Pub Date : 2017-07-11DOI: 10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00134
Nrupa G Patel, ipkumar Patel
The aptamer is an oligonucleotide which is a short version of biological nucleic acids (such as DNA and RNA) with defined sequence of nucleotides. Based on the complexity of molecule, the aptamers lies in-between protein molecules and small chemical molecules. Aptamers have high specificity and affinity towards target proteins. They are screened from random sequences of oligonucleotides based on the highest affinity for target proteins using the SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment). Researchers have discovered various applications of aptamers that are ready to replace the therapeutic use of biological proteins (such as antibodies) that have complexity in manufacturing and characterization. The present review describes the structural modification in aptamers such as PEGylation, substitution of functional groups, use of an enantiomeric oligonucleotide and its applications. Aptamers can be deactivated, when needed, by the use of reversal agent that contains oligonucleotide sequence complementary to aptamers. This property of aptamers makes them potential therapeutic from a safety point of view. In recent scenario, aptamers are developed for targeted drug delivery systems by conjugating with drug molecules or delivery vesicles such as liposomes. ‘Anti-sense Aptamers’ are being developed to silent the expression of genes responsible for the proliferative growth of tissue in cancer. Other applications of aptamers such as environmental monitoring and laboratory testing are also described in this review.
{"title":"Aptamer: A Novel Therapeutic Oligonucleotide","authors":"Nrupa G Patel, ipkumar Patel","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00134","url":null,"abstract":"The aptamer is an oligonucleotide which is a short version of biological nucleic acids (such as DNA and RNA) with defined sequence of nucleotides. Based on the complexity of molecule, the aptamers lies in-between protein molecules and small chemical molecules. Aptamers have high specificity and affinity towards target proteins. They are screened from random sequences of oligonucleotides based on the highest affinity for target proteins using the SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment). Researchers have discovered various applications of aptamers that are ready to replace the therapeutic use of biological proteins (such as antibodies) that have complexity in manufacturing and characterization. The present review describes the structural modification in aptamers such as PEGylation, substitution of functional groups, use of an enantiomeric oligonucleotide and its applications. Aptamers can be deactivated, when needed, by the use of reversal agent that contains oligonucleotide sequence complementary to aptamers. This property of aptamers makes them potential therapeutic from a safety point of view. In recent scenario, aptamers are developed for targeted drug delivery systems by conjugating with drug molecules or delivery vesicles such as liposomes. ‘Anti-sense Aptamers’ are being developed to silent the expression of genes responsible for the proliferative growth of tissue in cancer. Other applications of aptamers such as environmental monitoring and laboratory testing are also described in this review.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79743551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-05DOI: 10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00133
E. Priyadarshini, Kamla Rawat, BohidarHB
High toxicity, low host tolerance, narrow spectrum of antifungal drugs and increasing incidence of azole-resistance complicates treatment of invasive Candida infections. Due to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance as an increasing threat to global health care, arises the need to develop new, and effective broad spectrum active antifungal agents. Thus understanding and combating drug resistance in Candida albicans is a toughest challenge being faced today and it’s immensely important to develop an alternative coating that can inhibit biofilm formation on medical devices as implants and catheters. Additionally, the fascinating properties of nanomaterials and biocompatibility promises great potential in nanomedical applications, especially in medical microbiology. With appropriate modification of these synthetic materials, several disease infections can be cured and results have shown the use of these nanomaterials as diagnostic and immunotherapauetic agents. Since, antimicrobial resistance is becoming a major apprehension worldwide, nanomedicines offer an intriguing and promising solution for combating these high resistance pathogens by appropriate development of therauptic and novel diagnosis approaches. This mini review presents the current state of art in this emerging field.
{"title":"Nano Based Therapy for Biofilm Management: Mini Review","authors":"E. Priyadarshini, Kamla Rawat, BohidarHB","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00133","url":null,"abstract":"High toxicity, low host tolerance, narrow spectrum of antifungal drugs and increasing incidence of azole-resistance complicates treatment of invasive Candida infections. Due to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance as an increasing threat to global health care, arises the need to develop new, and effective broad spectrum active antifungal agents. Thus understanding and combating drug resistance in Candida albicans is a toughest challenge being faced today and it’s immensely important to develop an alternative coating that can inhibit biofilm formation on medical devices as implants and catheters. Additionally, the fascinating properties of nanomaterials and biocompatibility promises great potential in nanomedical applications, especially in medical microbiology. With appropriate modification of these synthetic materials, several disease infections can be cured and results have shown the use of these nanomaterials as diagnostic and immunotherapauetic agents. Since, antimicrobial resistance is becoming a major apprehension worldwide, nanomedicines offer an intriguing and promising solution for combating these high resistance pathogens by appropriate development of therauptic and novel diagnosis approaches. This mini review presents the current state of art in this emerging field.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73930099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00132
Dhirender Singh, B. Kevadiya, K. Nagpal, Navneet K. Sharma, ipkumar Patel
Last two decades have seen a tremendous and fascinating advancement in the field of drug development. Despite the progression in the scientific technology, the diseases of central nervous system (CNS) present a formidable challenge to the clinicians. Prospects to improve quality of life and halt or ameliorate age-related neurodegenerative diseases like Dementia, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s etc. are still far to measure. At present, around 1.5 billion people worldwide are suffering from one or another CNS disease [1]. As reviewed in 2017, around 47.5 million people around the globe are living with dementia. The prevalence of dementia is anticipated to be 75.63 million in 2030, reaching to 135.46 million by 2050, which is higher than original number estimated in the 2009 World Alzheimer report [2]. Specifically, in US about 5.2 million people are suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which has been cited as the sixth leading cause of death, and ranked fifth among those aged 65 years and older. Unless medical breakthroughs are made to favor the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of experimental therapeutics, it is estimated that by 2050, the number of AD patients may nearly triple from 5 million to a projected 14 million [3,4]. Of the all CNS related diseases, brain tumor is among the most challenging and lethal. Updated in January 2017, nearly 700,000 people in U.S. are living with CNS related tumor. It is estimated that nearly 80,000 cases of primary brain tumor would be diagnosed by the end of 2017. One third of the 32% of the diagnosed cases are anticipated to be malignant, and nearly 53,000 will be non-malignant. Sadly, by the end of 2017, nearly 17,000 people with CNS brain tumor will lose their battle with life [5]. Regardless of the scientific researches and technologies, no effective therapies are out in clinic for most of the brain tumors. The failure of vast majority of novel and current experiential therapeutics to reach/target the brain at a reasonable effective dose remains a major challenge. Despite great stride in understanding of the brain biology, from cellular to behavioral levels, the advances in basic science have not yet been fully developed in an interdisciplinary way, and a definitive translation from bench to bedside is still uncertain [6]. The scope of current communication focuses current challenges in brain-drug delivery, and significance of nanomedicine in crossing BBB, their downside and future prospects are also discussed.
{"title":"The Significance of Nanomedicine in Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery: Crossing Blood-Brain Barriers","authors":"Dhirender Singh, B. Kevadiya, K. Nagpal, Navneet K. Sharma, ipkumar Patel","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00132","url":null,"abstract":"Last two decades have seen a tremendous and fascinating advancement in the field of drug development. Despite the progression in the scientific technology, the diseases of central nervous system (CNS) present a formidable challenge to the clinicians. Prospects to improve quality of life and halt or ameliorate age-related neurodegenerative diseases like Dementia, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s etc. are still far to measure. At present, around 1.5 billion people worldwide are suffering from one or another CNS disease [1]. As reviewed in 2017, around 47.5 million people around the globe are living with dementia. The prevalence of dementia is anticipated to be 75.63 million in 2030, reaching to 135.46 million by 2050, which is higher than original number estimated in the 2009 World Alzheimer report [2]. Specifically, in US about 5.2 million people are suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which has been cited as the sixth leading cause of death, and ranked fifth among those aged 65 years and older. Unless medical breakthroughs are made to favor the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of experimental therapeutics, it is estimated that by 2050, the number of AD patients may nearly triple from 5 million to a projected 14 million [3,4]. Of the all CNS related diseases, brain tumor is among the most challenging and lethal. Updated in January 2017, nearly 700,000 people in U.S. are living with CNS related tumor. It is estimated that nearly 80,000 cases of primary brain tumor would be diagnosed by the end of 2017. One third of the 32% of the diagnosed cases are anticipated to be malignant, and nearly 53,000 will be non-malignant. Sadly, by the end of 2017, nearly 17,000 people with CNS brain tumor will lose their battle with life [5]. Regardless of the scientific researches and technologies, no effective therapies are out in clinic for most of the brain tumors. The failure of vast majority of novel and current experiential therapeutics to reach/target the brain at a reasonable effective dose remains a major challenge. Despite great stride in understanding of the brain biology, from cellular to behavioral levels, the advances in basic science have not yet been fully developed in an interdisciplinary way, and a definitive translation from bench to bedside is still uncertain [6]. The scope of current communication focuses current challenges in brain-drug delivery, and significance of nanomedicine in crossing BBB, their downside and future prospects are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83398189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-22DOI: 10.20944/PREPRINTS201703.0174.V2
Mubarak Ali
Various types of metallic nanoparticles are being used, with coating or bare surface, for various biological and medical applications including the stent ones. Our recent experimental studies reveal that atoms of nanoparticles reveal more or less stretching or deformation depending on the impinging electron streams and the process of synergy. Present study reports metallic tiny-sized particles where electron-dynamics of their atoms safeguard the possible certain impact of application at target. Thus, they may have the pronounced effects on their usage for nanomedicine applications and others –either effective or defective.
{"title":"Nanoparticles-Photons: Effective or Defective Nanomedicine","authors":"Mubarak Ali","doi":"10.20944/PREPRINTS201703.0174.V2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/PREPRINTS201703.0174.V2","url":null,"abstract":"Various types of metallic nanoparticles are being used, with coating or bare surface, for various biological and medical applications including the stent ones. Our recent experimental studies reveal that atoms of nanoparticles reveal more or less stretching or deformation depending on the impinging electron streams and the process of synergy. Present study reports metallic tiny-sized particles where electron-dynamics of their atoms safeguard the possible certain impact of application at target. Thus, they may have the pronounced effects on their usage for nanomedicine applications and others –either effective or defective.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88738873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-22DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00131
Deniz A. Bölükbas, S. Meiners
The use of nanoparticles as novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools has gained immense attention in the field of cancer management. Nano-based therapies offer numerous possibilities such as enhanced drug solubility and stability, extended circulation times, tissue, cell, organelle-specific targeting, early detection and monitoring of diseases, stimuli-controlled drug release and co-delivery of multiple agents, all contributing to a safer drug delivery with minimized dose-limiting side-effects [1]. Several nanomedicines bearing these features are already on the market with many others following in the pipeline.
{"title":"Calling for improved translation in nanomedical research","authors":"Deniz A. Bölükbas, S. Meiners","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00131","url":null,"abstract":"The use of nanoparticles as novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools has gained immense attention in the field of cancer management. Nano-based therapies offer numerous possibilities such as enhanced drug solubility and stability, extended circulation times, tissue, cell, organelle-specific targeting, early detection and monitoring of diseases, stimuli-controlled drug release and co-delivery of multiple agents, all contributing to a safer drug delivery with minimized dose-limiting side-effects [1]. Several nanomedicines bearing these features are already on the market with many others following in the pipeline.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"136 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77467312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-21DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2017.06.00152
M. E. Khosroshahi, L. Ghazanfari, Z. Hassannejad
Nanomedicine deals with diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of diseases such as cancer and as well as control and understanding of biological systems. It is generally known that cancer treatment mainly relies on chemotherapy and radiotherapy where most anticancer drugs are essentially taken up by cells with high proliferative rate, a characteristic of cancer cells. However, normal tissue can also suffer from chemotherapeutic action, leading to undesirable side effects. To overcome these issues, strategies such as passive and active targeting have been proposed where they have a key role in nanomedicine for example in innovative controlled drug delivery and release systems that increase the bioavailability and concentration of anticancer drugs at target site [1,2]. Nanomaterials with special designs are frequently used as drug delivery systems to develop highly selective and effective diagnostic and therapeutic modalities [3,4]. Interestingly, external stimuli including electrical and magnetic fields can be utilized to suitably trigger the drug-loaded carriers to release the drug content in a controlled manner [5].
{"title":"Effect of Laser Wavelengths on Drug Release with and without Gold Nanoshells and Magnetic Guidance on Uptake by Cancer Cells","authors":"M. E. Khosroshahi, L. Ghazanfari, Z. Hassannejad","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2017.06.00152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2017.06.00152","url":null,"abstract":"Nanomedicine deals with diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of diseases such as cancer and as well as control and understanding of biological systems. It is generally known that cancer treatment mainly relies on chemotherapy and radiotherapy where most anticancer drugs are essentially taken up by cells with high proliferative rate, a characteristic of cancer cells. However, normal tissue can also suffer from chemotherapeutic action, leading to undesirable side effects. To overcome these issues, strategies such as passive and active targeting have been proposed where they have a key role in nanomedicine for example in innovative controlled drug delivery and release systems that increase the bioavailability and concentration of anticancer drugs at target site [1,2]. Nanomaterials with special designs are frequently used as drug delivery systems to develop highly selective and effective diagnostic and therapeutic modalities [3,4]. Interestingly, external stimuli including electrical and magnetic fields can be utilized to suitably trigger the drug-loaded carriers to release the drug content in a controlled manner [5].","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89038110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-15DOI: 10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00130
A. Guglya, E. Lyubchenko
Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com as solid state hydrogen storages. V-H system includes the following phases: αsolid solution; β-(VH0.45VH0.95) with bodycentered tetragonal lattice (bct) and γ-VH2 with fcc lattice. There are three phases in Ti-H system also: α-solid solution; β-(TiH0.5-TiH0.9) with bcc-lattice and δ – TiH2 with fcc-lattice. The total mass of stored hydrogen in γ-VH2 approaches value of 2.1 wt.%. δ -TiH2 absorbs 4.0 wt.% H2. Therefore, the amount of absorbed hydrogen atoms comes to be 11.2 in VH2 is and 9.1 in TiH2 (at/cm3, x1022). In order to meet the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) requirements [1] (gravimetric capacitance: >5.4wt%; hydrogen release temperature range: < 85°C: the time period required to achieve the maximum hydrogen flux: 4 seconds; the equilibrium pressure: < 0.4 MPa), it is necessary to solve several challenging problems:
{"title":"Nano Crystalline Porous Thin Film Hydrogen Storages","authors":"A. Guglya, E. Lyubchenko","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00130","url":null,"abstract":"Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com as solid state hydrogen storages. V-H system includes the following phases: αsolid solution; β-(VH0.45VH0.95) with bodycentered tetragonal lattice (bct) and γ-VH2 with fcc lattice. There are three phases in Ti-H system also: α-solid solution; β-(TiH0.5-TiH0.9) with bcc-lattice and δ – TiH2 with fcc-lattice. The total mass of stored hydrogen in γ-VH2 approaches value of 2.1 wt.%. δ -TiH2 absorbs 4.0 wt.% H2. Therefore, the amount of absorbed hydrogen atoms comes to be 11.2 in VH2 is and 9.1 in TiH2 (at/cm3, x1022). In order to meet the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) requirements [1] (gravimetric capacitance: >5.4wt%; hydrogen release temperature range: < 85°C: the time period required to achieve the maximum hydrogen flux: 4 seconds; the equilibrium pressure: < 0.4 MPa), it is necessary to solve several challenging problems:","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74526079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-08DOI: 10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00129
Helène Painchaud, L. Plouffe, A. Bolduc, A. Benhsaien
A photosensitizer (PS) is a substance composed of molecules that can occupy a higher level of excitation pursuant to a photon capture. Photofrin is the readily available and selected PS throughout this work despite its few inherent drawbacks namely, a fairly long in situ reminiscent time of up to three weeks following the injection and a low selectivity for tumor cells. Blue light can detect cancer whereas red light can treat the same. The latter unique attribute, chiefly due to the absorption spectral profile in the first NIR optical window, means that red light – around 700 nm – can penetrate deep enough into the tissue while suffering negligible attenuation. The red light promotes the PS from its ground state to a higher state of excitation (singlets and triplets). The molecules in the triplet state return to the ground state via phosphorescence, a long radiative relaxation mechanism allowing to produce singlet oxygen. Finally, the reaction of the biomolecules and singlet oxygen is conducive to the destruction of the tumor cells [1].
{"title":"Photodynamic Cancer Therapy: The Underlying Laser Characteristics","authors":"Helène Painchaud, L. Plouffe, A. Bolduc, A. Benhsaien","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00129","url":null,"abstract":"A photosensitizer (PS) is a substance composed of molecules that can occupy a higher level of excitation pursuant to a photon capture. Photofrin is the readily available and selected PS throughout this work despite its few inherent drawbacks namely, a fairly long in situ reminiscent time of up to three weeks following the injection and a low selectivity for tumor cells. Blue light can detect cancer whereas red light can treat the same. The latter unique attribute, chiefly due to the absorption spectral profile in the first NIR optical window, means that red light – around 700 nm – can penetrate deep enough into the tissue while suffering negligible attenuation. The red light promotes the PS from its ground state to a higher state of excitation (singlets and triplets). The molecules in the triplet state return to the ground state via phosphorescence, a long radiative relaxation mechanism allowing to produce singlet oxygen. Finally, the reaction of the biomolecules and singlet oxygen is conducive to the destruction of the tumor cells [1].","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87213124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-06DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00128
S. I. Siafu
Over the past six decades, there has been a growing need for designing controlled release formulations of drugs and agrochemicals in order to attain an extended therapeutic effect of various active ingredients, improve patient convenience, maintain steady state of active ingredients-target site interaction, optimize release kinetics, reduce side effects as well as improve the way in which the active ingredients are delivered into the targeted organ. On account of that, researchers in the course of time have developed three generations of controlled release systems (CRSs) namely, first generation which consist of basics of controlled release systems; second generation which consist of smart delivery systems; and third generation which consist of modulated delivery systems. In view of challenges emanating from CRS usage such as difficulties in retrieving active ingredients upon hypersensitivity, decreased systemic availability as well as poor in vitro-in vivo correlation, the need to further the design of CRSs using nano-excipients set-in. Consequently, opportunities aiming at synthesizing effective nano-based-excipients of active ingredients using in situ polymerization, graft polymerization, copolymerization and intercalation emerged. With regard to intercalation technique, application of 2:1 layered nano materials as nano-excipients has been a success leaving behind a question of what limits the application of 1:1 layered nano materials as nano-excipients in CRS industry. This paper therefore, intends to provide an overview of progress made in the application of 1:1 layered nano-materials as nano-excipients by using first generation intercalation compounds technically called intermediate intercalation agents.
{"title":"The Prospects of Layered Alumino-silicates in the Synthesis of Nano-Excipients for Controlled Release Systems","authors":"S. I. Siafu","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2017.05.00128","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past six decades, there has been a growing need for designing controlled release formulations of drugs and agrochemicals in order to attain an extended therapeutic effect of various active ingredients, improve patient convenience, maintain steady state of active ingredients-target site interaction, optimize release kinetics, reduce side effects as well as improve the way in which the active ingredients are delivered into the targeted organ. On account of that, researchers in the course of time have developed three generations of controlled release systems (CRSs) namely, first generation which consist of basics of controlled release systems; second generation which consist of smart delivery systems; and third generation which consist of modulated delivery systems. In view of challenges emanating from CRS usage such as difficulties in retrieving active ingredients upon hypersensitivity, decreased systemic availability as well as poor in vitro-in vivo correlation, the need to further the design of CRSs using nano-excipients set-in. Consequently, opportunities aiming at synthesizing effective nano-based-excipients of active ingredients using in situ polymerization, graft polymerization, copolymerization and intercalation emerged. With regard to intercalation technique, application of 2:1 layered nano materials as nano-excipients has been a success leaving behind a question of what limits the application of 1:1 layered nano materials as nano-excipients in CRS industry. This paper therefore, intends to provide an overview of progress made in the application of 1:1 layered nano-materials as nano-excipients by using first generation intercalation compounds technically called intermediate intercalation agents.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85172493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-01DOI: 10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00127
A. Safer
Antioxidant effects of Chitosan nano-green tea on hepatic fibrosis was studies ultrastrucutrally with detailed quantification comparing the percentage differences between the damaged done by CCl4 and ethanol effects and the rehabilitation by the use of Chitosan nano-green tea’s antioxidant effect. Especially in demolishing the damaging effects of CCl4 and ethanol on both the cell cytoplasm and the ECM. Chitosan nano-green tea exhibited several beneficial activities. Previously, we briefly reported that Chitosan nano-green tea completely demolishes hepatofibrosis in experimental models, but it was a short account and on one selected area. However, in this report we try to give an extensive elaboration on such effect and some details regarding the various aspects of cytoplasm and organelles as well as the ECM part. The 200 to 250 nm sized chitosan encapsulated GTE particles were used targeting rat liver fibrosis after being treated with CCl4 and ethanol doses for three weeks. Our data indicates that chitosan nano-GTE-induced a great change in demolishing the ECM protein fibrous materials and had left the area extremely smooth and clean. Damaged cell organelles were back to normal appearance and functions, cell cytoplasm damaged parts were highly healed up, parenchyma ECM were close to normalization with gentle removal of protein fibers which led to the smoothness of the field. This identification may explain the multiple therapeutic and anti-fibrotic activities of the nano-GTE.
{"title":"Remediation of Hepatic Fibrosis as a Result of the use of CCl4 and Ethanol by Chitosan Nano-Green Tea Extract: Quantification and Ultrastructural Studies","authors":"A. Safer","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2017.05.00127","url":null,"abstract":"Antioxidant effects of Chitosan nano-green tea on hepatic fibrosis was studies ultrastrucutrally with detailed quantification comparing the percentage differences between the damaged done by CCl4 and ethanol effects and the rehabilitation by the use of Chitosan nano-green tea’s antioxidant effect. Especially in demolishing the damaging effects of CCl4 and ethanol on both the cell cytoplasm and the ECM. Chitosan nano-green tea exhibited several beneficial activities. Previously, we briefly reported that Chitosan nano-green tea completely demolishes hepatofibrosis in experimental models, but it was a short account and on one selected area. However, in this report we try to give an extensive elaboration on such effect and some details regarding the various aspects of cytoplasm and organelles as well as the ECM part. The 200 to 250 nm sized chitosan encapsulated GTE particles were used targeting rat liver fibrosis after being treated with CCl4 and ethanol doses for three weeks. Our data indicates that chitosan nano-GTE-induced a great change in demolishing the ECM protein fibrous materials and had left the area extremely smooth and clean. Damaged cell organelles were back to normal appearance and functions, cell cytoplasm damaged parts were highly healed up, parenchyma ECM were close to normalization with gentle removal of protein fibers which led to the smoothness of the field. This identification may explain the multiple therapeutic and anti-fibrotic activities of the nano-GTE.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"43 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79924141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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