Pub Date : 2018-03-13DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00178
Prakash Prajapat
Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com However, the precise nature of the role is undergoing a visible change, not only because of the new available to the synthetic and medicinal chemists, but also in several key areas, particularly in drug metabolism and chemical toxicology, as chemists deal with the ever more rapid turnaround of testing data that influences their day-to-day decision. Objective of medicinal chemistry is to design and production of compounds that can be used in medicine for prevention, treatment and cure of human or animal disease. Taken in retrospective sense medicinal chemistry includes study of already existing drugs, of their pharmacological properties and their structure activity relationship (SAR) along with above prospective sense. Pharmacology” is derived from pharmakone = drug and logos = discourse or treatise, and hence includes allied fields such as pharmacy, pharmacognosy, toxicology, posology, chemotherapy, therapeutic and materia medica. “Pharmacy” is the study of the formulation of an active chemical entity, in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, aerosols, injections etc. The physiological activity of drugs has been found to depend upon the presence of particular functionality or structural unit.2 Part of drug which causes actual curing effect is known as “pharmacophores”. There are two major considerations that have to be discussed in any drug design project. Firsts, drugs interact with molecular targets in the body and so it is important to choose the correct target for the desired pharmaceutical effect.3 In other words a drug that will interact is powerfully and selectively as possible for that target is known as “pharmacodynamics”. Second, a drug after administration has an ability to travel through the body in order to reach its targets is known as “pharmacokinetics”. Nowadays, nanomedicine research played significant role in drug discovery. Generally, nanomedicine is a field of medicine to facilitate the information tools of nanotechnology to the prevention and cure against several lethal diseases viz.4 microbial, malaria, HIV, TB, cancer etc. The development of newer pharmaceuticals is currently a critical and challenging task to the pharmaceutical industry. The vital interest of the medicinal and agrochemical industries in organic synthesis is often related with their natural occurrence. Similarly, medicinal and pharmaceutical field, there has always been and continue to be a need for newer chemical entities with diverse biological properties.5 Many works are still needed to minimize the time, expenditure, and attrition rate in the drug discovery process simultaneously addressing the huge unmet medical need across the world. Referencing the study report, poor pharmacokinetic and preclinical toxicity were the main reasons for the failure in the drug development, in addition to the lack of efficiency and adverse effects.6 New drugs are necessitated to cure new diseases, to find less hazardous drug
{"title":"Role of organic, medicinal & pharmaceutical chemistry in drug design: introduction","authors":"Prakash Prajapat","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00178","url":null,"abstract":"Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com However, the precise nature of the role is undergoing a visible change, not only because of the new available to the synthetic and medicinal chemists, but also in several key areas, particularly in drug metabolism and chemical toxicology, as chemists deal with the ever more rapid turnaround of testing data that influences their day-to-day decision. Objective of medicinal chemistry is to design and production of compounds that can be used in medicine for prevention, treatment and cure of human or animal disease. Taken in retrospective sense medicinal chemistry includes study of already existing drugs, of their pharmacological properties and their structure activity relationship (SAR) along with above prospective sense. Pharmacology” is derived from pharmakone = drug and logos = discourse or treatise, and hence includes allied fields such as pharmacy, pharmacognosy, toxicology, posology, chemotherapy, therapeutic and materia medica. “Pharmacy” is the study of the formulation of an active chemical entity, in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, aerosols, injections etc. The physiological activity of drugs has been found to depend upon the presence of particular functionality or structural unit.2 Part of drug which causes actual curing effect is known as “pharmacophores”. There are two major considerations that have to be discussed in any drug design project. Firsts, drugs interact with molecular targets in the body and so it is important to choose the correct target for the desired pharmaceutical effect.3 In other words a drug that will interact is powerfully and selectively as possible for that target is known as “pharmacodynamics”. Second, a drug after administration has an ability to travel through the body in order to reach its targets is known as “pharmacokinetics”. Nowadays, nanomedicine research played significant role in drug discovery. Generally, nanomedicine is a field of medicine to facilitate the information tools of nanotechnology to the prevention and cure against several lethal diseases viz.4 microbial, malaria, HIV, TB, cancer etc. The development of newer pharmaceuticals is currently a critical and challenging task to the pharmaceutical industry. The vital interest of the medicinal and agrochemical industries in organic synthesis is often related with their natural occurrence. Similarly, medicinal and pharmaceutical field, there has always been and continue to be a need for newer chemical entities with diverse biological properties.5 Many works are still needed to minimize the time, expenditure, and attrition rate in the drug discovery process simultaneously addressing the huge unmet medical need across the world. Referencing the study report, poor pharmacokinetic and preclinical toxicity were the main reasons for the failure in the drug development, in addition to the lack of efficiency and adverse effects.6 New drugs are necessitated to cure new diseases, to find less hazardous drug","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85867478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-09DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00177
Venkataiah Sunke, Gopal Naik Bukke, U. Suda
Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) is also known as zirconia a promising material because of its high transparency, thermal stability and mechanical strength. Zirconium oxide with tetragonal structure show high strength and fracture toughness. Because of these reasons, zirconium oxide ceramics received much interest for tribological applications in human artificial joints. Main requirement for an artificial orthopaedic material is good binding with living bones through a formation of a biologically active bone like layer on its surface.1 It is an excellent biomaterial used as clinical application as heads of total hip prostheses by the combination of high molecular weight polyethylene cup sockets.2 It is also used in the fabrication of high strength core for dental implants due to its transparency.3,4 Zirconium ceramics find potential for toughening and strengthening of brittle hydro-oxyapatite and bioglass in biomedical applications.5,6 It has recognised as possible high-k dielectric candidate as an alternate to conventional silicon dioxide as gate dielectric in the next generation of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices due to its moderate dielectric constant.7 High refractive index and wide optical band gap find it as active opto electron devices, high power laser and light emitting diodes.8 ZrO2 in thin film form also used as photon conductor in electro chromic devices9 and oxygen gas sensor.10 Various deposition methods namely thermal oxidation of zirconium films, electron beam evaporation, pulsed laser deposition, DC / RF magnetron sputtering, sol-gel process and spray pyrolysis were employed for preparation of ZrO2 thin films. 11–15 In this investigation, an attempt is made in the deposition of tetragonal structured and transparent ZrO2 thin films by DC reactive magnetron sputtering technique. The as-deposited ZrO2 thin films were annealed in air at a fixed temperature of 450oC for an hour. The as-deposited and annealed ZrO2 films were characterized for their chemical composition, crystallographic structure and optical properties and reported the results. Materials and methods
{"title":"Characterisation of nanostructured ZrO2 thin films formed by DC reactive magnetron sputtering","authors":"Venkataiah Sunke, Gopal Naik Bukke, U. Suda","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00177","url":null,"abstract":"Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) is also known as zirconia a promising material because of its high transparency, thermal stability and mechanical strength. Zirconium oxide with tetragonal structure show high strength and fracture toughness. Because of these reasons, zirconium oxide ceramics received much interest for tribological applications in human artificial joints. Main requirement for an artificial orthopaedic material is good binding with living bones through a formation of a biologically active bone like layer on its surface.1 It is an excellent biomaterial used as clinical application as heads of total hip prostheses by the combination of high molecular weight polyethylene cup sockets.2 It is also used in the fabrication of high strength core for dental implants due to its transparency.3,4 Zirconium ceramics find potential for toughening and strengthening of brittle hydro-oxyapatite and bioglass in biomedical applications.5,6 It has recognised as possible high-k dielectric candidate as an alternate to conventional silicon dioxide as gate dielectric in the next generation of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices due to its moderate dielectric constant.7 High refractive index and wide optical band gap find it as active opto electron devices, high power laser and light emitting diodes.8 ZrO2 in thin film form also used as photon conductor in electro chromic devices9 and oxygen gas sensor.10 Various deposition methods namely thermal oxidation of zirconium films, electron beam evaporation, pulsed laser deposition, DC / RF magnetron sputtering, sol-gel process and spray pyrolysis were employed for preparation of ZrO2 thin films. 11–15 In this investigation, an attempt is made in the deposition of tetragonal structured and transparent ZrO2 thin films by DC reactive magnetron sputtering technique. The as-deposited ZrO2 thin films were annealed in air at a fixed temperature of 450oC for an hour. The as-deposited and annealed ZrO2 films were characterized for their chemical composition, crystallographic structure and optical properties and reported the results. Materials and methods","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81803803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-23DOI: 10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00175
Z. Es’haghi, M. Mohammadian, S. Hooshmand
Extremely small nanomaterials with dimensions roughly less than 100 nanometers (nm), can demonstrate atom-like behaviors resulting from higher surface energy because of their large surface area and broad band gap between valence and conduction band when nanomaterials are divided into near atomic size.1 ZnO nanopowders are basic metal oxide particles with interesting properties and wide applications in several fields. We chose ZnO–NPs as they are promising candidates for various applications such as chemical sensors,2 nano generators,3 catalysis,4 anti-microbial and anti-corrosive5 and piezoelectric devices.6 ZnO nanoparticles, based on its unique properties such as: low toxicity, high selectivity and biocompatibility, have shown that they are inherently selective cytotoxicity against carcinogenic cells compared with other nanoparticles. Therefore, they can be regarded as a promising anti-cancer agent. Zinc, as the co–factor of more than hundreds of enzymes, plays an important role in cellular processes, including: DNA replication, DNA repair, cell cycle progression and it has the exclusive ability to induce oxidative stress in cancer cells, as one of the mechanisms of its cytotoxicity towards tumor cells. Thus, the potential use of nano ZnO in biomedicine is important in the medical societies.7 ZnO nanomaterials possesses exclusive semiconducting, optical, and piezoelectric properties hence has been examined for biomedicine applications, such as biomedical imaging includes fluorescence, magnetic resonance, tomography, drug delivery, and biosensing of a wide range of molecules.8 ZnO due to a wide band gap semiconductor and high exciton binding energy is an efficient excitonic blue and near-UV emitter so, owing to its stability and inherent capability to absorb UV irradiation, ZnO nanoparticles widely used in sunscreens.8 According to the literatures, many other different synthesis methods have been developed for ZnO nanoparticles including mechanochemical processing and selfassembling,9 microwave method,10 direct precipitation,11 reversed micelle,12 RF plasma synthesis.13 Usually these methods have disadvantages, such as, they do not have a uniform distribution of particle size or particle size is coarse. To resolve this problem, according to a new research which was offered on the basis of colloid chemistry, there was a surface coating surrounding the particles. In these processes, some materials added to the solution, which affects the surface tension and prevents it from agglomeration. Plant extracts contain factors that inhibit the aggregation of particles and result in produced smaller–sized particles. The use of plants for synthesis of nanoparticles due to the use of a nontoxic agent is one of the environmentally friendly methods. Green synthesis of ZnO–NPs is an increasingly interesting topic.
{"title":"Green and chemical synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and size evaluation by UV–vis spectroscopy","authors":"Z. Es’haghi, M. Mohammadian, S. Hooshmand","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00175","url":null,"abstract":"Extremely small nanomaterials with dimensions roughly less than 100 nanometers (nm), can demonstrate atom-like behaviors resulting from higher surface energy because of their large surface area and broad band gap between valence and conduction band when nanomaterials are divided into near atomic size.1 ZnO nanopowders are basic metal oxide particles with interesting properties and wide applications in several fields. We chose ZnO–NPs as they are promising candidates for various applications such as chemical sensors,2 nano generators,3 catalysis,4 anti-microbial and anti-corrosive5 and piezoelectric devices.6 ZnO nanoparticles, based on its unique properties such as: low toxicity, high selectivity and biocompatibility, have shown that they are inherently selective cytotoxicity against carcinogenic cells compared with other nanoparticles. Therefore, they can be regarded as a promising anti-cancer agent. Zinc, as the co–factor of more than hundreds of enzymes, plays an important role in cellular processes, including: DNA replication, DNA repair, cell cycle progression and it has the exclusive ability to induce oxidative stress in cancer cells, as one of the mechanisms of its cytotoxicity towards tumor cells. Thus, the potential use of nano ZnO in biomedicine is important in the medical societies.7 ZnO nanomaterials possesses exclusive semiconducting, optical, and piezoelectric properties hence has been examined for biomedicine applications, such as biomedical imaging includes fluorescence, magnetic resonance, tomography, drug delivery, and biosensing of a wide range of molecules.8 ZnO due to a wide band gap semiconductor and high exciton binding energy is an efficient excitonic blue and near-UV emitter so, owing to its stability and inherent capability to absorb UV irradiation, ZnO nanoparticles widely used in sunscreens.8 According to the literatures, many other different synthesis methods have been developed for ZnO nanoparticles including mechanochemical processing and selfassembling,9 microwave method,10 direct precipitation,11 reversed micelle,12 RF plasma synthesis.13 Usually these methods have disadvantages, such as, they do not have a uniform distribution of particle size or particle size is coarse. To resolve this problem, according to a new research which was offered on the basis of colloid chemistry, there was a surface coating surrounding the particles. In these processes, some materials added to the solution, which affects the surface tension and prevents it from agglomeration. Plant extracts contain factors that inhibit the aggregation of particles and result in produced smaller–sized particles. The use of plants for synthesis of nanoparticles due to the use of a nontoxic agent is one of the environmentally friendly methods. Green synthesis of ZnO–NPs is an increasingly interesting topic.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78796763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-30DOI: 10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00171
Hélio Ribeiro, Vilela Dn, Almeida Ah, Pinto Mr
Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Recent studies have shown that the r-GO, a nanomaterial that exhibits high biological compatibility and low toxicity [1], is able to create a temporarily opening in the hemotoencephalic barrier. This barrier is responsible for protecting the central nervous system, strictly selective in the transition of substances that cross and can be deposited in the brain region. Thus, r-GO became an efficient carrier of drugs where other substances it was not previously possible. In this way, the study of diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s suffered great impact with the advance of this new area [2].
{"title":"Functionalized Graphene Process in Biotechnology: A Brief Landscape","authors":"Hélio Ribeiro, Vilela Dn, Almeida Ah, Pinto Mr","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00171","url":null,"abstract":"Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Recent studies have shown that the r-GO, a nanomaterial that exhibits high biological compatibility and low toxicity [1], is able to create a temporarily opening in the hemotoencephalic barrier. This barrier is responsible for protecting the central nervous system, strictly selective in the transition of substances that cross and can be deposited in the brain region. Thus, r-GO became an efficient carrier of drugs where other substances it was not previously possible. In this way, the study of diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s suffered great impact with the advance of this new area [2].","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"157 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82089674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-04DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2017.06.00163
V. Gopinathan, Khanna As
A ship or a marine structure operates in extremely harsh corrosive environment. Marine environment is more aggressive than most inland environments. Several areas of sea going vessel, typically consist of, the superstructure, boot-top area under splash zone, fully immersed areas such as ship-hull. It is well known now that the rate of corrosion of is generally, the highest for splash zone where it is exposed to dry and wet cycles alternately. That is why excessive corrosion takes place on boot top areas of the ship.
{"title":"Poly-Siloxane Modified Poly-Urethane based Long Life, High Gloss and Colour Retaining Coatings for Marine Applications","authors":"V. Gopinathan, Khanna As","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2017.06.00163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2017.06.00163","url":null,"abstract":"A ship or a marine structure operates in extremely harsh corrosive environment. Marine environment is more aggressive than most inland environments. Several areas of sea going vessel, typically consist of, the superstructure, boot-top area under splash zone, fully immersed areas such as ship-hull. It is well known now that the rate of corrosion of is generally, the highest for splash zone where it is exposed to dry and wet cycles alternately. That is why excessive corrosion takes place on boot top areas of the ship.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80853572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-30DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2017.06.00162
A. Ortiz
As a result of the development of nanotechnology in the last decade, silver nanoparticles emerged as an interesting alterative for the treatment of antimicrobial diseases and cancer, but its toxicological effects and its low biocompatibility were limiting its potential for clinical application [1-3]. The development of biosynthetic methods to obtain silver nanoparticles based on silver ions and natural plant extracts (Rich in reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents) radically changes the perspective on its adverse effects, since this green synthesis method allows obtaining silver nanoparticles with more biocompatibility [4-7]. The present review aims to show an overview of the therapeutic potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized with natural plant extracts for the treatment of microbial infections and cancer, this analysis is based on recent publications.
{"title":"Green Silver Nanoparticles: Novel Therapeutic Potential for Cancer and Microbial Infections","authors":"A. Ortiz","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2017.06.00162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2017.06.00162","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of the development of nanotechnology in the last decade, silver nanoparticles emerged as an interesting alterative for the treatment of antimicrobial diseases and cancer, but its toxicological effects and its low biocompatibility were limiting its potential for clinical application [1-3]. The development of biosynthetic methods to obtain silver nanoparticles based on silver ions and natural plant extracts (Rich in reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents) radically changes the perspective on its adverse effects, since this green synthesis method allows obtaining silver nanoparticles with more biocompatibility [4-7]. The present review aims to show an overview of the therapeutic potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized with natural plant extracts for the treatment of microbial infections and cancer, this analysis is based on recent publications.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90761548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-30DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2017.6.00162
A. Virgen‐Ortiz, Alej, ro Apolinar-Iribe
{"title":"Green Silver Nanoparticles: Novel Therapeutic Potential for Cancer and Microbial Infections","authors":"A. Virgen‐Ortiz, Alej, ro Apolinar-Iribe","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2017.6.00162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2017.6.00162","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83609925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-28DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2017.06.00161
M. Bellah
Cancer is the result of uncontrolled or poorly controlled proliferation of cells in an organism. It can be caused by wide varieties of reasons. The most prevalent causes of cancer are genetic mutation, inability to repair genes, and abnormal expression. These causes can be inherited or acquired or both over the life span of a host. For any disease to treat, the very first step is to detect its symptoms with reasonable confidence. Unfortunately, many cancer types go unnoticed for years until the host show noticeable symptoms and that makes it one of the most difficult physical conditions to detect. Due to this fact, cancer is often detected at the very later stage when the patients have very little or in many cases no options for treatment. That’s why it is extremely important to be able to detect cancer at an earlier stage. It can greatly increase the chances for successful treatment. Two major components of early detection of cancer play a pivotal role in cancer treatmentpublic awareness to promote early diagnosis and clinical screening. There are few ways that can lead to early diagnosis such as recognizing warning signs and taking prompt action. If the awareness of possible warning signs of cancer among the general public along with physicians, nurses and other healthcare can be increased, then it can have a great impact on the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Lumps, sores that fail to heal, abnormal bleeding, persistent indigestion, and chronic hoarseness are some early signs of cancer. Cancer screening involves the use of simple tests in order to identify individuals who have it, but do not have symptoms yet. The dictionary definition of a sensor is a device that detects or measures a physical quantity and records, indicates or otherwise responds to it. From broader perspective, biosensor or transducer is a device that converts the interaction between an analyte and an active element into a measurable signal. When tumor cells start over or under expressing any protein or other molecules, biosensors are the right tool to detect them at an early stage. The first biosensor dates back to 1962 when Professor Leland C. Clark explained the mechanism of an oxygen probe and how it can be used to detect a range of analytes that could be measured with it. At a Symposium in the New York Academy of Sciences, he described how to make a glucose sensor using the already developed oxygen sensor [1]. Since then, biosensors are being developed and used for a numerous molecules and biomarkersattributes that have strong correlation to the inception of a disease. Due to the multitudes of possibilities of biosensor, cancer researchers from various parts of the world quickly adopted this new method in cancer diagnostics. The primary steps involved in any biosensing are recognition of analyte, signal transduction, and readout. Biosensors offer exciting opportunities for numerous decentralized clinical applications due to their specificity, speed, portability,
{"title":"The Emergence of Interdisciplinary Research in Cancer Diagnostics","authors":"M. Bellah","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2017.06.00161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2017.06.00161","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is the result of uncontrolled or poorly controlled proliferation of cells in an organism. It can be caused by wide varieties of reasons. The most prevalent causes of cancer are genetic mutation, inability to repair genes, and abnormal expression. These causes can be inherited or acquired or both over the life span of a host. For any disease to treat, the very first step is to detect its symptoms with reasonable confidence. Unfortunately, many cancer types go unnoticed for years until the host show noticeable symptoms and that makes it one of the most difficult physical conditions to detect. Due to this fact, cancer is often detected at the very later stage when the patients have very little or in many cases no options for treatment. That’s why it is extremely important to be able to detect cancer at an earlier stage. It can greatly increase the chances for successful treatment. Two major components of early detection of cancer play a pivotal role in cancer treatmentpublic awareness to promote early diagnosis and clinical screening. There are few ways that can lead to early diagnosis such as recognizing warning signs and taking prompt action. If the awareness of possible warning signs of cancer among the general public along with physicians, nurses and other healthcare can be increased, then it can have a great impact on the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Lumps, sores that fail to heal, abnormal bleeding, persistent indigestion, and chronic hoarseness are some early signs of cancer. Cancer screening involves the use of simple tests in order to identify individuals who have it, but do not have symptoms yet. The dictionary definition of a sensor is a device that detects or measures a physical quantity and records, indicates or otherwise responds to it. From broader perspective, biosensor or transducer is a device that converts the interaction between an analyte and an active element into a measurable signal. When tumor cells start over or under expressing any protein or other molecules, biosensors are the right tool to detect them at an early stage. The first biosensor dates back to 1962 when Professor Leland C. Clark explained the mechanism of an oxygen probe and how it can be used to detect a range of analytes that could be measured with it. At a Symposium in the New York Academy of Sciences, he described how to make a glucose sensor using the already developed oxygen sensor [1]. Since then, biosensors are being developed and used for a numerous molecules and biomarkersattributes that have strong correlation to the inception of a disease. Due to the multitudes of possibilities of biosensor, cancer researchers from various parts of the world quickly adopted this new method in cancer diagnostics. The primary steps involved in any biosensing are recognition of analyte, signal transduction, and readout. Biosensors offer exciting opportunities for numerous decentralized clinical applications due to their specificity, speed, portability,","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88028458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AuNPs have been in the focal point of researchers’ attention for years because of high biocompatibility and adjustable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) [1]. In the recent years, many studies have been performed in producing AuNPs via green synthesis techniques, i.e. use of plants for producing AuNPs [2]. Green synthesis methods are eco-friendly and increase the biocompatibility of AuNPs [3]. A factor that gives rise to the highest difference between various gold nanoparticle characteristics is the size of synthesized AuNPs and their superficial compounds [4]. Rosa canina fruit extract has immunomodulatory characteristics with probable potential to be used in treatment of immunodeficiency diseases [5]. Rosa canina fruit extract, can reduce initial gold salt – chloroauric acid – and produce gold colloid. The major components of this plant are Vitispiran, 5-Methyl-3-hexanone, 2-Heptanone, Hexadecanoic and Dodecanoic acid, Linolic acid, α-E-Acaridial, Myristic acid, Benzaldehyde, α-pinene, 2-pentylfuran, 2,4-Heptadienal, 1,4-Epoxy-p-menthane, Salicylaldehyde, 2-Heptenol and Linalool [6]. In this research, nanoparticles were produced via a novel green method and capped with Rosa canina fruit extract. Then, the antiretroviral effects of these nanoparticles were investigated. Size stability of AuNPs in physiological condition (pH = 7.4) is the necessary condition for their application in medicine [7]. The stability of AuNPs produced using Rosa canina fruit extract and nanoparticles produced through the conventional sodium citrate reducing agent in pH = 7.4 was thus compared. After the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) enters the body and the blood circulatory system, its superficial glycoproteins, gp120 and gp41, bind with receptors like CD4 and CCR5 on the surface of T-Lymphocytes. By sending its capsid into T-lymphocytes, this virus inducts its RNA together with enzymes, such as reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease into the cell, allowing them to start an operation that will force the T-cells to produce new HIVs. Because of the high infection volume of this disease, antiretroviral drugs are employed to control its advance. Most of these drugs are transcriptase inhibitors [8], integrase inhibitors [9] and protease inhibitors [10], although they cannot be completely effective, because of HIV’s resistance to drugs. The purpose of this study was to use the new reducing agent Rosa canina fruit extractto Volume 6 Issue 3 2017
AuNPs因其高生物相容性和可调节的表面等离子体共振(SPR)，多年来一直是研究人员关注的焦点[1]。近年来，许多研究通过绿色合成技术，即利用植物生产AuNPs[2]。绿色合成方法既环保又提高了AuNPs的生物相容性[3]。导致各种金纳米颗粒特性差异最大的一个因素是合成aunp及其表面化合物的大小[4]。Rosa canina果实提取物具有免疫调节特性，可能用于治疗免疫缺陷疾病[5]。玫瑰果提取物，可降低初始金盐-氯金酸，生成金胶体。该植物的主要成分为维地螺烷、5-甲基-3-己酮、2-庚酮、十六烷酸和十二烷酸、亚油酸、α- e -心木苷、肉豆汁酸、苯甲醛、α-蒎烯、2-戊基呋喃、2,4-庚二烯、1,4-环氧-对甲烷、水杨醛、2-庚烯醇和芳樟醇[6]。在本研究中，通过一种新颖的绿色方法制备纳米颗粒，并以犬玫瑰果实提取物覆盖。然后，研究了这些纳米颗粒的抗逆转录病毒作用。生理条件下(pH = 7.4) AuNPs的尺寸稳定性是其在医学上应用的必要条件[7]。比较了在pH = 7.4的条件下，用玫瑰果提取物和常规柠檬酸钠还原剂制备纳米颗粒制备的AuNPs的稳定性。人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV-1)进入人体和血液循环系统后，其表面糖蛋白gp120和gp41与t淋巴细胞表面的CD4和CCR5等受体结合。通过将其衣壳送入t淋巴细胞，这种病毒将其RNA与酶(如逆转录酶、整合酶和蛋白酶)一起诱导进入细胞，允许它们开始一项操作，迫使t细胞产生新的艾滋病毒。由于这种疾病的高感染率，抗逆转录病毒药物被用于控制其发展。这些药物大多是转录酶抑制剂[8]、整合酶抑制剂[9]和蛋白酶抑制剂[10]，但由于HIV对药物的耐药性，它们不能完全有效。本研究的目的是使用新的还原剂犬玫瑰果提取物第6卷第3期2017
{"title":"Creating Anti-HIV-Infection effect by Synthesis of AuNPs from Rosa canina L. Fruit Extract","authors":"Pooriya Khademi-Az, Ehi, J. Moghaddam, Roozbeh Khademi-Az, Sayed-Saeed Veradi-Esfahani, Esmaeil Shahabi-Satlsar","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2017.06.00159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2017.06.00159","url":null,"abstract":"AuNPs have been in the focal point of researchers’ attention for years because of high biocompatibility and adjustable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) [1]. In the recent years, many studies have been performed in producing AuNPs via green synthesis techniques, i.e. use of plants for producing AuNPs [2]. Green synthesis methods are eco-friendly and increase the biocompatibility of AuNPs [3]. A factor that gives rise to the highest difference between various gold nanoparticle characteristics is the size of synthesized AuNPs and their superficial compounds [4]. Rosa canina fruit extract has immunomodulatory characteristics with probable potential to be used in treatment of immunodeficiency diseases [5]. Rosa canina fruit extract, can reduce initial gold salt – chloroauric acid – and produce gold colloid. The major components of this plant are Vitispiran, 5-Methyl-3-hexanone, 2-Heptanone, Hexadecanoic and Dodecanoic acid, Linolic acid, α-E-Acaridial, Myristic acid, Benzaldehyde, α-pinene, 2-pentylfuran, 2,4-Heptadienal, 1,4-Epoxy-p-menthane, Salicylaldehyde, 2-Heptenol and Linalool [6]. In this research, nanoparticles were produced via a novel green method and capped with Rosa canina fruit extract. Then, the antiretroviral effects of these nanoparticles were investigated. Size stability of AuNPs in physiological condition (pH = 7.4) is the necessary condition for their application in medicine [7]. The stability of AuNPs produced using Rosa canina fruit extract and nanoparticles produced through the conventional sodium citrate reducing agent in pH = 7.4 was thus compared. After the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) enters the body and the blood circulatory system, its superficial glycoproteins, gp120 and gp41, bind with receptors like CD4 and CCR5 on the surface of T-Lymphocytes. By sending its capsid into T-lymphocytes, this virus inducts its RNA together with enzymes, such as reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease into the cell, allowing them to start an operation that will force the T-cells to produce new HIVs. Because of the high infection volume of this disease, antiretroviral drugs are employed to control its advance. Most of these drugs are transcriptase inhibitors [8], integrase inhibitors [9] and protease inhibitors [10], although they cannot be completely effective, because of HIV’s resistance to drugs. The purpose of this study was to use the new reducing agent Rosa canina fruit extractto Volume 6 Issue 3 2017","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75934503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-26DOI: 10.15406/JNMR.2017.06.00158
B. Lade, Dayan, P. Gogle, N. SukhdevB, Eshwar
Insects-pest is animal populations, which occurred in every possible environment with a varied number of species. The several insects are vectors of different diseases, and cause damages to crop plants. These have been affecting economy and the yield of crop plant and at national and international market. The crop yield losses caused by insects in agriculture, several chemicals have been applied to control them [1]. Insectpests are one of the leading causes that affect agriculture productivity resulting in billion dollars loss per annum [2]. The two main forms i.e. larva and adult have been most lethal for most of the crop plants. For example, the deadly pest Helicoverpa armigera cause damage in the field and horticulture crops around the globe [3]. It has been major prevalence affecting in Asia, Europe, Africa, Oceania and South America [3]. The major crop plants that are affected by Helicoverpa armigera are Chickpea, Corn, Cotton [4], Peanut, Pigeon pea, Sorghum and Tomato. H. armigera has been effecting on over 180 cultivated hosts and 45 families of wild plant species [3]. The cotton yield is low due to 150 different pest attack at various life stages [5]. This has made an emergence for a researcher to compile the traditional and advance techniques to overcome various pest threats around the world.
{"title":"Nano Bio Pesticide to Constraint Plant Destructive Pests","authors":"B. Lade, Dayan, P. Gogle, N. SukhdevB, Eshwar","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2017.06.00158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2017.06.00158","url":null,"abstract":"Insects-pest is animal populations, which occurred in every possible environment with a varied number of species. The several insects are vectors of different diseases, and cause damages to crop plants. These have been affecting economy and the yield of crop plant and at national and international market. The crop yield losses caused by insects in agriculture, several chemicals have been applied to control them [1]. Insectpests are one of the leading causes that affect agriculture productivity resulting in billion dollars loss per annum [2]. The two main forms i.e. larva and adult have been most lethal for most of the crop plants. For example, the deadly pest Helicoverpa armigera cause damage in the field and horticulture crops around the globe [3]. It has been major prevalence affecting in Asia, Europe, Africa, Oceania and South America [3]. The major crop plants that are affected by Helicoverpa armigera are Chickpea, Corn, Cotton [4], Peanut, Pigeon pea, Sorghum and Tomato. H. armigera has been effecting on over 180 cultivated hosts and 45 families of wild plant species [3]. The cotton yield is low due to 150 different pest attack at various life stages [5]. This has made an emergence for a researcher to compile the traditional and advance techniques to overcome various pest threats around the world.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75172421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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