Pub Date : 2002-12-21DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL3B07
R. Marchessault, Ga-er Yu
Introduction Historical Outline General Use Properties Optical Rotation of PHAs Crystalline Unit Cell and Conformation of Bacterial Poly(3HB) and Poly(3HV) Crystalline Structure of Syndiotactic Poly(3HB) Crystalline Conformation of Poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) Crystalline Structure and Properties of MCL-PHA Folded Chain Lamellar Single Crystals Splintering of Poly(3HB) Single Crystals by Depolymerases Molecular Chirality and Polymer Morphology Kinetics of Crystallization of PHA Thermal Degradation Crystalline Structure of Poly(3HB) Oligomers Dependence of Lamellar Thickness and Tm on the Molecular Weight of Poly(3HB) Chemical Degradation of Lamellar Poly(3HB) Crystals Outlook and Perspectives Acknowledgements Keywords: polyhydroxyalkanoates; bacterial; thermoplastics; elastomerics; biodegradable; optical activity; crystallization; lamella; folded chain; conformation; polyester; biopolyester; splintering; isodimorphism; depolymerase; chirality; morphology; thermal degradation; biocompatible; tissue culture; drug delivery
{"title":"Crystallization and Material Properties of Polyhydroxyalkanoates PHAs)","authors":"R. Marchessault, Ga-er Yu","doi":"10.1002/3527600035.BPOL3B07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600035.BPOL3B07","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000Historical Outline \u0000General Use Properties \u0000Optical Rotation of PHAs \u0000Crystalline Unit Cell and Conformation of Bacterial Poly(3HB) and Poly(3HV) \u0000Crystalline Structure of Syndiotactic Poly(3HB) \u0000Crystalline Conformation of Poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) \u0000Crystalline Structure and Properties of MCL-PHA \u0000Folded Chain Lamellar Single Crystals \u0000Splintering of Poly(3HB) Single Crystals by Depolymerases \u0000Molecular Chirality and Polymer Morphology \u0000Kinetics of Crystallization of PHA \u0000Thermal Degradation \u0000Crystalline Structure of Poly(3HB) Oligomers \u0000Dependence of Lamellar Thickness and Tm on the Molecular Weight of Poly(3HB) \u0000Chemical Degradation of Lamellar Poly(3HB) Crystals \u0000Outlook and Perspectives \u0000Acknowledgements \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000polyhydroxyalkanoates; \u0000bacterial; \u0000thermoplastics; \u0000elastomerics; \u0000biodegradable; \u0000optical activity; \u0000crystallization; \u0000lamella; \u0000folded chain; \u0000conformation; \u0000polyester; \u0000biopolyester; \u0000splintering; \u0000isodimorphism; \u0000depolymerase; \u0000chirality; \u0000morphology; \u0000thermal degradation; \u0000biocompatible; \u0000tissue culture; \u0000drug delivery","PeriodicalId":165163,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers Online","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132925191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-21DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL3B06
N. Yoshie, Y. Inoue
Introduction Historical Outline Chemical Structure of PHAs Chemical Composition and its Distribution among PHA Copolymers Comonomer Composition Comonomer Sequence Distribution Compositional Fractionation Chemical Composition Distribution Effect of CCD on Crystalline Structure and Physical Properties Crystal Structure of PHAs Crystal Structure and Unit Cell Dimensions of Poly(3HA)s Isomorphous Behavior of SCL-PHA Copolymers Solution Properties of PHAs Solvents of PHAs Properties in Dilute Solution NMR Studies on Solution Properties Keywords: chemical structure; composition; microstructure; sequence distribution; fractionation; chemical composition distribution; crystal structure; unit cell; 21 helix conformation; isomorphism; cocrystallization; solution property; solubility parameter; theta condition; conformation
Pub Date : 2002-12-21DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL3B03
D. Jendrossek
Introduction Historical Outline Identification and Isolation of Extracellular d-Poly(HA)-Degrading Microorganisms Characterization of Poly(HA)-Degrading Microorganisms Biochemical Properties of Extracellular d-Poly(HA) Depolymerases Molecular Biology and Functional Analysis of d-Poly(3HASCL) Depolymerases PhaZ7, a new Type of Thermoalkalophilic Hydrolase of P. lemoignei with high Specificity for Amorphous Poly(HASCL) Molecular Biology and Functional Analysis of d-Poly(HAMCL) Depolymerases Enantioselectivity and Hydrolysis Products of Poly(HA) Depolymerases Regulation of Poly(HA) Depolymerase Synthesis Influence of Physico-chemical Properties of the Polymer on its Biodegradability Outlook and Perspectives Patents Acknowledgments Keywords: PHA depolymerase; PHB depolymerase; PHO depolymerase; Paucimonas lemoignei; Pseudomonas lemoignei; Pseudomonas fluorescens GK13; poly(HA); native PHA; denatured PHB; artificial PHA; atactic PHA; lipase; serine hydrolase; catalytic triad; substrate-binding domain; carboxyesterase
{"title":"Extracellular Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Depolymerases: The Key Enzymes of PHA Degradation","authors":"D. Jendrossek","doi":"10.1002/3527600035.BPOL3B03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600035.BPOL3B03","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000Historical Outline \u0000Identification and Isolation of Extracellular d-Poly(HA)-Degrading Microorganisms \u0000Characterization of Poly(HA)-Degrading Microorganisms \u0000Biochemical Properties of Extracellular d-Poly(HA) Depolymerases \u0000Molecular Biology and Functional Analysis of d-Poly(3HASCL) Depolymerases \u0000PhaZ7, a new Type of Thermoalkalophilic Hydrolase of P. lemoignei with high Specificity for Amorphous Poly(HASCL) \u0000Molecular Biology and Functional Analysis of d-Poly(HAMCL) Depolymerases \u0000Enantioselectivity and Hydrolysis Products of Poly(HA) Depolymerases \u0000Regulation of Poly(HA) Depolymerase Synthesis \u0000Influence of Physico-chemical Properties of the Polymer on its Biodegradability \u0000Outlook and Perspectives \u0000Patents \u0000Acknowledgments \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000PHA depolymerase; \u0000PHB depolymerase; \u0000PHO depolymerase; \u0000Paucimonas lemoignei; \u0000Pseudomonas lemoignei; \u0000Pseudomonas fluorescens GK13; \u0000poly(HA); \u0000native PHA; \u0000denatured PHB; \u0000artificial PHA; \u0000atactic PHA; \u0000lipase; \u0000serine hydrolase; \u0000catalytic triad; \u0000substrate-binding domain; \u0000carboxyesterase","PeriodicalId":165163,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers Online","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133602083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-09DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL7003
H. Döhren
Introduction Historical Introduction Proteins and Protein Domains in Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthetase Systems Adenylate Domains Carrier Domains for the Transport of Intermediates Condensation Domains and Related Epimerization Domains Thioesterase Domains N-methyltransferase Domains Oxidation and Reduction Domains The Reaction Cycle The Multi-step Assembly Line Side Reactions Tailoring Reactions Isolation and Cloning of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters Occurrence and Detection of NRPS Clusters Structure of NRPS Clusters in Prokaryotes Eukaryotic NRPS Systems Manipulation of NRPS Systems Metabolic Engineering and Heterologous Expression Genetic Alterations of Programming Outlook and Perspectives Keywords: peptide synthetase; non-ribosomal system; thiotemplate mechanism; multienzyme systems; peptides; cyclopeptides; peptide biosynthesis
{"title":"Non-ribosomal Biosynthesis of Linear and Cyclic Oligopeptides","authors":"H. Döhren","doi":"10.1002/3527600035.BPOL7003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600035.BPOL7003","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000Historical Introduction \u0000Proteins and Protein Domains in Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthetase Systems \u0000Adenylate Domains \u0000Carrier Domains for the Transport of Intermediates \u0000Condensation Domains and Related Epimerization Domains \u0000Thioesterase Domains \u0000N-methyltransferase Domains \u0000Oxidation and Reduction Domains \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The Reaction Cycle \u0000The Multi-step Assembly Line \u0000Side Reactions \u0000Tailoring Reactions \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Isolation and Cloning of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters \u0000Occurrence and Detection of NRPS Clusters \u0000Structure of NRPS Clusters in Prokaryotes \u0000Eukaryotic NRPS Systems \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Manipulation of NRPS Systems \u0000Metabolic Engineering and Heterologous Expression \u0000Genetic Alterations of Programming \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Outlook and Perspectives \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000peptide synthetase; \u0000non-ribosomal system; \u0000thiotemplate mechanism; \u0000multienzyme systems; \u0000peptides; \u0000cyclopeptides; \u0000peptide biosynthesis","PeriodicalId":165163,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers Online","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130686842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-09DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL7005
Toyokazu Yoshida, J. Hiraki, T. Nagasawa
Introduction Historical Outline Chemical Structure and Stability Chemical Analysis and Detection Occurrence Functions Production Applications Biodegradation Biosynthesis of ɛ-PL Possible Physiological Role of the ɛ-PL-degrading Enzyme Molecular Genetics Outlook and Perspectives Patents Keywords: ɛ-poly-l-lysine; l-lysine; Streptomyces; antimicrobial activity; antiphage activity; homo-poly amino acid; food additive; food preservation; polycation; fermentation; industrial production; degrading enzyme
Pub Date : 2002-12-09DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL7001
W. Wintermeyer, M. Rodnina
Introduction Historical Outline The Genetic Code The Four Letters of the Genetic Code Mutations Recoding The Translational Apparatus Transfer RNA Ribosomes Translation Factors Messenger RNA Protein Synthesis Initiation of Translation in Bacteria Initiation of Translation in Eukaryotes The Elongation Cycle Termination Regulation of Translation in Eukaryotes Inhibitors, Antibiotics, and Toxins Keywords: protein synthesis; genetic code; codon; anticodon; transfer RNA; messenger RNA; ribosome; ribosomal RNA; mutation; recoding; aminoacylation; aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase; translation factor; initiation; elongation; termination; peptidyl transferase; antibiotic; GTPase; proofreading
Pub Date : 2002-12-09DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL7012
F. Mayer
Introduction Historical Outline Principles of the Architecture of Cytoskeletons at the Cellular Level Cytoskeletons in Eukaryotes: Their Constituents, Dynamic Properties and Interactions Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate Filaments Cytoskeletons in Prokaryotes Cytological Aspects Cytoskeletal Elements with Specific Functions, and their Polypeptides A “Basic” Cytoskeleton? Molecular Characteristics of Cytoskeletal Polypeptides, and Comparison between Cytoskeletal Polypeptides of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Molecular Characteristics of Cytoskeletal Polypeptides Aspects of Evolution of Cytoskeletal Polypeptides Patents Outlook and Perspectives Keywords: cytoskeleton; eukaryotes; prokaryotes; architecture; cellular level; macromolecular level; microtubules; microfilaments; intermediate filaments; motor proteins; tubulin; actin; collagen; actin-related proteins; tubulin-related proteins; evolution; prokaryotic “basic” cytoskeleton; elongation factor Tu
{"title":"Cytoskeletons in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes","authors":"F. Mayer","doi":"10.1002/3527600035.BPOL7012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600035.BPOL7012","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000Historical Outline \u0000Principles of the Architecture of Cytoskeletons at the Cellular Level \u0000Cytoskeletons in Eukaryotes: Their Constituents, Dynamic Properties and Interactions \u0000Microtubules \u0000Microfilaments \u0000Intermediate Filaments \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Cytoskeletons in Prokaryotes \u0000Cytological Aspects \u0000Cytoskeletal Elements with Specific Functions, and their Polypeptides \u0000A “Basic” Cytoskeleton? \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Molecular Characteristics of Cytoskeletal Polypeptides, and Comparison between Cytoskeletal Polypeptides of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Molecular Characteristics of Cytoskeletal Polypeptides \u0000Aspects of Evolution of Cytoskeletal Polypeptides \u0000Patents \u0000Outlook and Perspectives \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000cytoskeleton; \u0000eukaryotes; \u0000prokaryotes; \u0000architecture; \u0000cellular level; \u0000macromolecular level; \u0000microtubules; \u0000microfilaments; \u0000intermediate filaments; \u0000motor proteins; \u0000tubulin; \u0000actin; \u0000collagen; \u0000actin-related proteins; \u0000tubulin-related proteins; \u0000evolution; \u0000prokaryotic “basic” cytoskeleton; \u0000elongation factor Tu","PeriodicalId":165163,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers Online","volume":"200 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116394085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-09DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL7015
K. Ohkawa, Hiroyuki Yamamoto
Introduction Naturally Occurring Cross-linked Materials Keratin, Collagen, and Elastin Structural Proteins in Invertebrate Bodies Isopeptide Cross-linking of Cellular Proteins Enzymes Involved in the Protein Cross-links Lysyl Oxidase Tyrosinase Transglutaminase Chemical Cross-linking Bifunctional Cross-linking Reagents Oxidants Photo-Induced Cross-linking – Photodimerization of Polypeptide Side Chain Noncovalent Cross-linking – Electrostatic Force Interaction Material Science of Cross-linked Proteins and Poly(amino acids) Cross-linked Hydrogels Polyion Complex Material Formulations Medical Adhesives Outlook and Perspectives Acknowledgments Keywords: cross-linking reactions; bifunctional reagents; enzymes; polypeptides; material science
Pub Date : 2002-12-09DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL7010
Jennifer E. Padilla, Tianwei Yu
Introduction to Self-assembly Protein Properties that Promote Self-assembly Historical Outline Chemical Structures Symmetry Symmetry Elements Symmetric Contacts in Proteins Multiple Symmetry Elements Naturally Occurring Symmetric Complexes Protein Oligomers Icosahedral Viral Capsids Clathrin Filaments S-layers Protein Crystals Designed Self-assembling Protein Complexes Coiled-coil Extensions Domain Swapping Symmetric Construction Polyvalency Observing Protein Assemblies Transmission Electron Microscopy Cryoelectron Microscopy Atomic Force Microscopy X-ray and Electron Diffraction Applications Patents Outlook and Perspectives Keywords: actin filament; atomic force microscopy; clathrin; cryoelectron microscopy; crystals; cytoskeleton; electron diffraction; electron microscopy; group generators; intermediate filament; microtubules; myosin filament; protein cage; protein complex; protein design; protein engineering; protein filament; protein layer; protein material; protein oligomer; protein shell; S-layers; self-assembly; space groups; symmetry; transmission electron microscopy; virus structure; X-ray diffraction
Pub Date : 2002-12-09DOI: 10.1002/3527600035.BPOL7011
U. Sleytr, M. Sára, D. Pum, B. Schuster, P. Messner, C. Schäffer
Introduction Historical Outline Occurrence and Ultrastructure Isolation and Chemical Characterization Molecular Biology, Genetics and Biosynthesis Assembly and Morphogenesis Self-assembly in vivo Self-assembly in vitro Functional Aspects Biodegradation Production of S-layer Proteins Application of S-layer Proteins S-layer Ultrafiltration Membranes S-layers as Matrix for the Immobilization of Functional Macromolecules S-layer-based Dipsticks Supramolecular Structures Generated by Oriented Recrystallization of S-layer Fusion Proteins on Supports Precoated with SCWP S-layers as Templates for the Formation of Regularly Arranged Nanoparticles S-layers as Supporting Structures for Functional Lipid Membranes (Planar Membranes and Liposomes) S-layers for Vaccine Development Outlook and Perspectives Patents Keywords: affinity microparticles; artificial virus; biomimetic membrane; biomimetics; biosensor; glycan biosynthesis; glycan structure; immobilization; nanoarrays; nanobiotechnology; nanotechnology; patterning elements; protein lattices; secondary cell; wall polymers; self-assembly; S-layer fusion proteins; S-layer glycoprotein; solid phase immunoassays; supported lipid membrane; supramolecular structures; surface layer; ultrafiltration
{"title":"Self‐assembling Protein Systems: Microbial S‐layers","authors":"U. Sleytr, M. Sára, D. Pum, B. Schuster, P. Messner, C. Schäffer","doi":"10.1002/3527600035.BPOL7011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600035.BPOL7011","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Historical Outline Occurrence and Ultrastructure Isolation and Chemical Characterization Molecular Biology, Genetics and Biosynthesis Assembly and Morphogenesis Self-assembly in vivo Self-assembly in vitro Functional Aspects Biodegradation Production of S-layer Proteins Application of S-layer Proteins S-layer Ultrafiltration Membranes S-layers as Matrix for the Immobilization of Functional Macromolecules S-layer-based Dipsticks Supramolecular Structures Generated by Oriented Recrystallization of S-layer Fusion Proteins on Supports Precoated with SCWP S-layers as Templates for the Formation of Regularly Arranged Nanoparticles S-layers as Supporting Structures for Functional Lipid Membranes (Planar Membranes and Liposomes) S-layers for Vaccine Development Outlook and Perspectives Patents Keywords: affinity microparticles; artificial virus; biomimetic membrane; biomimetics; biosensor; glycan biosynthesis; glycan structure; immobilization; nanoarrays; nanobiotechnology; nanotechnology; patterning elements; protein lattices; secondary cell; wall polymers; self-assembly; S-layer fusion proteins; S-layer glycoprotein; solid phase immunoassays; supported lipid membrane; supramolecular structures; surface layer; ultrafiltration","PeriodicalId":165163,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers Online","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115627728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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