Pub Date : 2017-05-29DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00126
Tom Nash
{"title":"The Role of Entropy in Molecular Self-Assembly","authors":"Tom Nash","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00126","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82731005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-19DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00125
M. S. Ali, V. Anuradha, M. Akila, N. Yogananth
The dramatic expansion in the nanotechnology industry over the last decade has resulted in the development of a myriad of novel materials specifically in the nano-size range (sub-100 nm). These nanomaterials (NM) are promising to revolutionise our lifestyle as they have unique physico-chemical features encompassing beneficial properties surpassing those of traditional substances. Such features include enhanced electrical or thermal conductivity, more efficient catalysts, high tensile strength (yet lighter weight) or improved drug delivery vehicles. Consequently, NM has potential applications in a wide range of industrial settings in addition to medical healthcare and consumer products [1].
{"title":"Anti Genotoxic Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticle Biosynthesized from Sargassum polycystum - a Marine Macroalgae","authors":"M. S. Ali, V. Anuradha, M. Akila, N. Yogananth","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00125","url":null,"abstract":"The dramatic expansion in the nanotechnology industry over the last decade has resulted in the development of a myriad of novel materials specifically in the nano-size range (sub-100 nm). These nanomaterials (NM) are promising to revolutionise our lifestyle as they have unique physico-chemical features encompassing beneficial properties surpassing those of traditional substances. Such features include enhanced electrical or thermal conductivity, more efficient catalysts, high tensile strength (yet lighter weight) or improved drug delivery vehicles. Consequently, NM has potential applications in a wide range of industrial settings in addition to medical healthcare and consumer products [1].","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87229267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-11DOI: 10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00124
Hariprasad Thangavel, D. Dhanyalayam
Proteins and other macromolecules of interest can be purified from crude extracts or other complex mixtures by a variety of methods. Selective precipitation is perhaps the simplest method for separating one type of macromolecule from another. Most purification methods, however, involve some form of chromatography whereby molecules in solution (mobile phase) are separated based on differences in chemical or physical interaction with a stationary material (solid phase). Gel filtration (also called size-exclusion chromatography or SEC) uses a porous resin material to separate molecules based on size (i.e., physical exclusion). In ion exchange chromatography, molecules are separated according to the strength of their overall ionic interaction with a solid phase material (i.e., nonspecific interactions).
{"title":"Proteomic Applications of Polymeric Nanoparticles with Engineered Affinity towards Select Target","authors":"Hariprasad Thangavel, D. Dhanyalayam","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00124","url":null,"abstract":"Proteins and other macromolecules of interest can be purified from crude extracts or other complex mixtures by a variety of methods. Selective precipitation is perhaps the simplest method for separating one type of macromolecule from another. Most purification methods, however, involve some form of chromatography whereby molecules in solution (mobile phase) are separated based on differences in chemical or physical interaction with a stationary material (solid phase). Gel filtration (also called size-exclusion chromatography or SEC) uses a porous resin material to separate molecules based on size (i.e., physical exclusion). In ion exchange chromatography, molecules are separated according to the strength of their overall ionic interaction with a solid phase material (i.e., nonspecific interactions).","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90639882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-09DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00123
Yahia Z. Hamada, Nyasha J. Makoni, H. Hamada
Most Biology/Chemistry/Physicists and Medicinally related researchers think that the commonly known 20 Amino acids (AA) have been studied to the extent that they know almost everything about them. We believe that studying the simplest amino acid Glycine (Gly) is not that simple when it comes to its reactions with metal ions especially in aqueous solutions under ambient conditions. It is known that Gly is an inhibitory neurotransmitter [1-3]. Typically a 70 kg human body contains about 280 mg copper (Cu2+). The copper ion concentration in seawater is in the range of one micro-molar or (1.0x10-3 mM), while the human Extracellular Blood Plasma concentration of Cu2+ is ~1.5 x10-2 mM [1].
{"title":"Cu2+ Complexes with the Simplest Amino Acid Glycine (Gly)","authors":"Yahia Z. Hamada, Nyasha J. Makoni, H. Hamada","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00123","url":null,"abstract":"Most Biology/Chemistry/Physicists and Medicinally related researchers think that the commonly known 20 Amino acids (AA) have been studied to the extent that they know almost everything about them. We believe that studying the simplest amino acid Glycine (Gly) is not that simple when it comes to its reactions with metal ions especially in aqueous solutions under ambient conditions. It is known that Gly is an inhibitory neurotransmitter [1-3]. Typically a 70 kg human body contains about 280 mg copper (Cu2+). The copper ion concentration in seawater is in the range of one micro-molar or (1.0x10-3 mM), while the human Extracellular Blood Plasma concentration of Cu2+ is ~1.5 x10-2 mM [1].","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81829114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-08DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00122
Jacob B. Williams, Clara M. Buchanan, G. Husseini, W. Pitt
A common mechanism of multidrug resistance is the upregulation of efflux pumps in the cancer cells that can more rapidly export unwanted materials (e.g. cancer drugs) out of the cell, compared to sensitive cancer cells. This research seeks to overcome this mechanism by vaporizing a perfluoropentane emulsion droplet inside of a drug-containing liposome (eLiposome) that was endocytosed into a cancer cell. Folate attached to the eLiposome facilitates uptake into the cell as observed by confocal microscopy. Ultrasound was examined as a trigger to initiate the vaporization of the perfluoropentane droplet and release doxorubicin from folated eLiposomes (feLD). Two seconds of ultrasound released 78% of encapsulated doxorubicin from feLD. Doxorubicin-sensitive KB-3-1 cells and doxorubicin-resistant KB-V1 cells treated with feLD (without ultrasound) had cell viabilities of 33% and 60%, respectively. Ultrasound had negligible additional effect on the cell viability of KB-3-1 and KB-V1 cells treated with feLD (33% and 53%, respectively). We hypothesized that the doxorubicin sulfate fibers that were formed during the loading of doxorubicin into the eLiposome present a site for heterogeneous nucleation once the feLD is endocytosed by the cell, and thus droplet vaporization occurs with or without ultrasound.
{"title":"Cytosolic Delivery of Doxorubicin from Liposomes to Multidrug-Resistant Cancer Cells via Vaporization of Perfluorocarbon Droplets","authors":"Jacob B. Williams, Clara M. Buchanan, G. Husseini, W. Pitt","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00122","url":null,"abstract":"A common mechanism of multidrug resistance is the upregulation of efflux pumps in the cancer cells that can more rapidly export unwanted materials (e.g. cancer drugs) out of the cell, compared to sensitive cancer cells. This research seeks to overcome this mechanism by vaporizing a perfluoropentane emulsion droplet inside of a drug-containing liposome (eLiposome) that was endocytosed into a cancer cell. Folate attached to the eLiposome facilitates uptake into the cell as observed by confocal microscopy. Ultrasound was examined as a trigger to initiate the vaporization of the perfluoropentane droplet and release doxorubicin from folated eLiposomes (feLD). Two seconds of ultrasound released 78% of encapsulated doxorubicin from feLD. Doxorubicin-sensitive KB-3-1 cells and doxorubicin-resistant KB-V1 cells treated with feLD (without ultrasound) had cell viabilities of 33% and 60%, respectively. Ultrasound had negligible additional effect on the cell viability of KB-3-1 and KB-V1 cells treated with feLD (33% and 53%, respectively). We hypothesized that the doxorubicin sulfate fibers that were formed during the loading of doxorubicin into the eLiposome present a site for heterogeneous nucleation once the feLD is endocytosed by the cell, and thus droplet vaporization occurs with or without ultrasound.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78755356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-02DOI: 10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00121
C. EzeSimon, Eze Dn, Onuoha Fm
The problems of diseases resistance to drugs in Medicine and low productivity in Agriculture have led to alternatives for improvements in health care systems and food safety issues. Nanotechnology is currently the chosen option for preparation and delivery of human drugs, pesticides and herbicides among other applications. Agriculture and medicine are competitive in sustenance of life without one substituting the other. This review paper therefore, examined some of the positive and negative effects of nanotechnology application in life and the awareness implication. Nanoparticles (NPs) system could be used for several routes of administration including oral, nasal, parenteral, intra-ocular benefits over free antimicrobial agents. The use of nanomaterials in the production of goods and drug formulations have shown superior properties compared with their conventional counterparts, due to their distinctive nanoscale features. Nanoparticles (NPs) have also consistently been reported to decrease infection, reduce scar tissue growth, and promote bone growth among other benefits. Nanotechnology may have concrete solutions against many agriculture-related problems like insect pest management, adverse effects of chemical pesticides, development of improved crop varieties. As with any other technology, controversy surrounding nanotechnology is no exception in a heterogeneous society. The toxic effects of antimicrobial NPs on central nervous system (CNS) are still unknown, interactions of NPs with the cells and tissues in CNS were poorly understood. Again, NPs represent size-specific properties that limit the use of currently available in vitro experiments in a general way, and there was no standardized definition for NP dose in mass, number, surface area, and biological samples (e.g., blood, urine, and inside organs that guarantee safety limit). Educating and training of consumers through seminars and workshops is recommended. National governments especially in developing countries are advised to mount regulating agencies that will be responsible for awareness creation and achieving optimum utilization of new products.
{"title":"The Role of Nanoscience and Technology in Medicine and Agriculture: Awareness Implication for Health Systems and Food Safety Issues","authors":"C. EzeSimon, Eze Dn, Onuoha Fm","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00121","url":null,"abstract":"The problems of diseases resistance to drugs in Medicine and low productivity in Agriculture have led to alternatives for improvements in health care systems and food safety issues. Nanotechnology is currently the chosen option for preparation and delivery of human drugs, pesticides and herbicides among other applications. Agriculture and medicine are competitive in sustenance of life without one substituting the other. This review paper therefore, examined some of the positive and negative effects of nanotechnology application in life and the awareness implication. Nanoparticles (NPs) system could be used for several routes of administration including oral, nasal, parenteral, intra-ocular benefits over free antimicrobial agents. The use of nanomaterials in the production of goods and drug formulations have shown superior properties compared with their conventional counterparts, due to their distinctive nanoscale features. Nanoparticles (NPs) have also consistently been reported to decrease infection, reduce scar tissue growth, and promote bone growth among other benefits. Nanotechnology may have concrete solutions against many agriculture-related problems like insect pest management, adverse effects of chemical pesticides, development of improved crop varieties. As with any other technology, controversy surrounding nanotechnology is no exception in a heterogeneous society. The toxic effects of antimicrobial NPs on central nervous system (CNS) are still unknown, interactions of NPs with the cells and tissues in CNS were poorly understood. Again, NPs represent size-specific properties that limit the use of currently available in vitro experiments in a general way, and there was no standardized definition for NP dose in mass, number, surface area, and biological samples (e.g., blood, urine, and inside organs that guarantee safety limit). Educating and training of consumers through seminars and workshops is recommended. National governments especially in developing countries are advised to mount regulating agencies that will be responsible for awareness creation and achieving optimum utilization of new products.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75732533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-25DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00120
Shaivya Gupta, U. Jain, N. Chauhan
The percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (% HbA1c) in human whole blood indicates the average plasma glucose concentration over a prolonged period of time and is used to diagnose diabetes. Currently, common laboratory methods to recognize glycated proteins are high-performance liquid chromatography, immunoassay and electrophoresis. The accuracy and the precision of A1c assays at least match those of glucose assays. Consequently, American Diabetes Association, the European Association for the Study of Diabetes and the International Diabetes Federation decided that the A1c assay should be recognized as the primary method for diagnosing diabetes. The recent availability of rapid, reliable, and easy-to-perform tests for detecting HbA1c has introduced rapid Diabetes diagnosis. This review thus summarizes the current information on the present and future aspects of diagnostic methods for HbA1c.
{"title":"Laboratory Diagnosis of HbA1c: A Review","authors":"Shaivya Gupta, U. Jain, N. Chauhan","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00120","url":null,"abstract":"The percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (% HbA1c) in human whole blood indicates the average plasma glucose concentration over a prolonged period of time and is used to diagnose diabetes. Currently, common laboratory methods to recognize glycated proteins are high-performance liquid chromatography, immunoassay and electrophoresis. The accuracy and the precision of A1c assays at least match those of glucose assays. Consequently, American Diabetes Association, the European Association for the Study of Diabetes and the International Diabetes Federation decided that the A1c assay should be recognized as the primary method for diagnosing diabetes. The recent availability of rapid, reliable, and easy-to-perform tests for detecting HbA1c has introduced rapid Diabetes diagnosis. This review thus summarizes the current information on the present and future aspects of diagnostic methods for HbA1c.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88030677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-20DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00119
O. Godage, A. Bucharskaya, N. Navolokin, G. Maslyakova, S. German, D. Gorin
Currently, nanotechnologies are widely used in biomedicine, science and industry. It is known that the application of magnetite nanoparticles as nanostructured carriers is one of the promising areas of biomedicine. The formation of polyelectrolyte or nanocomposite microcapsules is widely applied for the coating of magnetic nanoparticles. The microcapsules containing magnetite nanoparticles have good perspectives for theranostics applications, but careful study of their biodistribution and toxicity is necessary to prove the safety of these structures as a diagnostic and therapeutic agents.
{"title":"The Magnetite Nanoparticles in Theranostic Applications","authors":"O. Godage, A. Bucharskaya, N. Navolokin, G. Maslyakova, S. German, D. Gorin","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00119","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, nanotechnologies are widely used in biomedicine, science and industry. It is known that the application of magnetite nanoparticles as nanostructured carriers is one of the promising areas of biomedicine. The formation of polyelectrolyte or nanocomposite microcapsules is widely applied for the coating of magnetic nanoparticles. The microcapsules containing magnetite nanoparticles have good perspectives for theranostics applications, but careful study of their biodistribution and toxicity is necessary to prove the safety of these structures as a diagnostic and therapeutic agents.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80382381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-18DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00118
W. Daoush
{"title":"Co-Precipitation and Magnetic Properties of Magnetite Nanoparticles for Potential Biomedical Applications","authors":"W. Daoush","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00118","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78857275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-18DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00117
Elmira Samimi, P. Karami, Mohammad Johari Ahar
Over the last 10 years, fluorescent semiconductor QD (quantum dot)-aptamer conjugates have emerged as an efficient platform for cancer imaging and therapy in animal models and in vitro. In addition, these conjugates show potential in a wide range of applications in environmental monitoring, disease diagnosis, and bio-sensing. The present review represents the recent developments in QDaptamer bio-conjugates for applications in cancer studies. It starts with a brief introduction to Semiconductor Quantum dots (QDs), bio-conjugation of QDs and aptamer molecules, and advantages-disadvantages of using these novel tools for biochemical applications.
{"title":"A Review on Aptamer-Conjugated Quantum Dot Nanosystems for Cancer Imaging and Theranostic","authors":"Elmira Samimi, P. Karami, Mohammad Johari Ahar","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00117","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last 10 years, fluorescent semiconductor QD (quantum dot)-aptamer conjugates have emerged as an efficient platform for cancer imaging and therapy in animal models and in vitro. In addition, these conjugates show potential in a wide range of applications in environmental monitoring, disease diagnosis, and bio-sensing. The present review represents the recent developments in QDaptamer bio-conjugates for applications in cancer studies. It starts with a brief introduction to Semiconductor Quantum dots (QDs), bio-conjugation of QDs and aptamer molecules, and advantages-disadvantages of using these novel tools for biochemical applications.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90779760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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