Pub Date : 2019-02-22DOI: 10.15406/jnmr.2019.07.00199
A. Ashour, M. Aziz, Al Sadek Gomha Melad
It has been estimated that out of 4,22,000 flowering plants reported from the world, more than 50,000 are used for medicinal purposed.1 Since ancient times, bioactive medicinal plants are used in traditional or folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Recently using of phytochemicals is considered to be safer and congenial to the biology of the human body. Medicinal plants are the main source for the preparation and extraction of various modern drugs and pharmaceuticals like saponins. Signs of progress of Phytochemistry have been supported enormously by the rapid development and accumulation of chemical methods of screening of various medicinal plants for particular biochemical usage. The pharmaceutical and medicinal values of the applied medicinal plants are in the bioactive phytochemical constituents that produce specific physiological action on the human body. Some of the most important bioactive constituents are saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Triterpenoid saponins are surface active glycosides of triterpenes that possess a wide, biologically active group of terpenoids and include a large chemical diversity of secondary metabolites with more than different 100 carbon skeletons identified from terrestrial, marine living organisms, and medicinal plants.2 Triterpenoids as a saponin have its own characteristics like cause hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC’s), form persistent froth if shaken with water, and it is soluble in water, alcohol and a mixture of both. These naturally occurring compounds form the backbone of modern medicine or drugs. Saponins are a class of bioorganic compounds found in particular abundance in the plant kingdom. More specifically, they are naturally occurring glycosides described by the soap-like foaming, and consequently, they produce foams when shaken in aqueous solutions. Structurally saponins are having one or more hydrophilic glycoside sugar moieties combined with a lipophilic triterpene molecule.3 Literature shows that saponins exhibit a biological role and medicinal properties such as hemolytic factor4 anti-inflammatory,5 antibacterial,6 antifungal,7 antiviral,8 insecticidal9, anticancer,10 cytotoxic11 and molluscicidal action.12 In addition, saponins are reported to exhibit cholesterol-lowering action in animals and human.13,14 Waheed et al.15 isolated a novel steroidal saponin glycoside from Fagonia indica that can induce cell-selective apoptosis or necrosis in cancer cells. Saponins were considered as a starting precursor for the semi-synthesis of steroidal drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. Sheng et al.16 reviewed the clinical significance of triterpenoid saponins in the prevention and treatment of metabolic and vascular disease. The above medicinal researches and applications reflect the increasing of the interest of saponins as a bionatural source material, but understanding of the relationship between the chemistry of saponins and its medical action is not easy task for many chemists, phy
据估计，在世界上报道的42.2万种开花植物中，有5万多种是药用的自古以来，具有生物活性的药用植物就被用于传统或民间医学中，用于治疗各种疾病。近年来，人们认为植物化学物质的使用更安全，更符合人体的生物学特性。药用植物是制备和提取各种现代药物和皂苷等药物的主要原料。筛选各种药用植物的化学方法的迅速发展和积累，极大地支持了植物化学的进步迹象。所应用药用植物的药学和药用价值在于其对人体产生特定生理作用的生物活性植物化学成分。一些最重要的生物活性成分是皂苷、类黄酮和生物碱。三萜皂苷是三萜的表面活性糖苷，具有广泛的生物活性萜类，包括次生代谢产物的化学多样性，从陆地、海洋生物和药用植物中鉴定出100多种不同的碳骨架三萜作为一种皂苷有其自身的特点，如引起红细胞溶血，如果与水摇晃会形成持久的泡沫，它可溶于水、酒精和两者的混合物。这些自然产生的化合物构成了现代医学或药物的支柱。皂苷是一类生物有机化合物，在植物界中含量特别丰富。更具体地说，它们是由肥皂样泡沫描述的天然存在的糖苷，因此，当它们在水溶液中摇晃时产生泡沫。从结构上讲，皂苷具有一个或多个亲水性糖苷糖段与亲脂性三萜分子结合文献表明，皂苷具有溶血因子、抗炎因子、抗菌因子、抗真菌因子、抗病毒因子、杀虫因子、抗癌因子、细胞毒因子和杀螺因子等生物学作用和药用价值此外，据报道，皂苷在动物和人类中表现出降低胆固醇的作用。13,14 Waheed et al.15从Fagonia indica中分离出一种新的甾体皂苷苷，可以诱导癌细胞的细胞选择性凋亡或坏死。在制药工业中，皂苷被认为是半合成甾体药物的起始前体。Sheng等16综述了三萜皂苷在预防和治疗代谢性和血管疾病中的临床意义。上述医学研究和应用反映了人们对皂苷作为一种生物来源材料的兴趣日益增加，但对许多化学家、医生和研究人员来说，了解皂苷的化学成分与其医学作用之间的关系并不容易。由于皂苷化学的复杂性、重要性和干扰性，本文主要介绍(1)皂苷的分类，(2)各类皂苷及其官能团的化学结构，(3)单、双硅酸三萜皂苷的举例，(4)实验室普通提取方法和索氏提取方法，最后(5)皂苷的定性、定量测定。
{"title":"A review on saponins from medicinal plants: chemistry, isolation, and determination","authors":"A. Ashour, M. Aziz, Al Sadek Gomha Melad","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2019.07.00199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2019.07.00199","url":null,"abstract":"It has been estimated that out of 4,22,000 flowering plants reported from the world, more than 50,000 are used for medicinal purposed.1 Since ancient times, bioactive medicinal plants are used in traditional or folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Recently using of phytochemicals is considered to be safer and congenial to the biology of the human body. Medicinal plants are the main source for the preparation and extraction of various modern drugs and pharmaceuticals like saponins. Signs of progress of Phytochemistry have been supported enormously by the rapid development and accumulation of chemical methods of screening of various medicinal plants for particular biochemical usage. The pharmaceutical and medicinal values of the applied medicinal plants are in the bioactive phytochemical constituents that produce specific physiological action on the human body. Some of the most important bioactive constituents are saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Triterpenoid saponins are surface active glycosides of triterpenes that possess a wide, biologically active group of terpenoids and include a large chemical diversity of secondary metabolites with more than different 100 carbon skeletons identified from terrestrial, marine living organisms, and medicinal plants.2 Triterpenoids as a saponin have its own characteristics like cause hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC’s), form persistent froth if shaken with water, and it is soluble in water, alcohol and a mixture of both. These naturally occurring compounds form the backbone of modern medicine or drugs. Saponins are a class of bioorganic compounds found in particular abundance in the plant kingdom. More specifically, they are naturally occurring glycosides described by the soap-like foaming, and consequently, they produce foams when shaken in aqueous solutions. Structurally saponins are having one or more hydrophilic glycoside sugar moieties combined with a lipophilic triterpene molecule.3 Literature shows that saponins exhibit a biological role and medicinal properties such as hemolytic factor4 anti-inflammatory,5 antibacterial,6 antifungal,7 antiviral,8 insecticidal9, anticancer,10 cytotoxic11 and molluscicidal action.12 In addition, saponins are reported to exhibit cholesterol-lowering action in animals and human.13,14 Waheed et al.15 isolated a novel steroidal saponin glycoside from Fagonia indica that can induce cell-selective apoptosis or necrosis in cancer cells. Saponins were considered as a starting precursor for the semi-synthesis of steroidal drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. Sheng et al.16 reviewed the clinical significance of triterpenoid saponins in the prevention and treatment of metabolic and vascular disease. The above medicinal researches and applications reflect the increasing of the interest of saponins as a bionatural source material, but understanding of the relationship between the chemistry of saponins and its medical action is not easy task for many chemists, phy","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77230913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-29DOI: 10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00191
Mohit Rawat, Jagpreet Singh, Harman Kaur
In this era, metal nanoparticles have captivated researchers because of their impending applications in numerous fields such as biomedical, catalysis, electronics etc.1–4 The properties of nanoparticles can be tuned by their size, synthesis process, reaction parameters, which make them the special candidate for every field. Generally, these nanoparticles are synthesized by two methods top down and bottom up. The top-down suggests the nanoparticles preparation by lithographic techniques, ball milling, etching, sputtering, etc. The most effective approach for the synthesis of nanoparticles is the bottom-up methods, in which nanoparticles are grown from simpler molecules and size or shape of nanoparticles can be controlled or modulated by changing the concentration of chemicals and reaction condition (temperature, pH etc.).5
{"title":"A uncanny potential of plants for metal nanoparticles synthesis","authors":"Mohit Rawat, Jagpreet Singh, Harman Kaur","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00191","url":null,"abstract":"In this era, metal nanoparticles have captivated researchers because of their impending applications in numerous fields such as biomedical, catalysis, electronics etc.1–4 The properties of nanoparticles can be tuned by their size, synthesis process, reaction parameters, which make them the special candidate for every field. Generally, these nanoparticles are synthesized by two methods top down and bottom up. The top-down suggests the nanoparticles preparation by lithographic techniques, ball milling, etching, sputtering, etc. The most effective approach for the synthesis of nanoparticles is the bottom-up methods, in which nanoparticles are grown from simpler molecules and size or shape of nanoparticles can be controlled or modulated by changing the concentration of chemicals and reaction condition (temperature, pH etc.).5","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76029828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00186
D. Jana
Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) generally consist of two components a magnetic material, most often iron, nickel and cobalt, (ferromagnetic one) and the other a chemical component having wide functionality, reactivity and stability.1–5 The typical size of such nanoparticles lies between 1–100 nanometer and may display superparamagnetism.6,7 In Figure 1, we schematically show the multifunctional character of various nanoparticles. In a common paramagnentic material, spins are not subjected to any exchange interaction and they do not show any hysterisis or domain like a ferromagnet. In the presence of an external magnetic field, the spins tend to align to it generating a weak attractive interaction. However, in a superparamagnetic material, spins are substituted by small ferromagnetic domains characterized by positive exchange interaction. In the presence of an external magnetic field, these domains tend to align to it generating a strong attractive interaction. Thus, superparamagnetism is another characteristic form of magnetism that does appear in small ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic nanoparticles. Besides their magnetic response is significantly higher than paramagnetism. Moreover, magnetization in such smaller sized nanopartciles can randomly ip direction under the influence of temperature. Another significant characteristic feature is that it occurs below the Curie temperature of the material. Note that generally any ferromagnet or ferrimagnet material transforms to a paramagnet only above the unique Curie temperature dependent on the strength of exchange interaction and the underlying lattice structure. This particular magnetism occurs in those nanoparticles composed of single domain. Further due to the magnetic anisotropy of the nanoparticles, the relevant magnetic moment possesses two stable orientations antiparallel to each other separated by an energy barrier (KV). The competition between this energy barrier and thermal energy (KV~25kBT ) gives rise to a characteristic relaxation time ( T=T0 exp(KV=kBT )) in this nanometerial. The exchange bias between ferromagnetic/ferrmagnetic and antiferromagnetic interface is the key parameter in controlling the magnetization and other related phenomena in these systems.8–10 In fact, the particles can invert their magnetization by tunneling without the help of thermal energy. Under the application of an external magnetic field, these materials develop magnetization and as a function of the external field, the magnetization looks like reversible S-shaped increasing curve (L(x) = coth(x) -1/x ). The AC susceptibility measurements of these nanoparticles can identify the various time scales and frequency dependent susceptibility. Discussion
{"title":"Nanosystems and magnetism","authors":"D. Jana","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00186","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) generally consist of two components a magnetic material, most often iron, nickel and cobalt, (ferromagnetic one) and the other a chemical component having wide functionality, reactivity and stability.1–5 The typical size of such nanoparticles lies between 1–100 nanometer and may display superparamagnetism.6,7 In Figure 1, we schematically show the multifunctional character of various nanoparticles. In a common paramagnentic material, spins are not subjected to any exchange interaction and they do not show any hysterisis or domain like a ferromagnet. In the presence of an external magnetic field, the spins tend to align to it generating a weak attractive interaction. However, in a superparamagnetic material, spins are substituted by small ferromagnetic domains characterized by positive exchange interaction. In the presence of an external magnetic field, these domains tend to align to it generating a strong attractive interaction. Thus, superparamagnetism is another characteristic form of magnetism that does appear in small ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic nanoparticles. Besides their magnetic response is significantly higher than paramagnetism. Moreover, magnetization in such smaller sized nanopartciles can randomly ip direction under the influence of temperature. Another significant characteristic feature is that it occurs below the Curie temperature of the material. Note that generally any ferromagnet or ferrimagnet material transforms to a paramagnet only above the unique Curie temperature dependent on the strength of exchange interaction and the underlying lattice structure. This particular magnetism occurs in those nanoparticles composed of single domain. Further due to the magnetic anisotropy of the nanoparticles, the relevant magnetic moment possesses two stable orientations antiparallel to each other separated by an energy barrier (KV). The competition between this energy barrier and thermal energy (KV~25kBT ) gives rise to a characteristic relaxation time ( T=T0 exp(KV=kBT )) in this nanometerial. The exchange bias between ferromagnetic/ferrmagnetic and antiferromagnetic interface is the key parameter in controlling the magnetization and other related phenomena in these systems.8–10 In fact, the particles can invert their magnetization by tunneling without the help of thermal energy. Under the application of an external magnetic field, these materials develop magnetization and as a function of the external field, the magnetization looks like reversible S-shaped increasing curve (L(x) = coth(x) -1/x ). The AC susceptibility measurements of these nanoparticles can identify the various time scales and frequency dependent susceptibility. Discussion","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85538300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-24DOI: 10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00185
Ipsita Bhattacharya
stimuli.12 Graphene is also useful material for birth control and it prevents the sexually transmitted dieses reported by University of Manchester researcher’s team. The Graphene is one of the attractive material for cancer treatments. Recently a new microfluidic bio-chip based on graphene oxide being developed which can caught the tumor cells from blood and support their growth for further analysis.13 The graphene oxide (GO) is one of the efficient nano-carrier for drug delivery reported by Dai et al.14 The Genetic therapy using Graphene oxide (GO) is one of the promising approach to treat various diseases caused by genetic disorders, Parkinson’s disease, cystic fibrosis etc.15 Graphene is also useful for bio sensing and bio-imaging. Basically doped graphene, pristine graphene, graphene oxide (GO) and chemically reduced GO (rGO) are useful for bio-sensing application. Using these material we can detect different kind of biomolecules such as thrombin, dopamine, oligonucleotide, ATP, amino acid etc.16–20 Here, I have explained few recent review work on graphene based nano-material and its application in medical domain. Hopefully, in near future I can contribute some work on graphene for medical application.
{"title":"Future of graphene in bio-medical application","authors":"Ipsita Bhattacharya","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00185","url":null,"abstract":"stimuli.12 Graphene is also useful material for birth control and it prevents the sexually transmitted dieses reported by University of Manchester researcher’s team. The Graphene is one of the attractive material for cancer treatments. Recently a new microfluidic bio-chip based on graphene oxide being developed which can caught the tumor cells from blood and support their growth for further analysis.13 The graphene oxide (GO) is one of the efficient nano-carrier for drug delivery reported by Dai et al.14 The Genetic therapy using Graphene oxide (GO) is one of the promising approach to treat various diseases caused by genetic disorders, Parkinson’s disease, cystic fibrosis etc.15 Graphene is also useful for bio sensing and bio-imaging. Basically doped graphene, pristine graphene, graphene oxide (GO) and chemically reduced GO (rGO) are useful for bio-sensing application. Using these material we can detect different kind of biomolecules such as thrombin, dopamine, oligonucleotide, ATP, amino acid etc.16–20 Here, I have explained few recent review work on graphene based nano-material and its application in medical domain. Hopefully, in near future I can contribute some work on graphene for medical application.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83212532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-23DOI: 10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00184
Ayesha Siddiqua Gazi, A. Krishnasailaja
The solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are sub-micron colloidal carriers (50-100nm) which are composed of physiological lipid dispersed in water or in an aqueous surfactant solution.1 SLNs are colloidal drug carrier combines the advantages of polymeric nanoparticles, fat emulsion and liposomes simultaneously and avoiding some of their disadvantages.2 To overcome the disadvantages associated with the liquid state of the oil droplets, the liquid lipid was replaced by a solid lipid which eventually transformed into solid lipid nanoparticles.3
{"title":"Preparation & evaluation of paracetamol solid lipid nanoparticles by hot homogenization method","authors":"Ayesha Siddiqua Gazi, A. Krishnasailaja","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00184","url":null,"abstract":"The solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are sub-micron colloidal carriers (50-100nm) which are composed of physiological lipid dispersed in water or in an aqueous surfactant solution.1 SLNs are colloidal drug carrier combines the advantages of polymeric nanoparticles, fat emulsion and liposomes simultaneously and avoiding some of their disadvantages.2 To overcome the disadvantages associated with the liquid state of the oil droplets, the liquid lipid was replaced by a solid lipid which eventually transformed into solid lipid nanoparticles.3","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87542332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-17DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00183
G. B. Alomashi, Hasan Khudhur
Human leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by sand flies, its characteristic by a spectrum of cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral diseases that depend largely on the species of the parasite involved and host immune response.1,2 Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis, about (1-1.5) million of cases every year, and about (50 to 70%) of all cases in the world.2,3 Cutaneous leishmaniasis occurs each year more than 90% of cases occur in five countries in the old word (Afghanistan, Algeria, Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia) and two countries in the new world including Brazil and Peru.4 Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica considered as common causes of Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iraq.5 Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is considered to be one of the first cytokines to be discovered, its consider an essential component of the immune response of host against microbial and induce activation and secretion of interleukins like TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL -1β, IL-12, IL-6 and IL-8 by immune cells.6 MIF increase survival of macrophage by inhibition activity of P53 and thus decrease activation-induced apoptosis.7,8 Finally, cDNA was cloned in 1989 in human, MIF genomic localization to chromosome 22q11 later mapped, the human MIF gene has three exons of 205, 173 and 183 bp, these are separated by two introns of 189 and 95 bp.6,9 Previous study refer to that MIF plays an essential role in resistance of host to Cutaneous leishmaniasis, were found human MIF activate infected macrophage to kill L. major at a concentration (1.5 -2.5μg/ ml) in vitro.10 Jesus et al in Brazil found that associated between MIF-173 C polymorphism and cutaneous leishmaniasis.11 Jesus suggest that the MIF-173C allele induce lower levels of MIF cytokine in serum, and this lower synthesis of MIF might behave correlation with susceptibility to leishmaniasis. The present study aims to investigate of MIF-173 C polymorphism with susceptibility to CL infection in Iraqi population in AL-Muthanna province. Material and methods
{"title":"MIF G-173C polymorphism and susceptibility to cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iraq","authors":"G. B. Alomashi, Hasan Khudhur","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00183","url":null,"abstract":"Human leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by sand flies, its characteristic by a spectrum of cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral diseases that depend largely on the species of the parasite involved and host immune response.1,2 Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis, about (1-1.5) million of cases every year, and about (50 to 70%) of all cases in the world.2,3 Cutaneous leishmaniasis occurs each year more than 90% of cases occur in five countries in the old word (Afghanistan, Algeria, Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia) and two countries in the new world including Brazil and Peru.4 Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica considered as common causes of Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iraq.5 Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is considered to be one of the first cytokines to be discovered, its consider an essential component of the immune response of host against microbial and induce activation and secretion of interleukins like TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL -1β, IL-12, IL-6 and IL-8 by immune cells.6 MIF increase survival of macrophage by inhibition activity of P53 and thus decrease activation-induced apoptosis.7,8 Finally, cDNA was cloned in 1989 in human, MIF genomic localization to chromosome 22q11 later mapped, the human MIF gene has three exons of 205, 173 and 183 bp, these are separated by two introns of 189 and 95 bp.6,9 Previous study refer to that MIF plays an essential role in resistance of host to Cutaneous leishmaniasis, were found human MIF activate infected macrophage to kill L. major at a concentration (1.5 -2.5μg/ ml) in vitro.10 Jesus et al in Brazil found that associated between MIF-173 C polymorphism and cutaneous leishmaniasis.11 Jesus suggest that the MIF-173C allele induce lower levels of MIF cytokine in serum, and this lower synthesis of MIF might behave correlation with susceptibility to leishmaniasis. The present study aims to investigate of MIF-173 C polymorphism with susceptibility to CL infection in Iraqi population in AL-Muthanna province. Material and methods","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83127822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-11DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00182
T. Qiao, J. Suriyaprakash
Quality. Current statistics unfold that due to the poor quality of the present system, 15 % of the patient admitted to the hospitals suffered from the adverse event.10-20 % of all adverse events are caused by a medication error. The outcome of the conventional health care R&D labs is lesser than the cost invested. Usually, the patient responds to the therapy is always lower than 50 % in most chronic disease such as; Migraine, Rheumatoid arthritis, Osteoporosis, Alzheimer, Oncology, etc.2 Moreover, the present diagnostic system is based on the symptoms rather than prediction / prevention and lacking in early diagnosis/managing illness. To overcome these issues, development of the new technology is crucial. Hence, nanomedicine made the revolution in the healthcare by greatly improved directed therapies for treating cancer and cardiovascular disease using new nano-drug / gene delivery systems. The tiny implantable devices help to supervise the health precisely and nano-biosensor provides the data at the earliest stage of the disease.
{"title":"Nanomedicine: a hope for mankind","authors":"T. Qiao, J. Suriyaprakash","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00182","url":null,"abstract":"Quality. Current statistics unfold that due to the poor quality of the present system, 15 % of the patient admitted to the hospitals suffered from the adverse event.10-20 % of all adverse events are caused by a medication error. The outcome of the conventional health care R&D labs is lesser than the cost invested. Usually, the patient responds to the therapy is always lower than 50 % in most chronic disease such as; Migraine, Rheumatoid arthritis, Osteoporosis, Alzheimer, Oncology, etc.2 Moreover, the present diagnostic system is based on the symptoms rather than prediction / prevention and lacking in early diagnosis/managing illness. To overcome these issues, development of the new technology is crucial. Hence, nanomedicine made the revolution in the healthcare by greatly improved directed therapies for treating cancer and cardiovascular disease using new nano-drug / gene delivery systems. The tiny implantable devices help to supervise the health precisely and nano-biosensor provides the data at the earliest stage of the disease.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78395826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-04DOI: 10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00181
Jianping Li, Zeinab H. Helal, Mazhar I. Khan
Vaccines have been implemented for more than two centuries and have saved millions of lives, which is one of the most outstanding inventions in medicine. The concept of vaccine was conceived two centuries ago by the English physician Edward Jenner, “the father of immunology”. He had initiated the first protective vaccine against smallpox using live cowpox virus in 1798. Many effective vaccines have been developed in the past two hundred years. The majority of them was produced by traditional methods by attenuating live pathogens or by chemically inactivate whole pathogenic organisms. Live attenuated vaccines are highly protective but bear inherent safety concern due to the potential reactivation of virulent state. In contrast, chemically inactivated vaccines cannot regain the virulent state of derivative pathogens and are safe. However, they are poorly immunogenic, and induce weak protection. Besides, tediously laborintensive efforts are required for formulation preparation of killed vaccines.
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Pub Date : 2018-03-21DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00180
Y. Hu, Shuya Li, Yanmin Gao, Hao Qi
People knew that the DNA molecule existed outside of cell even before finding out its famous double helix structure. Mandel and colleagues identified DNA molecule, termed as cell-free nucleic acids (cfDNA) later, in human bloodstream in as early as 1948.1 However, at that time no people realized how these DNA molecules associate with human diseases. Thing started turning around until 1964, DNA was found being released into sera for certain systemic lupus erythematosus patients.2 Since then, many clinical studies were carried out, more evidences demonstrated the strong correlation between cell free DNA and human diseases, especially for cancer.3,4 It was observed that even DNA could be isolated from blood of healthy people, but the amount of DNA significantly increased in the blood sample from patients with serious tumor. Particularly, as the earliest research, DNA fragments from mutant Kras gene were found in blood of pancreatic carcinoma patients5 and mutant N-ras gene fragment for myelodysplastic syndrome patients.6 These studies successfully demonstrated the direct correlation between circulating DNA and tumor. Recently it has been widely accepted that the levels of circulating nucleic acids strongly connected with tumor burden and malignant progression.7–11 For not being confused with cell-free DNA in healthy people, tumor cell related DNA circulating in human cardiovascular system were specially termed as circulating tumor DNA, ctDNA. Generally, it is widely considered that most DNA in circulation system is the debris of dead tumor cells. However, due to the complexity of cancer development, more fundamental studies are required to investigate questions, such as which processes contribute to ctDNA release from tumor cells12 and how the release process change the state of ctDNA in the circulation system. Besides being the debris left behind by dead cells, DNA is the key component of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a host immune defense system against invading pathogens. Recently, increasing studies have demonstrated that NETs got involved in cancer development at every stages.13–15 With the development of molecular oncology, more and more tumor specific gene mutations were identified,16 and detail information about relevant tumor specific mutation could be found in systematically organized database, such as My Cancer Genome (www. mycancergenome.org). Up to now, ctDNA has been investigated with numerous of prevalent tumors, including Breast,17,18 Colorectal,7,19 Hepatocellular carcinoma,20,21 lung,22–24 Melanoma,25,26 Ovarian,27 Pancreatic28 and so on. In comparison with other biomarkers, e.g. protein, ctDNA is more informative with more precise analysis methods.29 Due to its nature, ctDNA is becoming a remarkable clinical tool. Especially, the convenience in collecting blood sample grant the liquid biopsy application great potential through ctDNA analysis in cancer diagnosis. However, precise analysis of ctDNA is still a challenge for
甚至在发现DNA分子著名的双螺旋结构之前，人们就知道它存在于细胞外。曼德尔和他的同事早在1948年就在人类血液中发现了DNA分子，后来被称为无细胞核酸(cfDNA)。然而，当时没有人意识到这些DNA分子与人类疾病的关系。事情开始好转，直到1964年，DNA被发现释放到某些系统性红斑狼疮患者的血清中此后，许多临床研究的开展，越来越多的证据表明游离细胞DNA与人类疾病，特别是癌症之间存在很强的相关性。3、4观察到，即使从健康人的血液中也能分离出DNA，但在严重肿瘤患者的血液样本中，DNA的含量明显增加。特别是，作为最早的研究，在胰腺癌患者的血液中发现了Kras基因突变的DNA片段5，在骨髓增生异常综合征患者的血液中发现了N-ras基因突变片段6这些研究成功地证明了循环DNA与肿瘤之间的直接关系。近年来，人们普遍认为循环核酸水平与肿瘤负荷和恶性进展密切相关。7-11为了不与健康人的无细胞DNA相混淆，在人类心血管系统中循环的肿瘤细胞相关DNA被专门命名为循环肿瘤DNA, ctDNA。一般认为，循环系统中的DNA大部分是死亡肿瘤细胞的碎片。然而，由于癌症发展的复杂性，需要更多的基础研究来调查问题，例如哪些过程有助于肿瘤细胞释放ctDNA，以及释放过程如何改变循环系统中ctDNA的状态。除了作为死细胞留下的碎片外，DNA还是中性粒细胞胞外陷阱(NETs)的关键组成部分，NETs是宿主抵御入侵病原体的免疫防御系统。最近，越来越多的研究表明，net参与了癌症发展的各个阶段。13-15随着分子肿瘤学的发展，越来越多的肿瘤特异性基因突变被发现，16在系统组织的数据库中可以找到相关肿瘤特异性突变的详细信息，如My Cancer Genome (www。mycancergenome.org)。到目前为止，ctDNA已经在许多常见肿瘤中进行了研究，包括乳腺癌，17、18结肠直肠癌，7、19肝细胞癌，20、21肺癌，22-24黑色素瘤，25、26卵巢，27胰腺等。与其他生物标记物(如蛋白质)相比，ctDNA具有更精确的分析方法，信息更丰富由于其性质，ctDNA正在成为一种非凡的临床工具。特别是血液采集的便捷性，使ctDNA分析在癌症诊断中的应用具有很大的潜力。然而，由于一些技术和生物物理原因，ctDNA的精确分析仍然是一个挑战。为了成为肿瘤诊断的可靠工具，还需要更多的临床研究来解决生理机制和分析技术方面的一些关键问题。本文综述了基于ctDNA的癌症诊断的关键问题，特别是导致不同研究结果相互矛盾的实验问题。
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Pub Date : 2018-03-16DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00179
J. Geneste
Nobody should be shocked if we say that a human body is a system! Now, if we consider a human being as a system and therefore as a combinatorial game, we can easily assume that if the human is hit by any illness, we can assume that the illness is a player and has played the first turn. As doctors, if we want to cure the patient, we need to play in our turn and there will of course be a reaction of the illness which will be considered as another round and so on. In the end, what we target is winning the game so that the illness will lose! As an assumption we take that the illness plays the best as possible and is therefore the strongest adversary we can have. Now, we must know to which game we are going to play because depending on the game, the strategy will change and this will be, in our referential, the essential role of the doctor: which game to play to be the most efficient?
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