featuring crystal sizes of millimeters or larger, remains a challenge. Here, we investigate the growth of BaTiS3 crystals utilizing a molten salt flux of either potassium iodide, or a mixture of barium chloride and barium iodide. The crystals obtained through this method exhibit a substantial increase in volume compared to those synthesized via the chemical vapor transport method, while preserving their intrinsic optical and electronic properties. Our flux growth method provides a promising route toward the production of high-quality, large-scale single crystals of BaTiS3, which will greatly facilitate advanced characterizations of BaTiS3 and its practical applications that require large crystal dimensions. Additionally, our approach offers an alternative synthetic route for other emerging complex chalcogenides.

Graphical Abstract

BaTiS3 是一种准一维复合钙钛矿,由于其巨大的光学各向异性和电子相变,已经引起了科学和技术界的极大兴趣。然而,合成高质量的 BaTiS3 晶体,尤其是那些晶体尺寸达到或超过毫米的晶体,仍然是一项挑战。在此,我们研究了利用碘化钾或氯化钡和碘化钡混合物的熔盐通量生长 BaTiS3 晶体的方法。与通过化学气相传输方法合成的晶体相比,通过这种方法获得的晶体在保持其固有光学和电子特性的同时,体积也有大幅增加。我们的通量生长方法为生产高质量、大规模的 BaTiS3 单晶体提供了一条很有前景的途径,这将极大地促进 BaTiS3 的高级表征及其需要大晶体尺寸的实际应用。此外,我们的方法还为其他新兴的复杂钙钛矿提供了另一条合成路线。
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引用次数: 0
Characteristic investigation of carbon/ceramic-based functionally graded multilayered composite materials 碳/陶瓷基功能分级多层复合材料的特性研究
IF 2.7 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-024-01376-8
Arunkumar Thirugnanasamabandam, Ramasamy Nallamuthu

This research article focused on 3D-printed multilayered polymer composite materials, with a particular emphasis on ceramic and carbon polymer composite materials. To evaluate the mechanical performance of a multilayered composite structure, ceramic polymer composite (CPC) materials were used layer by layer with carbon-reinforced polymer composite (CRPC) layers. Tensile, compression, flexural, and differential scanning calorimetry tests were carried out on 3D-printed CPC, CRPC, and Functionally Graded Multilayered Material (FGMLM) composite structures. The results indicated that FGMLM laminates exhibited increases of 12.4%, 6.4%, and 9.8% in tensile, flexural, and compressive strength, respectively, compared with CRPC laminates; these experimental values were validated by finite element analysis. Further, fractography analysis of the FGMLM was carried out using scanning electron microscopy to provide insights into the structural characteristics. It was indicated that strong interfacial bonding was found between the laminated carbon and ceramic layers.

Graphical Abstract

本文的研究重点是三维打印多层聚合物复合材料,尤其是陶瓷和碳聚合物复合材料。为了评估多层复合材料结构的机械性能,陶瓷聚合物复合材料(CPC)与碳增强聚合物复合材料(CRPC)被逐层使用。对 3D 打印的 CPC、CRPC 和功能分级多层材料(FGMLM)复合结构进行了拉伸、压缩、弯曲和差示扫描量热试验。结果表明,与 CRPC 层压板相比,FGMLM 层压板的拉伸强度、抗弯强度和抗压强度分别提高了 12.4%、6.4% 和 9.8%;这些实验值通过有限元分析得到了验证。此外,还利用扫描电子显微镜对 FGMLM 进行了断口分析,以深入了解其结构特征。结果表明,层压碳层和陶瓷层之间的界面结合力很强。
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引用次数: 0
Cu–CoNiFe multilayered stack for low- and intermediate-frequency magnetic shielding 用于低频和中频磁屏蔽的铜-钴-镍-铁多层叠片
IF 2.7 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-06-25 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-024-01377-7
Ghaleb Saleh Ghaleb Al-Duhni, Veeru Jaiswal, Mudit Khasgiwala, John L. Volakis, Markondeya Raj Pulugurtha

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding has been a fundamental challenge because of the low wave impedances with monolithic metallic shields at low frequencies. Multilayered structures are considered an alternative to traditional monolithic shielding materials. This paper investigates such multilayered conductors of cobalt–nickel–iron alloy (CoNiFe) and copper (Cu) to illustrate their superiority over conventional monolithic shields. Modeling, simulations, and measurements demonstrate improved shielding when multilayered stacks are used against magnetic field sources. Furthermore, the stack-ups have excellent shielding even with a thickness of 5 µm. At least 40 dB of additional shielding effectiveness is achieved across 30–1000 MHz as compared to single-layer shielding from monolithic Cu of the same thickness. These innovative stack-ups also exhibit superior shielding when compared to multilayered stacks and shielding materials in literature. Additionally, these stack-ups are fabricated using standard substrate processes such as electroplating. Consequently, this approach becomes commercially viable and applicable to future electronic systems.

Graphical abstract

电磁干扰(EMI)屏蔽一直是一项基本挑战,因为在低频下,单片金属屏蔽的波阻抗较低。多层结构被认为是传统单片屏蔽材料的替代品。本文研究了这种由钴镍铁合金(CoNiFe)和铜(Cu)组成的多层导体,以说明其优于传统的单片屏蔽材料。建模、模拟和测量结果表明,当使用多层叠层对磁场源进行屏蔽时,屏蔽效果会得到改善。此外,即使厚度为 5 微米,叠层屏蔽效果也非常出色。与相同厚度的单片铜的单层屏蔽相比,在 30-1000 兆赫范围内至少增加了 40 分贝的屏蔽效果。与文献中的多层叠层和屏蔽材料相比,这些创新叠层也显示出卓越的屏蔽效果。此外,这些叠层还可使用电镀等标准基底工艺制作。因此,这种方法具有商业可行性,适用于未来的电子系统。
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引用次数: 0
On suppression of chip segmentation during cutting of Ti–6Al–4V alloy through control of texture rather than ductility 通过控制纹理而非延展性来抑制 Ti-6Al-4V 合金切削过程中的切屑分割
IF 2.7 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-024-01371-z
Karthik Palaniappan, H. Murthy, Balkrishna C. Rao

Understanding the crystallographic texture is of paramount importance for the suppression of segmentation in chips with refined microstructure in Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Segmentation is pronounced at all cutting speeds thereby hindering grain refinement in chips. This study illustrates that the crystallographic texture, not ductility, controls the segmentation in chips. The initial workpiece texture is modified by cold-rolling to 30% and 40% thickness reduction prior to cutting. The microstructure of chips revealed a gradual transformation of morphology from segmented to continuous. The suppression of chip segmentation stems from the texture of the workpiece. Texture studies of workpieces have revealed that the sheets exhibited a strong transverse texture which gradually becomes weak during cold-rolling. The weak transverse texture rather than ductility, obtained from the tensile experiments, is responsible for the continuous shear in chips.

Graphical abstract

了解晶体纹理对于抑制 Ti-6Al-4V 合金中具有细化微观结构的切屑中的分段现象至关重要。在所有切削速度下,切段现象都很明显,从而阻碍了切屑中晶粒的细化。本研究说明,控制切屑中细化的是晶体纹理,而不是延展性。在切削之前,通过冷轧将工件厚度减薄 30% 和 40%,从而改变了工件的初始纹理。切屑的微观结构显示,形态从分段逐渐转变为连续。切屑分段的抑制源于工件的纹理。对工件纹理的研究表明,板材具有较强的横向纹理,在冷轧过程中逐渐变弱。造成切屑连续剪切的原因是薄弱的横向纹理,而不是拉伸实验中获得的延展性。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of nitrogen and oxygen co-doping on α to β phase transition in tungsten 氮和氧共同掺杂对钨中 α 至 β 相转变的影响
IF 2.7 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-024-01362-0
Ananya Chattaraj, Aloke Kanjilal, Vijay Kumar

β-W is a potential candidate for spintronic devices, but its formation is a challenge as it is metastable and is stabilized by O doping. Here, using ab initio calculations, we study N doping in W and find it to favor octahedral interstitial sites in α-W but tetrahedral interstitial sites in β-W. The solution energy of N in both α- and β-W is endothermic that makes a transition from α to β-W difficult. However, calculations on interaction of N and N2 on small clusters of W for reactive deposition of W films show that N2 dissociates on W clusters leading to the incorporation of N in the W film. Further ab initio molecular dynamics simulations on N and O co-doping in α- and β-W show that the β phase becomes energetically favorable over α-W making it possible to form β-W with low O doping and its applications in devices.

Graphical abstract

β-W是自旋电子器件的潜在候选材料,但它的形成是一个挑战,因为它是易陨落的,需要通过掺杂O来稳定。在此,我们利用 ab initio 计算研究了 W 中的 N 掺杂,发现它有利于 α-W 中的八面体间隙位点,但有利于 β-W 中的四面体间隙位点。N 在 α- 和 β-W 中的溶解能都是内热的,这使得从 α 到 β-W 的转变变得困难。然而,对用于反应沉积 W 薄膜的小 W 簇上的 N 和 N2 的相互作用进行的计算表明,N2 在 W 簇上解离,导致 N 加入 W 薄膜中。关于 N 和 O 在 α- 和 β-W 中共同掺杂的进一步 ab initio 分子动力学模拟表明,β 相在能量上比 α-W 更有利,从而有可能形成低 O 掺杂的 β-W,并将其应用于设备中。
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引用次数: 0
Accelerating the development of Fe–Co–Ni–Cr system HEAs with high hardness by deep learning based on Bayesian optimization 通过基于贝叶斯优化的深度学习加速开发具有高硬度的铁-铜-镍-铬体系 HEAs
IF 2.7 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-024-01370-0
Jiahao Qian, Yang Li, Jialiang Hou, Shaojie Wu, Yun Zou

Machine learning (ML) is progressively supplanting conventional trial-and-error approaches for designing alloys with desirable properties. In this study, four ML regression models were utilized to identify high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with high hardness within the Fe–Co–Ni–Cr system. The Bayesian optimized deep learning (BO-DL) method yielded the highest prediction accuracy (R2 = 0.93). Notably, the BO-DL method is no longer limited to a single HEA system and now can target different alloy systems composed of more elements with reliable prediction results. Furthermore, a genetic algorithm was utilized to search for HEAs with high hardness. The accuracy and reliability of the predictions were experimentally verified. As-cast Fe5Co20Ni10Cr30Al5Ti30 HEA exhibited a remarkable hardness of 890 HV, which is one of the highest for alloys in the Fe–Co–Ni–Cr system. The methodologies and framework proposed in this study can serve as a blueprint for facilitating the design of HEAs.

Graphical Abstract

在设计具有理想特性的合金时,机器学习(ML)正逐步取代传统的试错法。本研究利用四种 ML 回归模型来识别铁-铜-镍-铬体系中具有高硬度的高熵合金 (HEA)。贝叶斯优化深度学习(BO-DL)方法的预测精度最高(R2 = 0.93)。值得注意的是,BO-DL 方法不再局限于单一的 HEA 系统,现在可以针对由更多元素组成的不同合金系统得出可靠的预测结果。此外,还利用遗传算法来寻找高硬度的 HEA。实验验证了预测的准确性和可靠性。铸件 Fe5Co20Ni10Cr30Al5Ti30 HEA 的硬度高达 890 HV,是铁-钴-镍-铬体系中硬度最高的合金之一。本研究提出的方法和框架可作为促进 HEA 设计的蓝图。
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引用次数: 0
Physico-chemical properties and cytotoxicity of gelatin methacryloyl crosslinked with nanoparticle photoinitiator 与纳米粒子光引发剂交联的甲基丙烯酰明胶的物理化学特性和细胞毒性
IF 2.7 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-06-17 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-024-01369-7
Kai-Hung Yang, Yizhong Liu, Shelby A. Skoog, Roger J. Narayan

Diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO) fabricated into nanoparticle form with increased water dispersibility has enabled broader applications for the bioprinting of hydrogel scaffolds. In this study, the use of TPO NP as a photoinitiator for bioprinting gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) was compared with commonly used lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) photoinitiator by assessing the physico-chemical properties, mechanical strength, gelation kinetics, resistance to flow, absorptivity in different solvents, and biological responses. The results demonstrated that the physico-chemical and mechanical properties of the GelMA were similar using LAP and TPO nanoparticles (NP) for crosslinking. The significant cytotoxicity observed in cells exposed to the GelMA with TPO NP suggests that cell-embedded bioprinting may not be feasible and that removal of toxicant may be needed to utilize GelMA scaffolds crosslinked with TPO NP for biological applications. The results of this study provide a framework for future studies that will consider the microstructure and in vitro properties of GelMA.

Graphical Abstract

二苯基(2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基)氧化膦(TPO)被制成纳米颗粒状,具有更高的水分散性,可广泛应用于水凝胶支架的生物打印。本研究将 TPO NP 作为光引发剂用于甲基丙烯酸明胶(GelMA)的生物打印,并与常用的苯基-2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰膦酸锂(LAP)光引发剂进行了比较,评估了其物理化学性质、机械强度、凝胶化动力学、流动阻力、在不同溶剂中的吸收性以及生物反应。结果表明,使用 LAP 和 TPO 纳米粒子(NP)交联的 GelMA 的物理化学和机械性能相似。观察到细胞暴露在含有 TPO NP 的 GelMA 中会产生明显的细胞毒性,这表明细胞嵌入式生物打印可能不可行,要将含有 TPO NP 交联的 GelMA 支架用于生物应用,可能需要去除毒性物质。本研究的结果为今后考虑 GelMA 的微观结构和体外特性的研究提供了一个框架。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Materials Research
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